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A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from

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 第 31 卷 增刊 水 生 生 物 学 报 Vol.31, Suppl.
2007 年 12 月 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Dec., 2007

A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata)

from South America

Martin Lindsey Christoffersen

Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
(*Author for correspondence: Tel: +55-083-3216-7773; E-mail: mlchrist@dse.ufpb.br or mlchrist@pq.cnpq.br)

Key words: Alluroididae, Capilloventridae, Haplotaxidae, Naididae (including Tubificidae s.str.), Narapidae, Oligochaeta,
Opistocystidae, Phreodrilidae, and Tiguassuidae.

Abstract
A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes exclusive of Enchytraeidae produced 171 nominal taxa (species and
subspecies) reported to date from South America. This number may be compared to the 213 freshwater oligochaetes
known from continental North America north of Mexico. The South American species belong to 55 genera, 41 of which
are Naididae (this family now includes the paraphyletic Tubificidae s.str.). Circa 38.5% of this fauna is endemic to South
America. Full synonyms and detailed South American occurrences are provided. This is the first reassessment of South
American aquatic microdriles in 18 years.

Introduction Reynolds & Wetzel (2008, in prep.). The aquatic

There are almost 5000 valid species of Oligochaeta,
about one-third of which are aquatic (Martin et al.,
2008). Circa 110 freshwater oligochaetes have been
previously estimated for Central and South America
(Rocha, 2006: 23), while 14 marine oligochaete
species are referred from Brazil (Migotto & Marques,
2006: 166). However, these estimates were based
largely on questionnaires sent to South American
specialists, including the late Dr. Gilberto Righi
(*1937-1999).
Most families of microdrile oligochaetes are
relatively small in size, and predominantly aquatic in
nature (Reynolds & Cook, 1976: 2). The microdrile
family Enchytraeidae, comprising taxa that are also
relatively small in size, is predominantly terrestrial but
with many species occurring in a variety of freshwater,
estuarine, and marine environments. The Enchy-
traeidae of South America will be addressed in a
subsequent publication.
Major world-catalogues of oligochaetes include
Reynolds & Cook (1976, 1981, 1989, 1993) and
oligochaetes of the world are reviewed by Brinkhurst
& Jamieson (1971) and Brinkhurst & Wetzel (1984).
Those interested in the older taxonomic history of
genera and species should refer to Michaelsen (1900)
and Sperber (1948). Recently, Pinder (2007) reported
221 aquatic species for Australia, and Wetzel et al.
(2008) reported the occurrence of 213 freshwater
oligochaetes in continental North America north of
Mexico. Gavrilov (1979, 1981) and Brinkhurst &
Marchese (1989) provided an inventory and a guide
for the aquatic oligochaetes from South America, the
latter with identification keys. Righi (1984) compiled
a guide with identification keys for the aquatic oligo-
chaetes from Brazil. Berrío-Cárdenas & Velez (2008,
paper included in this volume) provide a review of the
aquatic Oligochaeta occurring in Colombia. In this
paper I provide a catalogue of the aquatic microdrile
oligochaetes cited to date from the South American
continent. Due to space limitations, I have excluded
the Enchytraeidae as a whole from this present
catalogue, although many species in this predo-
minantly terrestrial family occur in aquatic and
 60 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
semi-aquatic habitats in South America and elsewhere
in the world.
This paper has two objectives: to provide a
current starting point for taxonomists, systematists,
and ecologists interested in South American aquatic
microdrile oligochaetes, and to compile the available
published information on the biodiversity and dis-
tribution of this neglected zoological group.
Throughout this catalogue, I use 3-letter abbre-
viations for South American countries (ARG, Argentina;
BOL, Bolivia; BRA, Brazil; CHI, Chile; COL,
Colombia; ECU, Ecuador; GUY, Guyana; PAR,
Paraguay; PER, Peru; SUR, Surinam; URU, Uruguay;
VEN, Venezuela), and 2-letter abbreviations for States
in Brazil (AL, Alagoas; AM, Amazonas; BA, Bahia;
CE, Ceará; DF, Distrito Federal; MG, Minas Gerais;
MS, Mato Grosso do Sul; MT, Mato Grosso; PA, Pará;
PE, Pernambuco; PI, Piauí; PR, Paraná; RJ, Rio de
Janeiro; RN, Rio Grande do Norte; RR, Roraima; RS,
Rio Grande do Sul; SC, Santa Catarina; SP, São
Paulo). Detailed geographical distributions within
these political units are provided in the appendix. I
have only indicated noteworthy ecological associations
(e.g., ´in floating Eichhornia´, ´in the mantle cavity of
mollusks´, ´50m deep´); more general ecological
associations (e.g., ´in fine sediment´, ´850 m high´) have
not been included in this catalogue. Abbreviations used
in the accounts below, are as follows: Furth. Distr. =
further distributions (published); Rem. = additional
remarks for the taxon.
Species restricted in distribution to South America
(based upon published records) are preceded by an
asterisk (*). More detailed geographical occurrences
are listed in the Appendix.
Results
ALLUROIDIDAE Michaelsen, 1900 (Type: Alluroides
Beddard, 1894).
Brinkhurstia Jamieson, 1968 (Type: Alluroides
americanus).
*Brinkhurstia americana (Brinkhurst, 1964). Syn:
Alluroides americanus Brinkhurst, 1964. Distr: ARG:
25, 28, 83, 85. GUY: 2. BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP: 39; 46, 47.
MS: 1; AM: 2. Rem: This species was named
Alluroides americanus as a nom. nud. by Cernosvitov
(1936), was described by Brinkhurst (1964), and
redescribed by Jamieson (1968).
Vol. 31
*Brinkhurstia donaldi Omodeo & Coates, 2001.
Distr: GUY: 3, 4.
Kathrynella Omodeo, 1996 (Type: Kathrynella
guyanae).
*Kathrynella guyanae Omodeo, 1996. Distr:
GUY: 3.
Righiella Omodeo & Coates, 2001 (Type: Righiella
jamiesoni).
*Righiella jamiesoni Omodeo & Coates, 2001.
Distr: GUY: 3.
CAPILLOVENTRIDAE Harman & Loden, 1984
(Type: Capilloventer).
Capilloventer Harman & Loden, 1984 (Type:
Capilloventer atlanticus).
Capilloventer atlanticus Harman & Loden, 1984.
Distr: BRA: RJ: 1.
HAPLOTAXIDAE Michaelsen, 1900 (Type: Ha-
plotaxis). Syn: Phreoryctidae Claus, 1880.
Haplotaxis Hoffmeister, 1843 (Type: Lumbricus
gordioides G. L. Hartmann, 1821). Syn: Phreoryctes
Hoffmeister, 1845 (Type: Phreoryctes menkeana Hoff-
meister, 1843); Georyctes Schlotthauber, 1860 (Type:
Georyctes darwinii Keller, 1885); Nemodrilus Cla-
parède, 1862 (Type: Nemodrilus filiformis Claparède,
1862); Lumbricogordius (C. V. Heyden, 1874, in MS)
Noll, 1874 (Type: Lumbricogordius hartmanni Noll,
1874); Pelodrilus Beddard, 1891 (Type: Pelodrilus
violaceus Beddard, 1891); Dichaeta Friend, 1896
(Type: Dichaeta curvisetosa Friend, 1896); Hetero-
chaetella Yamaguchi, 1953 (Type: Heterochaetella
glandularis Yamaguchi, 1953); Adenodrilus Cekano-
skaya, 1959 (Type: Adenodrilus denticulatus Cekanovskaya,
1959); Haplolumbriculus (nom. nud.) Omodeo, 1958.
*Haplotaxis aedeochaeta Brinkhurst & Marchese,
1987. Distr: ARG: 30, 85, 88. BRA: PR: 1-3.
Haplotaxis gordioides gordioides (G. L.
Hartmann, 1821). Syn: Lumbricus gordioides G. L.
Hartmann, 1821; Phreoryctes gordioides (G. L.
Hartmann, 1821); Phreoryctes (Haplotaxis) gordioides
(G. L. Hartmann, 1821); Haplotaxis gordioides (G. L.
Hartmann, 1821); Tubifex uncinarius Ant. Dugès,
1837; Clitellio ? (Limnodrilus) uncinarius (Ant. Dugès,
1837); Haplotaxis menkeana Hoffmeister, 1843;
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Phreoryctes menkeanus (Hoffmeister, 1843); Georyctes
menkei Schlotthauber, 1854; Georyctes lichtensteinii
Schlotthauber, 1860; Nematodrilus filiformis Claparède,
1862; Phreoryctes filiformis (Claparède, 1862);
Phreoryctes heydeni Noll, 1873; Lumbricogordius
hartmanni (C. V. Heyden, not publ.) Noll, 1874;
Phreoryctes emissarius S. A. Forbes, 1890; Phreoryctes
endeca Giard, 1894; Diachaeta curvisetosa Friend, 1896;
Phreoryctes dichaetus Friend, 1896; Phreoryctes
endeka var. pachyderma Ferronière, 1899; Haplotaxis
endeka var. pachyderma (Ferronière, 1899); ? Haplotaxis
intermedia Pierantoni, 1904; Haplotaxis forbesi Smith,
1918. Distr: ARG: 60, 72, 84, 85, 86, 98. Furth. Distr:
Holarctic (Brinkhurst, 1971a: 291).
Metataxis Righi, 1985 (Type: Metataxis eliae).
Syn: Pelodrilus Beddard, 1891 (Type: Pelodrilus
violaceus Beddard, 1891). Rem: Although Brinkhurst
(1988) placed Metataxis in the order Lumbricina, I
have herein followed Righi (1988: 316) in maintaining
this genus in the Haplotaxidae.
*Metataxis americanus (Černosvitov, 1939). Syn:
Phreoryctes americanus Černosvitov, 1939; Pelodrilus
americanus (Černosvitov, 1939); Haplotaxis ame-
ricanus (Černosvitov, 1939). Distr: PER: 25.
*Metataxis bare Righi, 1988. Distr: BRA: RR: 1.
*Metataxis eliae Righi, 1985. Distr: VEN: 2.
NAIDIDAE Ehrenberg, 1828 (as Naidina, spe-
lling corrected by Benham, 1890) (Type: Nais). Syn:
Tubificidae Vejdovský, 1876 (Type: Tubifex). Rem:
Based on sequences of 18S rDNA and other molecular
and morphological data, Erséus & Gustavsson (2002)
and Erséus et al. (2002) concluded that the family
Naididae is more correctly placed within the subfamily
Naidinae of the Tubificidae, with ´Naididae´ thus
becoming a junior synonym of the family Tubificidae.
A petition was then submitted by Erséus et al. (2005)
to the International Commission of Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN, the Commission), requesting
the family-group name Tubificidae Vejdovský, 1876,
be given precedence over Naididae Ehrenberg, 1828.
In 2007, however, the Commission voted against this
proposal, maintaining precedence for Naididae over
Tubificidae (ICZN 2007). Erséus et al., 2008) recently
published a paper summarizing the short history of
this issue, with the consequence being that the former
61
tubificids (Tubificidae s.str.) should be regarded as
members of the Naididae whenever the two names are
regarded as synonyms. The subfamilies of Tubificidae
s.str. (Tubificinae, Rhyacodrilinae, Phallodrilinae,
Limnodrilinae, and Telmatodrilinae) are now included
within Naididae (Erséus et al., 2008).
Aktedrilus Knöllner, 1935 (Type: Akedrilus mo-
nospermathecus Knöllner, 1935). Syn: Basescuella
Hrabe, 1973 (Type: Basescuella pontica Hrabe, 1973);
Phallodrilus (part), Brinkhurst, 1971.
*Aktedrilus brevis Erséus, 1980. Distr: BRA: BA:
1.
Aktedrilus cuneus Erséus, 1984: 193. Distr: Ecu:
3. Furth. Distr: Europe and Middle East (Erséus, 1989:
16).
*Aktedrilus dentatus Erséus, 1983. Distr: BRA:
RJ: 4.
Aktedrilus locyi Erséus, 1980. Distr: ECU: 3.
Furth. Distr: Bermudas, West coast of United States
(Erséus, 1984: 193), and Japan (Takashima & Mawatari,
1997: 33).
Aktedrilus parvithecatus (Erséus, 1978). Syn:
Bacescuella parvithecata Erséus, 1978; Bacescuella
pilicrepus Erséus, 1984. Distr: ECU: 3. Furth. Distr:
Bermuda and France (Erséus, 1984: 196).
Allodero Sperber, 1948 (Type: Nais elongata
Stephenson, 1911). Rem: Brinkhurst (1971d: 361) and
more recently Milligan (1997), Kathman & Brinkhurst
(1998), and Wetzel et al. (2008) continue to treat
Allodero, Aulophorus and Dero as subgenera of Dero.
However, there is also some precedence for conside-
ring these subgenera as full genera. For example,
Cekanovskaya (1962) and Liang (1964) regarded
Dero and Aulophorus as separate genera, while the
latter author also separated Allodero at the generic
level. More recently, Timm (1999, in table) listed
Aulophorus as a full genus. The definitions of these
three subdivisions overlap considerably, partly owing
to the inadequate state of knowledge of Allodero
(Brinkhurst, 1971d: 361). A satisfactory taxonomic
solution is not presently in site. For the purpose of this
catalogue, I have decided to list the former three
subdivisions of Dero as separate genera, hoping that
better taxonomic criteria will be established for their
separate recognition in the future or, alternatively, that
62
60 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
if some of these names be demonstrated to be
untenable, they be synonymized with their closest taxa
and their use also be discontinued at the subgeneric
level.
Allodero lutzi (Michaelsen, 1926). Syn: Schmardaella
lutzi Michaelsen, 1926; Dero lutzi (Michaelsen, 1926);
Dero (Allodero) lutzi Michaelsen, 1926); Schmar-
daella hylae Goodchild, 1951. Distr: VEN: 6. BRA:
SC: 1; SP: 11; RJ: 2, 3; MG: 2. Furth. Distr: Cuba and
North America (Righi, 1984: 27).
Allonais Sperber, 1948 (Type: Nais pectinata var.
inaequalis Stephenson, 1911).
Allonais chelata (Marcus, 1944). Syn: ? Schmar-
daella filiformis, Moore, 1906; Nais paraguayensis f.
chelata Marcus, 1944. Distr: ARG: 1. BRA: SP: 46;
PE: 6; PA: 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15; AM: 7, 10. Furth.
Distr: North America (Righi, 1984: 30).
Allonais inaequalis (Stephenson, 1911). Syn:
Nais pectinata var. inaequalis Stephenson, 1911. Dero
(Allonais) inaequalis (Stephenson, 1911);Nais pec-
tinata, Stephenson, 1931. Distr: ARG: 33, 35. PAR: 2.
PER: 44; ECU: 1. SUR: 16. BRA: SP: 38. Furth. Distr:
Central America (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 141), Africa,
Asia, Australia (Gavrilov, 1979: 104), and USA
(Kathman & Wetzel, 2003: 548).
Allonais paraguayensis aequalis (Stephenson,
1920). Syn: Nais paraguayensis var. aequalis Ste-
phenson, 1920. Distr: BRA: PE: 3. Furth. Distr: Africa
and Asia (Righi, 1984: 30).
Allonais paraguayensis paraguayensis (Michaelsen,
1905). Syn: Nais paraguayensis Michaelsen, 1905; Nais
paraguayensis f. typica (Michaelsen, 1905); Allonais
paraguayensis (Michaelsen, 1905); Allonais paraguayen-
sis paraguayensis (Michaelsen, 1905); Dero (Allonais)
paraguayensis paraguayensis (Michaelsen, 1905); ? Nais
paraguayensis var. barkudensis Stephenson, 1921;
Allonais paraguayensis ssp aequatorialis (Černosvitov,
1938); Dero (Aulophorus) paraguayensis var. aequa-
torialis Černosvitov, 1938; Dero (Alllonais) para-
guayensis ssp aequatorialis Černosvitov, 1938; Allonais
lairdi Naidu, 1966; Allonais paraguayensis ghanensis
Hrabe, 1966; Allonais arieli Gluzman de Pascar, 1990.
Distr: ARG: 33, 36, 58, 85, 86. URU: 3. PAR: 2. PER:
40, 43. VEN: 13. SUR: 2, 3, 9. BRA: SP: 12, 14, 34,
39, 40, 46, 47; AL: 1-3; PE: 1, 3, 9, 10, 14; CE: 1; PA:
Vol. 31
2, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17; AM: 3, 5. 7. Furth. Distr: Central
America (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 142), North
America ? (see Kathman & Wetzel, 2003: 548), Africa,
and Australasia (Gavrilov, 1979: 104).
Allonais pectinata (Stephenson, 1910). Syn: Nais
pectinata Stephenson, 1910; Nais denticulata Chen,
1940. Distr: VEN: 22. Furth. Distr: Central America,
North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia (Righi &
Hamoui, 2002: 143).
Amerigodrilus Holmquist, 1985 (Type: Limnodrilus
chacoensis).
*Amerigodrilus chacoensis (Stephenson, 1931).
Syn: Limnodrilus chacoensis Stephenson, 1931: 309.
Distr: PAR: 3.
Amphichaeta Tauber, 1879 (Type: Amphichaeta
leydigi).
Amphichaeta leydigi Tauber, 1879. Distr: ARG: 8,
58. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 46) and Europe (Di Persia, 1977a:
121). Rem: Pavé & Marchese (2005: 188) listed
Amphichaeta americana Tauber, 1879 for Entre Ríos
province, Argentina. This must be a lapsus for
Amphichaeta leydigi Tauber, 1879. Amphichaeta
americana Chen, 1944 occurs in the USA (Brinkhurst,
1971d: 316).
Aulodrilus Bretscher, 1899 (Type: Aulodrilus
limnobius). Syn: Siolidrilus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1949 (Type: Siolidrilus adetus).
*Aulodrilus adetus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1949. Syn: Siolidriulus adetus Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1949. Distr: BRA: MS: 1; PA: 5.
Aulodrilus cernosvitovi Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1947. Distr: BRA: PA: 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14. Furth. Distr:
Nicaragua (Righi, 1984: 38).
Aulodrilus limnobius Bretscher, 1899. Syn: Paranais
tenuis Černosvitov, 1937; Aulodrilus tenuis (Černosvitov,
1937). Distr: ARG: 28, 38. BRA: PR: 2, 3, 6; SP: 18.
Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman & Brinkhurst,
1998: 186), Europe, and Asia (Righi, 1984: 38).
Aulodrilus pigueti Kowalewski, 1914. Distr:
ARG: 8, 32, 42, 58, 63, 83, 85, 86, 106. PER: 3, 45.
COL: 1; GUY: 1. BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP: 35; MS: 1. Furth.
Distr: Cosmopolitan (Brinkhurst, 1971b: 527).
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Aulophorus Schmarda, 1861 (Type: Nais fur-
cata).
*Aulophorus barbatus Righi & Hamoui, 2002.
Distr: SUR: 11.
*Aulophorus beadlei Stephenson, 1931. Syn:
Dero (Aulophorus) beadlei Stephenson, 1931. Distr:
PAR: 2.
*Aulophorus bimagnasetus Harman, 1974. Syn:
Dero (Aulophorus) bimagnasetus Harman, 1974. Distr:
SUR: 2, 9.
Aulophorus borellii (Michaelsen, 1900). Syn:
Dero sp. Cognetti, 1900; Dero borelli Michaelsen,
1900; Aulophorus borellii (Michaelsen, 1900); Dero
(Aulophorus) borellii (Michaelsen, 1900). Distr: ARG:
1, 85. PAR: 2. GUY: 1. BRA: SP: 47; MS: 1; MT: 1;
PA: 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16; AM: 6. Furth. Distr:
Possibly North America (Gavrilov, 1979: 105;
Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 74).
*Aulophorus carteri Stephenson, 1931. Syn:
Dero (Aulophorus) carteri Stephenson, 1931. Distr:
ARG: 96. URU: 1. PAR: 2. SUR: 9. BRA: SP: 34; PE:
9, 10, 11, 15; PI: 1; PA: 2, 6, 12-14, 16; MA: 4, 9, 11.
*Aulophorus costatus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1944. Syn: Aulophorus schmardai f. costata Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1944; Dero (Aulophorus)
costatus (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1944); Dero
(Aulophorus) schmardai, Harman, 1974. Distr: ARG:
36, 58, 85, 86. SUR: 9. BRA: SP: 13.
Aulophorus furcatus (O. F. Müller, 1774). Syn:
Nais furcata O. F. Müller, 1774. Dero (Aulophorus)
furcatus (O. F. Muller, 1774); ? Aulophorus palustris
Michaelsen, 1905; Dero sp. Stephenson, 1910; ? Aulophorus
furcatus var. brevipalpus Golanski, 1911; Aulophorus
stephensoni Michaelsen, 1912; ? Aulophorus afri-
canus Michaelsen, 1914; Dero roseola Nicholls, 1921.
Distr: ARG: 8, 14, 26, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 50, 54, 58,
62, 73-75, 82, 85, 86, 88-90, 94, 106. URU: 2; BOL: 4.
VEN: 1. GUY: 1. SUR: 2-6, 8-10. BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP:
12, 14, 38-40; MS: 1; PE: 7, 8, 16, 17; PA: 2, 6, 10, 11,
18; AM: 4. Furth. Distr: Central America (Stacey &
Coates, 1996: 23), North America, Europe, Africa, and
Asia (Cordero, 1931: 350).
Aulophorus gravelyi (Stephenson, 1925). Syn:
Dero (Aulophorus) gravelyi Stephenson, 1925. Distr:
ARG: 85, 86. Furth. Distr: Asia (Marchese, 1986:
239).
Aulophorus huaronensis Piguet, 1928. Syn:
63
61
Aulophorus schardei var. huaronensis Piguet, 1928;
Dero (Aulophorus) huaronensis (Piguet, 1928); Dero
(Aulophorus) shmardei f. huaronensis (Piguet, 1928).
Distr: PER: 1. Furth. Distr: Central America (Righi &
Hamoui, 2002: 140).
Aulophorus hymanae (Naidu, 1962). Syn: Dero
(Aulophorus) hymanae Naidu, 1962. Distr: ARG: 58,
84. Furth. Distr: Asia (Naidu & Srivastava, 1980:
267).
Aulophorus indicus (Naidu, 1962). Syn: Dero
(Aulophorus) indicus Naidu, 1962. Distr: ARG: 84.
GUY: 1. Furth. Distr: Bonaire (Righi & Hamoui, 2002:
136) and India (Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23).
Aulophorus lodeni (Brinkhurst, 1986). Syn:
Aulophorus pectinatus Stephenson, 1931 (non Dero
pectinata Aiyer, 1929) (non Nais pectinata Step-
henson, 1910); Nais denticulata Chen, 1940; Dero
intermedia Loden & Harman, 1982; Dero (Aulophorus)
lodeni Brinkhurst, 1986. Distr: ARG: 9, 38, 67, 85, 86,
107. PAR: 2, 4. COL: 1, 2, 4, 11. GUY: 1. SUR: 9.
BRA: SP: 39, 40; PA: 3, 15. Furth. Distr: Costa Rica
(Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23), North America
(Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 74), Africa (Harman,
1974: 1), and India (Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23).
Aulophorus schmardai (Michaelsen, 1905). Syn:
? Dero vaga, Stieren, 1892; Dero schmardai Michaelsen,
1905; Aulophorus schmardai var. huaronensis (Piguet,
1928). Distr: ARG: 64, 85. PAR: 1. PER: 33. Furth.
Distr: Trinidad (Stieren, 1872: 118).
Aulophorus superterrenus Michaelsen, 1912. Syn:
Dero (Aulophorus) superterrenus (Michaelsen, 1912).
Distr: ARG: 1. BRA: PR: 5; SP: 9, 24, 31; RJ: 1; PE:
18. Furth. Distr: Costa Rica (Righi, 1984: 27), North
America (Frank & Lounibos, 1987: 18), and Asia
(Righi, 1984: 27).
Aulophorus tonkinensis (Vejdovský, 1894). Syn:
Aulophorus oxycephalus Schmarda, 1861; Dero
(Aulophorus) tonkinensis Vejdovský, 1874; ? Dero
stuhlmanni Stieren, 1892; ? Aulophorus stuhlmanni
(Stieren, 1892). Distr: ARG: 35, 39, 85. SUR: 9. Furth.
Distr: Africa and Asia (Harman, 1974: 27).
Aulophorus tridentatus Hrabe, 1966. Distr: VEN:
13. Furth. Distr: Africa (Hrabe, 1966: 380).
Aulophorus vagus Leidy, 1880. Syn: Dero vaga
(Leidy, 1880); Dero (Aulophorus) vagus (Leidy, 1880);
Dero furcatus (part), Bousfield, 1887; non Dero vaga,
Stieren (non Leidy) (= Aulophorus costatus). Distr:
 60
64 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
ARG: 85. PER: 41, 43. COL: 1. BRA: MS: 1. Furth.
Distr: North America (Harman et al., 1988: 2237;
Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 74).
Bathydrilus Cook, 1970 (Type: Bathydrilus asy-
mmetricus Cook, 1970). Syn: Macroseta Erséus, 1976
(Type: M. rarisetis Erséus, 1976).
*Bathydrilus argentinae Erséus, 1983. Distr:
ARG: 31.
Bothrioneurum Stolc, 1886 (Type: Bothrio-
neurum vejdovskyanum).
*Bothrioneurum americanum Beddard, 1894.
Distr: ARG: 22, 34, 58, 63, 85, 86, 89, 90. PAR: 1.
PER: 4, 5, 22. COL: 1. VEN: 3. GUY: 1. BRA: SP: 39,
40; MS: 1.
*Bothrioneurum brauni Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1949. Distr: BRA: PA: 5.
Bothrioneurum iris Beddard, 1901. Distr: PER: 7.
COL: 1. BRA: SP: 11. Furth. Distr: Asia (Righi, 1984:
39).
*Bothrioneurum righii Collado & Schmelz, 2000.
Distr: BRA: AM: 12.
Bothrioneurum vejdovskyanum Stolc, 1886. Syn:
Bothrioneurum pyrrhum Marcus, 1942. Distr: ARG:
120. BRA: SP: 12, 14, 16, 17. Furth. Distr: North
America, Europe, Africa, and Asia (Brinkhurst, 1971c:
541).
Branchiura Beddard, 1892 (Type: Branchiura
sowerbyi). Syn: Kawamuria Stephenson, 1917 (Type:
Kawamuria japonica Stephenson, 1917).
Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892. Distr:
ARG:1, 58, 85, 86, 99-101. URU: 2. COL:1. BRA: SP:
16, 35, 39, 40. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe,
and Asia (Righi, 1984: 40); cosmopolitan (Brinkhurst,
1971c: 562).
Bratislavia Kosel, 1976 (Type: Pristina elegans
Finogenova, 1966).
Bratislavia dadayi (Michaelsen, 1905). Syn:
Naidium dadayi Michaelsen, 1905; Bratislavia
unidentata (Harman, 1973); Pristina unidentata
Harman, 1973. Distr: ARG: 38, 42, 43. SUR: 2, 3, 5, 9.
BRA: PR: 2, 3; MS: 1. Furth. Distr: North America
(Harman & Loden, 1978a; Gavrilov, 1981: 177).
Chaetogaster Von Baer, 1827 (Type: Chaeto-
Vol. 31
gaster limnaei). Syn: Derostoma (part), Ant. Dugès,
1830; Copopteroma Corda, 1837 (Type: Copopteroma
nais Corda, 1837); Mutzia Vogt, 1841 (Type: Mutzia
heterodactyla Vogt, 1841); Vetrovermis Imhof, 1888
(Type: Vetrovermis hyalinus Imhof, 1888); not p. p.
Vaillant, 1890 (= Aeolosoma).
Chaetogaster crystallinus Vejdovský, 1883. Distr:
ARG: 15. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 42), Europe, Africa, and Asia (Di
Persia, 1975b: 1).
Chaetogaster diaphanus (Gruithuisen, 1828).
Syn: Nais diaphana Gruithuisen, 1828. Distr: ARG:
21, 38, 58, 84-86, 89-90. URU: 1. PER: 30. BRA: SP:
38. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe, and Asia
(Gavrilov, 1979: 104).
Chaetogaster diastrophus (Gruithuisen, 1828).
Syn: Nais distropha Gruithuisen, 1828. Distr: ARG:
58, 86, 89-90. URU: 4. BOL: 1. COL: 1. BRA: SP: 12,
15, 16, 31. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe, and
Asia (Righi, 1984: 20).
Chaetogaster langi Bretscher, 1896. Syn: Chae-
togaster spongillae Annandale, 1906; Chaetogaster
parvus Pointner, 1914. Distr: URU: 1. SUR: 4, 9.
BRA: SP: 7, 12, 19. Furth. Distr: North America,
Europe, Africa, and Asia (Gavrilov, 1979: 105).
Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei K. Von Baer, 1827.
Distr: ARG: 87. URU: 1. BRA: SP: 20; MG: 3. Furth.
Distr: North America, Europe, and Asia (Righi, 1984:
21).
Dero Oken, 1815 (Type: Nais digitata). Syn:
Nais (part) O. F. Müller, 1774; Dero (Dero) Oken,
1815; Xantho Dutrochet, 1819; Uronais (part), Gervais,
1838; Proto Ørsted, 1843.
*Dero botrytis Marcus, 1943. Syn: Dero (Dero)
botrytis Marcus, 1943. Distr: ARG: 35, 58, 86, 96, 108.
URU: 3. COL: 2. BRA: RS: 1; SP: 5, 12, 39, 40, 42;
PE: 4. Furth. Distr: North America (Milligan, 1997:
74).
Dero cooperi Stephenson, 1932. Syn: Dero (Dero)
cooperi Stephenson, 1932. Distr: ARG: 35, 64, 85.
Furth. Distr: Europe, Africa, and Asia (Naidu &
Srivastava, 1980: 266).
Dero digitata (O. F. Müller, 1773). Syn: Nais
digitata O. F. Müller, 1773; Dero (Dero) digitata (O. F.
Müller, 1773); Nais (Proto) digitata (O. F. Müller,
1773); Uronais digitata (O. F. Müller, 1773); Proto
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
digitata (O. F. Müller, 1773); Xantho hexapoda
Dutrochet, 1819; Dero limosa Leidy, 1852; ? Dero
philippinensis Semper, 1877; Dero acuta Bousfield,
1886; ? Dero mülleri Bousfield, 1886; ? Dero
intermedia Cragin, 1887; Dero michaelseni Svetlov,
1924; D. bonariensis Michaelsen, 1933; D. kawamurai
Kondô, 1936; Dero tanimotoi Kondô, 1936; Dero
quadribranchiata Cernosvitov, 1937. Distr: ARG: 22,
30, 42, 58, 85, 86, 89, 90. URU: 4. PAR: 1. PER: 40,
42. ECU: 1. COL: 1. VEN: 21. GUY: 1. SUR: 2-4, 6,
9, 16. BRA: SP: 38-40, 47; MS: 1; PA: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10,
12, 15, 17, 18; AM: 7. Furth. Distr: Central America
(Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23), North America and
Philippine Islands (Cordero, 1931: 350).
*Dero evelinae Marcus, 1943. Syn: Dero (Dero)
evelinae Marcus, 1943. Distr: ARG: 38, 86. URU: 3.
VEN: 21. SUR: 15. BRA: RS: 2; PR: 6; SP: 11; AL: 2;
PE: 5, 6; PI: 1; PA: 2, 5, 15.
*Dero magna Harman, 1974. Syn: Dero (Dero)
magna Harman, 1974. Distr: ARG: 86. SUR: 2, 7.
Dero multibranchiata Stieren, 1892. Syn: ? Dero
florifera Oken, 1815. Distr: ARG: 1, 60, 86, 96. BOL:
5. SUR: 15, 16. BRA: SP: 40; MS: 1; PE: 14; PA: 1, 4,
9, 10, 13, 14; AM: 4, 7, 12; RR: 2. Furth. Distr:
Central America (Stieren, 1892: 107; Righi & Hamoui,
2002: 131).
Dero nivea Aiyer, 1930. Syn: Dero (Dero) nivea
Aiyer, 1930; Dero palestinica Černosvitov, 1938.
Distr: ARG: 15, 23, 24, 32, 37, 38, 44, 63, 85, 86, 89,
90, 92. PER: 28. SUR: 3, 4, 6, 9. BRA: SP: 35, 38-40.
Furth. Distr: North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and
Australia (Harman, 1974: 20).
Dero obtusa D´Udekem, 1855. Syn: ? Xantho
hexapoda Dutrochet, 1819; Dero perrieri Bousfield,
1886; Dero latissima Bousfield, 1886; Dero communis
Golanski, 1911; Dero polycardia Hayden, 1922. Distr:
ARG: 35, 37, 58, 76-78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 106. BOL: 2,
4. VEN: 21. SUR: 2-4, 7-10, 15, 16. BRA: SP: 15,
38-40. Furth. Distr: Central America, North America,
Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia (Harman, 1974:
21; Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 128).
Dero palmata Aiyer, 1929. Syn: Dero (Dero)
palmata Aiyer, 1929. Distr: ARG: 85, 86. GUY: 1.
Furth. Distr: Costa Rica and India (Stacey & Coates,
1996: 23).
Dero pectinata Aiyer, 1930. Syn: Dero (Dero)
pectinata Aiyer, 1930; non Dero pectinata (Sephenson,
61
65
1910) (= Aulophorus lodeni). Distr: ARG: 1, 37, 85.
ECU: 1. BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP: 39, 40, 42, 46; MS: 1.
Furth. Distr: West Indies (Harman, 1974: 22), North
America (Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 70), India,
Australia (Harman, 1974: 22), and Antarctica
(Gavrilov, 1981: 178).
Dero plumosa Naidu, 1962. Syn: Dero (Dero)
plumosa Naidu, 1962. Distr: ARG: 38, 42, 44, 109.
BRA: SP: 35. Furth. Distr: Grenada (Righi & Hamoui,
2002: 132) and India (Di Persia, 1976: 6).
Dero raviensis (Stephenson, 1914). Syn: ? Nais
tenuidentis Walton, 1906; Nais raviensis Stephenson,
1914; Dero (Dero) raviensis (Stephenson, 1914). Distr:
ARG: 95. PER: 45. ECU: 1. COL: 1. SUR: 1, 4, 5, 9.
BRA: SP: 38. Furth. Distr: Caribbean (Righi &
Hamoui, 2002: 134), Africa and Asia (Gavrilov, 1981:
179).
*Dero righii Varela, 1990. Syn: Dero (Dero)
righi Varela, 1990. Distr: ARG: 1, 34, 84 85, 89, 90,
93. BRA: MS: 1.
Dero sawayai Marcus, 1943. Syn: ? Dero
heterobranchiata Michaelsen, 1933; Dero (Dero)
sawayai Marcus, 1943. Distr: ARG: 58, 85, 86, 89, 90.
ECU: 1. VEN: 7. SUR: 2, 3, 7, 11, 16. BRA: SP: 15,
33, 38; AL: 2; PE: 3; CE: 2. Furth. Distr: Central
America and India (Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23).
Dero trifida Loden, 1979. Distr: SUR: 11. Furth.
Distr: Aruba (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 130) and North
America (Loden, 1979: 584).
*Dero tuna Righi & Hamoui, 2002. Distr: SUR:
16.
Epirodrilus Hrabe, 1930 (Type: Epirodrilus mi-
chaelseni Hrabe, 1930).
*Epirodrilus antipodum Černosvitov, 1939. Distr:
PER: 7, 8, 12.
Haemonais Bretscher, 1900 (Type: Haemonais
waldvogeli).
Haemonais waldvogeli Bretscher, 1900. Syn:
Haemonais laurentii Stephenson, 1915; ? Haemonais
ciliata Hayden, 1922. Distr: ARG: 1, 42. SUR: 2-5, 9.
BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP: 38-40, 46; AL: 4; PA: 7. Furth.
Distr: Central America (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 126),
North America, Europe, possibly Africa, and Asia
(Gavrilov, 1979: 105).
Ilyodrilus Eisén, 1879 (Type: Ilyodrilus perrieri
Eisén, 1879).
60
66 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
Ilyodrilus frantzi Brinkhurst, 1965. Syn: Ilyodrilus
frantzi typica Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966; Ilyodrilus
frantzi capillatus Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966. Distr:
ARG: 38. Furth. Distr: Western USA (Brinkhurst,
1971c: 498).
Isochaetides Hrabe, 1966 (Type: Limnodrilus
baicalensis).
Isochaetides baikalensis (Michaelsen, 1901). Syn:
Limnodrilus baicalensis Michaelsen, 1901; Isochaeta
baicalensis (Michaelsen, 1901). Distr: PER: 7 Furth.
Distr: Lake Baical (Gavrilov, 1979: 107).
*Isochaetides lacustris (Černosvitov, 1939). Syn:
Tubifex lacustris Černosvitov, 1939. Distr: PER: 9, 11.
Jolydrilus Marcus, 1965 (Type: Jolydrilus jau-
lus).
*Jolydrilus jaulus Marcus, 1965. Distr: BRA: SP:
8, 10, 11.
Krenedrilus Dumnicka, 1983 (Type: Krenedrilus
papillatus).
*Krenedrilus papillatus Dumnicka, 1983. Distr:
VEN: 10.
Limnodriloides Pierantoni, 1903 (Type: Limno-
driloides appendiculatus Pierantoni, 1903). Syn:
Bohadschia Hrabe, 1971 (Type: Bohadschia pieran-
toni Hrabe, 1971).
*Limnodriloides basilicus Finogenova, 1986.
Distr: PER: 50.
*Limnodriloides clavellatus Finogenova, 1986.
Distr: PER: 49.
Limnodriloides claviger Erséus, 1982. Distr:
VEN: 15. Furth. Distr: West Indies (Erséus, 1982:
221).
Limnodriloides monothecus Cook, 1974. Syn:
Bohadschia monotheca (Cook, 1974). Distr: VEN: 15.
Furth. Distr: West Indies, Gulf of Mexico to New
Jersey, Mediterranean Sea, and Pacific coast of USA
(Erséus, 1982: 252).
Limnodriloides rubicundus Erséus, 1982. Distr:
VEN: 16. Furth. Distr: West Indies, East coast of
United States, down to 74 m depth (Erséus, 1982:
274).
*Limnodriloides sphaerothecus Erséus, 1982.
Distr: SUR: 17.
Vol. 31
*Limnodriloides validus Erséus, 1982. Distr:
URU: 9.
Limnodrilus Claparède, 1862 (Type: Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri). Syn: Camptodrilus Eisén, 1879 (Type:
Camptodrilus spiralis Eisén, 1894); Pododrilus (part),
Czerniavsky, 1880.
Limnodrilus claparedeianus Ratzel, 1868. Syn:
Clitellio claparedeianus (Ratzel, 1868); Tubifex clapare-
deianus (Ratzel, 1868); Camptodrilus igneus Eisén, 1879;
Limnodrilus igneus (Eisén, 1879); Clitellio (Limnodrilus)
igneus (Eisén, 1879); Limnodrilus longus Bretscher,
1901; Limnodrilus subsalsus (part) Moore, 1905;
? Limnodrilus gracilis Moore, 1906; Limnodrilus
motomurai Nomura, 1929. Distr: ARG: 1, 14, 42, 45,
46, 124, 126. URU: 5. COL: 1, 2. Furth. Distr: North
America, Europe, and Asia (Gavrilov & Paz de
Tomsic, 1950: 563).
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède, 1862. Syn:
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri f. typica Claparède, 1862;
Clitellio hoffmeisteri (Claparède, 1862); Clitellio (Lim-
nodrilus) hoffmeisteri (Claparède, 1862); Tubifex
hoffmeisteri (Claparède, 1862); Camptodrilus spiralis
Eisén, 1879; Limnodrilus spiralis (Eisén, 1879);
Camptodrilus californicus Eisén, 1879; Limnodrilus
californicus (Eisén, 1879); Clitellio (Limnodrilus) cali-
fornicus (Eisén, 1879); Camptodrilus corallinus Eisén,
1879; Clitellio (Limnodrilus) corallinus (Eisén, 1879);
Limnodrilus corallinus (Eisen, 1879); ? Limnodrilus
steigerwaldi Eisén, 1879; Limnodrilus dugesi Rybka,
1898; Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri f. dugesi (Rybka, 1898);
Limnodrilus gotoi (part) Hatai, 1899; Limnodrilus
lucasi Benham, 1903; Limnodrilus vejdovskyanus
Benham, 1903; Limnodrilus subsalsus (part) Moore,
1905; Limnodrilus aurostriatus Southern, 1909;
Limnodrilus aurantiacus Friend, 1911; Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri var. tenellulus Friend, 1912; Limnodrilus
socialis Stephenson, 1912; Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri f.
socialis Stephenson, 1912; Limnodrilus parvus var.
biannulatus Lastockin, 1927; Limnodrilus pacificus
Chen, 1940; Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri f. divergens
Marcus, 1942; Limnodrilus subsalus, Marcus, 1944;
Limnodrilus parvus, Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947,
Gavrilov & Paz de Tomsic, 1950; Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri f. parva, Marcus, 1942. Distr: CHI: 2.
ARG; 8, 14-16, 18, 22, 38, 42-48, 51, 55-58, 63, 72,
76-79, 85, 86, 89, 90, 125. PER: 7, 12, 20, 33-35, 39,
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
47. COL: 1, 2, 8, 9, 11. GUY: 1. BRA: RS: 3; PR: 1;
SP: 11, 29, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47. PA: 10. Furth.
Distr: Central America, North America, Europe, and
Asia (Gavrilov, 1950: 563). Rem: Cosmopolitan; Limno-
drilus hoffmeisteri is perhaps the most ubiquitous species
in the subfamily Tubificinae, worldwide (Mark Wetzel,
pers. comm.).
*Limnodrilus neotropicus Černosvitov, 1939.
Syn: Isochaetides neotropicus (Černosvitov, 1939).
Distr: ARG: 22, 85. PER: 7, 36. COL: 1. BRA: SP: 43,
44.
Limnodrilus udekemianus Claparède, 1862. Syn:
Clitellio udekemianus (Claparède, 1862); Clitellio
(Limnodrilus) udekemianus (Claparède, 1862); Tubifex
udekemianus (Claparède, 1862); Limnodrilus ornatus
Eisén, 1879; ? Limnodrilus steigerwaldii Eisén, 1879;
? Clitellio (Limnodrilus) steigerwaldii (Eisén, 1879);
Clitellio (Limnodrilus) ornatus (Eisén, 1879); Limnodrilus
wordsworthianus Friend, 1898; Limnodrilus udekemianus
var. wordsworthianus (Friend, 1898); Limnodrilus willeyi
Nomura, 1913; Limnodrilus inversus Gavrilov & Paz de
Tomsic, 1949. Distr: CHI: 2. ARG: 7, 14, 58, 63, 77,
78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 121. PER: 26. COL: 1, 2, 10. VEN:
1. BRA: SP: 16, 40, 43. Furth. Distr: Cosmopolitan
(Brinkhurst, 1971c: 468).
Monopylephorus Levinson, 1884 (Type: Mono-
pylephorus rubroniveus Levinsen, 1884). Syn:
Vermiculus Goodrich, 1892 (Type: Vermiculus pilosus
Goodrich, 1892); Postiodrilus Bolt, 1926 (Type:
Postiodrilus sonderi Bolt, 1926); Littodrilus Chen,
1940 (Type: Rhizodrilus aucklandicus Benham, 1909).
*Monopylephorus moleti Brinkhurst & Marchese,
1987. Distr: ARG: 65, 85.
Monopylephorus parvus Ditlevsen, 1904. Syn:
Rhizodrilus parvus (Ditlevsen, 1904). Distr: BRA: SP:
8. Furth. Distr: Africa and Asia (Erséus, 2002: 198).
Monopylephorus rubroniveus Levinsen, 1884.
Syn: Vermiculus pilosus Goodrich, 1892; Rhizodrilus
pilosus (Goodrich, 1892); Vermiculus fluviatilis Ferronière,
1899; ? Vermiculus glotini Ferronière, 1899; Monopy-
lephorus glaber Moore, 1905; Rhizodrilus glaber (Moore,
1905); Rhizophorus kermadecensis Benham, 1915;
Monopylephorus corderoi Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1949; Rhizodrilus ponticus Hrabe, 1967; Monopy-
lephorus helobius Loden, 1980; Monopylephorus
rubroniveus ssp. iturupi Finogenova, 1982. Distr:
61
67
URU: 6. Furth. Distr: Cosmopolitan (Brinkhurst,
1971c: 557).
Nais O. F. Müller, 1774 (Type: Nais barbata O. F.
Müller, 1774). Syn: Opsonais Gervais, 1838 (Type:
Nais elinguis O. F. Müller, 1774).
Nais andina andina Černosvitov, 1939. Distr:
PER: 12, 14, 15, 18, 20. COL: 1. Furth. Distr: India
(Naidu & Srivastava, 1980: 265).
*Nais andina pectinata Martínez & Giani, 1986.
Distr: BOL: 3.
Nais bretscheri Michaelsen, 1899. Distr: ARG:
14, 86, 89, 90. VEN: 18. Furth. Distr: North America
(Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 86), Europe and Asia
(Marchese, 1986: 244).
*Nais carolina Blanchard, 1849. Distr: CHI; 4.
PER: 1.
Nais communis Piguet, 1906. Syn: Nais hetero-
chaeta Benham, 1893; ? Nais. parvula Walton, 1906;
Nais parviseta Walton, 1906; Nais variabilis var.
punjabensis Stephenson, 1909; Nais communis var.
punjabensis (Stephenson, 1909); Nais communis var.
caeca Stephenson, 1910; Pterochaeta astronensis
Pierantoni, 1911; ? Nais communis var. acuta Pointner,
1914; Nais communis f. magenta Marcus, 1943. Distr:
ARG: 2, 7, 37, 39, 41, 42, 55, 63, 85, 86, 89, 90. PER:
9, 11, 32, 39. ECU: 1. COL: 1, 2, 11. BRA: SP: 3, 15,
36, 38, 43, 46, 47; AL: 5; PA: 5. Furth. Distr:
Cosmopolitan (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 330).
Nais elinguis O. F. Müller, 1774. Syn: Opsidonais
elinguis (O. F. Müller, 1774); Nais aralensis
Lastockin, 1922. Distr: ARG: 4, 14, 46. URU: 1. PER:
17, 31. COL: 1. BRA: SP: 38. Furth. Distr:
Cosmopolitan (Gavrilov, 1979: 105).
Nais pardalis Piguet, 1906. Syn: Nais bretscheri
var. pardalis Piguet, 1906; Nais lastockini Sokolskaya,
1958. Distr: CHI: 3. ARG: 14, 37, 42, 46, 48, 63
PER: 18, 32, 40, 43. COL: 1. BRA: SP: 38, 46. Furth.
Distr: North America (Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998:
86), Europe, and Asia (Gavrilov, 1979: 106).
Nais pseudobtusa Piguet, 1906. Syn: Nais obtusa
var. pseudobtusa Piguet, 1906; ? Pristina variabilis
Friend, 1916; ? Nais incerta Černosvitov, 1942. Distr:
COL: 1. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 84), Europe, Africa, and Afghanis-
tan (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 340).
*Nais schubarti Marcus, 1944. Distr: BRA: PR:
 60
68 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
2, 3; PE: 3.
Nais simplex Piguet, 1906. Syn: Nais variabilis
var. simplex Piguet, 1906; ? Nais tortuosa Walton,
1906; ? Nais sp. Stephenson, 1909. Distr: PER: 21.
COL: 1, 2. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 82), Europe, Africa, and possibly
Tibet (Harman et al., 1988: 2235).
Nais variabilis Piguet, 1906. Syn: ? Nais rivulosa
Leidy, 1850; ? Nais japonica Kondô, 1936; ? Nais
bekmani Sokolskaya, 1962; Distr: ARG: 2, 58, 26, 63,
85, 89, 90. BOL: 2, 3. PER: 22, 32. COL: 1, 5. BRA:
MS: 1. Furth. Distr: Cosmopolitan (Gavrilov, 1981:
179).
Olavius Erséus, 1985 (Type: Phallodrilus long-
issimus Giere, 1979).
*Olavius bullatus Finogenova, 1986. Distr: PER:
48.
*Olavius crassitunicatus Finogenova, 1986. Distr:
PER: 51, 52.
Ophidonais Gervais, 1838 (Type: Nais serpen-
tina). Syn: Serpentina Ørsted, 1843 (Type: Serpentina
quadristriata Ørsted, 1843).
Ophidonais serpentina (O. F. Müller, 1774). Syn:
Nais serpentina O. F. Müller, 1774; Slavinia
serpentina (O. F. Müller, 1774); Pristina serpentina
(O. F. Müller, 1774); ? Nais filiformis Blainville, 1825;
Serpentina quadristriata Ørsted, 1843; Ophidonais
reckei Floericke, 1892; Nais reckei (Floericke, 1892);
Ophidonais serpentina var. meridionalis Piguet, 1906;
Ophidonais serpentina f. typica Michaelsen, 1909;
Ophidonais sp. Kleiber, 1911. Distr: ARG: 14, 37.
URU: 7. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 50), Europe, and Asia (Gavrilov,
1979: 106).
Paranadrilus Gavrilov, 1955 (Type: Parana-
drilus descolei).
*Paranadrilus descolei Gavrilov, 1955. Distr:
ARG: 1, 38, 59, 67-71, 83, 85, 91, 103. PER: 45. GUY:
1. BRA: PR: 2, 3; MS: 1.
Paranais Czerniavsky, 1880 (Type: Nais lito-
ralis). Syn: Wapsa Marcus, 1965 (Type: Wapsa
evelinae).
*Paranais evelinae (Marcus, 1965). Syn: Wapsa
Vol. 31
evelinae Marcus, 1965. BRA: SP: 8.
Paranais filiformis (Schmarda, 1861). Syn: Chaetogaster
filiformis Schmarda, 1861; Schmardaella filiformis
(Schmarda, 1861). Distr: CHI: 3. ECU: 2. Furth. Distr:
Japan (Kondô, 1936: 383).
Paranais frici Hrabe, 1941. Syn: Paranais
mobilis Liang, 1958; Wapsa moliblis (Liang, 1958).
Distr: ARG: 63. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe,
Africa (Brinkhurst & Coates, 1985: 30) and Asia
(Liang, 1958: 43; Sokolskaya, 1971: 930).
*Paranais lacteus Černosvitov, 1937. Distr: ARG:
26. Rem: Brinkhurst (1971d: 323) transferred this
species to Homochaeta lacteus (Černosvitov, 1937).
However, Timm & Grimm (2005) have determined
that the genus Homochaeta, and in particular the taxon
Homochaeta naidina Bretscher, 1896 − the type
species of Homochaeta – should not be included in
routine identification keys of Oligochaeta for the
following reasons: no type material exists for this
taxon; all subsequent material identified as this taxon,
when available for review, had been misidentified; the
original description by Bretscher likely was based
upon different, immature specimens in the families
Naididae and Tubificidae; the taxon has never been
re-described. Paggi et al. (2006: 1) cited Homochaeta
naidina, while Gómez & Rodrigues (2005: 35) cited
both Homochaeta naidina and H. lacteus for Argentina.
Paranais litoralis (O. F. Müller, 1784). Syn: Nais
litoralis O. F. Müller, 1784; Blanonais litoralis (O. F.
Müller, 1784); Uncinais litoralis (O. F. Müller, 1784);
Enchytraeus triventralopectinatus Minor, 1863;
Paranais litoralis var. intermedia Czerniavsky, 1880;
？Paranais litoralis ssp. orientalis Sokolskaya, 1964;
Paranais orientalis Sokolskaya, 1964. Distr: ARG: 39,
40. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe, Africa, and
Asia (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 318).
*Paranais macrochaeta Černosvitov, 1939. Distr:
ARG: 18. PER: 17.
*Paranais salina Černosvitov, 1939. Distr: PER:
10.
Pedonais Collado & Schmelz, 2000 (Type: Pedonais
crassifaucis).
*Pedonais crassifaucis Collado & Schmelz, 2000a:
225. Distr: BRA: AM: 13.
Peloscolex Leidy, 1851 (Type: Peloscolex varie-
gatus Leidy, 1851).
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
*P. orghidani Botea, 1987. Distr: VEN: 19.
*Peloscolex pigueti Michaelsen, 1933. Syn:
Trachydrilus plicatus Piguet, 1928. Distr: ARG: 20.
PER: 37.
Potamothrix Vejdovský & Mrázek, 1902 (Type:
Potamothrix moldavensi Vejdovský & Mrázek, 1902).
Syn: Euilyodrilus Brinkhurst, 1963 (Type: Ilyodrilus
hammoniensis Michaelsen, 1903).
Potamothrix bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913). Syn:
Tubifex (Ilyodrilus) bavaricus Öschmann, 1913; Eui-
lyodrilus bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913); Ilyodrilus
bavaricus (Öschmann, 1913). Distr: PER: 2, 16, 18,
20, 23, 24. Furth. Distr: Cosmopolitan (Brinkhurst &
Marchese, 1987: 3157).
Potamothrix heuscheri (Bretscher, 1900). Syn:
Tubifex heuscheri Bretscher, 1900; Tubifex (Ilyodrilus)
heuscheri Bretscher, 1900; Ilyodrilus heuscheri
(Bretscher, 1900); Euilyodrilus heuscheri (Bretscher,
1900); Ilyodrilus orientalis Černosvitov, 1938;
Euilyodrilus orientalis (Černosvitov, 1938). Distr:
PER: 2. Furth. Distr: Europe, Africa, and Middle East
(Brinkhurst, 1971c: 490).
Pristina Ehrenberg, 1828 (Type: Pristina longiseta
Ehrenberg, 1828). Syn: Naidium O. Schmidt, 1847
(Type: Naidium luteum O. Schmidt, 1847); Pristinella
Brinkhurst, 1985 (Type: Naidium bilobatum).
Pristina acuminata Liang, 1958. Syn: Pristinella
acuminata (Liang, 1958). Distr: ARG: 58, 63. PER:
29, 38. Furth. Distr: North America and China
(Harman et al., 1988: 2239).
Pristina aequiseta aequiseta Bourne, 1891. Syn:
? Pristina inaequalis (Ehrenberg, 1828); ? Pristinais
inaequalis (Ehrenberg, 1828); Pristina aequiseta
Bourne, 1891; Pristina aequiseta f. aequiseta Bourne,
1891; Naidium aequiseta (Bourne, 1891); Pristina
affinis Garbini, 1898; Naidium tentaculatum Piguet,
1906; Pristina tentaculatum (Piguet, 1906); Pristina
aequiseta var Michaelsen, 1914; Pristina palustris
Schuster, 1915; ? Pristina capiliseta Kondô, 1936;
? Pristina nasalis Kondô, 1936; Pristina evelinae
Marcus, 1943; Pristina sperberae Naidu, 1963. Distr:
CHI: 6. ARG: 14, 35, 37, 43, 49, 55, 58, 62, 74, 85, 86,
89, 90. BOL: 2. PER: 18, 20, 22, 27, 40-42, 47. ECU:
1. COL: 1, 2, 11. VEN: 20, 21. GUY: 1. SUR: 2-5, 9,
14. BRA: SP: 4, 6, 13, 14, 21, 34, 44; MS: 1; PA: 3.
69
61
Furth. Distr: Central America (Stacey & Coates, 1996:
24), North America (Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998:
58), Europe, and India (Di Persia, 1973: 281).
*Pristina aequiseta foreli Piguet, 1906. Syn:
Pristina aequiseta f. foreli Piguet, 1906; Naidium
foreli (Piguet, 1906). Distr: BOL: 3.
Pristina americana Černosvitov, 1937. Syn: Pristina
americana f. typica Černosvitov, 1937; Pristina americana
var. loretana Černosvitov, 1937; Pristina peruviana
Černosvitov, 1939; Pristina longidentata Harman, 1965;
Pristinella longidentata (Harman, 1965); Pristina org-
hidani Botea, 1983. Distr: ARG: 1, 15, 26, 63, 85, 86,
89, 90. URU: 2. PER: 2, 16, 18, 22, 38. VEN: 4, 5.
GUY: 1. SUR: 2, 3, 8, 9, 16. BRA: PR: 1-3; SP: 13, 16,
39, 40, 43, 46, 47; MS: 1; AL: 4; PA: 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10,
14; AM: 1, 4. Furth. Distr: Central America (Stacey &
Coates, 1996: 24), North America (Kathman &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 60), Europe, Africa, and New
Zealand (Stacey & Coates, 1996: 24).
Pristina bilobata (Bretscher, 1903). Syn: ? Naidium
uniseta Bretscher, 1900; ? Pristina uniseta (Brestscher,
1900); Pristinella bilobata (Brestscher, 1903); Nai-
dium bilobatum Bretscher, 1903. Distr: ARG: 35, 83.
Furth. Distr: Europe, Africa, Middle East, and Asia
(Brinkhurst, 1971d: 393).
Pristina biserrata Chen, 1940. Distr: ARG: 33,
37, 86. ECU: 1. GUY: 1. Furth. Distr: East Asia
(Stacey & Coates, 1996: 24).
Pristina breviseta Bourne, 1891. Syn: Naidium
breviseta (Bourne, 1891). Distr: ARG: 8, 14, 46, 49,
58, 60, 83, 85. BRA: SP: 15, 16; PA: 5, 8. Furth. Distr:
North America (Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 60),
and Asia (Gavrilov, 1981: 179).
*Pristina cumanacoensis Botea, 1987. Distr:
VEN: 21.
*Pristina decui Botea, 1987. Distr: VEN: 4.
Pristina longiseta Ehrenberg, 1828. Syn: Stylaria
longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1828); Pristina longiseta f.
typica Ehrenberg, 1828; Pristina longiseta longiseta
Ehrenberg, 1828; Pristina leidyi Smith, 1896; Pristina
longiseta leidyi (Smith, 1896); Pristina longiseta f.
leidyi (Smith, 1896); Pristina leidyi typica Michaelsen,
1914; Pristina longiseta var. bidentata Černosvitov,
1942; Pristina bidentata Černosvitov, 1942; Pristina
longiseta sinensis Sperber, 1948; Pristina orghidani
Botea, 1983. Distr: CHI: 0. ARG: 8, 14, 15, 25, 32, 35,
37, 43, 51, 58, 61, 73-75, 79, 85, 86, 89, 90, 98, 110,
60
70 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
112, 118, 120. URU: 4. PAR: 1. BOL: 2, 3. PER: 21,
27, 28, 32, 40, 46. COL: 1. VEN: 4, 5. SUR: 2, 3, 9.
BRA: SP: 3, 6, 35, 38; AL: 6; PE: 3; AM: 4. Furth.
Distr: Central America (Marchese, 1986: 242), North
America, Europe, Asia, Australia (Gavrilov, 1979:
106), and Hawaii (Harman et al., 1988: 2239).
Pristina macrochaeta Stephenson, 1931. Distr:
ARG: 1, 33, 61, 63, 85, 86, 92, 109, 111, 112, URU: 1.
PAR: 2, 4. PER: 27. COL: 1, 2, 4, 6. GUY: 1. SUR: 2,
4, 7. BRA: SP: 13, 32; MS: 1; PE:3, 6, 8; CE: 3.
Further Distr: Central America (Righi & Hamoui,
2002: 152) and Afghanistan (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 406).
*Pristina marcusi Collado & Schmelz, 2001.
Distr: BRA: AM: 12.
Pristina menoni (Aiyer, 1929). Syn: ? Naidium
mosquensis Udalicov, 1907; ? Naidium heteroseta Udalicov,
1907; Naidium menoni Aiyer, 1929; Pristinella menoni
(Aiyer, 1929). Distr: ARG: 1, 35, 85, 106. COL: 1. VEN:
7-9. SUR: 7. BRA: PR: 2, 3; SP: 36, 46. Futh. Distr:
Europe, Africa, and India (Di Persia, 1973: 283).
Pristina notopoda Černosvitov, 1937. Syn: Pristinella
notopoda (Černosvitov, 1937). Distr: ARG: 28, 53, 85.
PER: 40. GUY: 1. Furth. Distr: Europe and Africa
(Stacey & Coates, 1996: 24).
Pristina osborni (Walton, 1906). Syn: Naidium
osborni Walton, 1906; Pristinella osborni (Walton, 1906);
Naidium minutum Stephenson, 1914; Pristinella minuta
(Stephenson, 1914); Pristina minuta (Stephenson, 1914).
Distr: ARG: 6, 19, 38, 58, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89. 90,
106, 110, 123. PER: 31, 39. VEN: 13, 21. SUR: 13, 14.
BRA: SP: 1, 6; MG: 1, 4; MS: 1; AM: 5, 14. Furth.
Distr: Central America (Marchese, 1986: 240), North
America, Africa, and Asia (Gavrilov, 1979: 106).
Pristina proboscidea Beddard, 1896. Syn: Pristina
proboscidea f. typica (Beddard, 1896); Pristina pro-
boscidea var. paraguayensis Michaelsen, 1905; ? Pristina
serpentina Walton, 1906. Distr: CHI: 5. ARG: 27, 33,
58, 67, 85, 86, 89, 90. PAR: 1. PER: 42. COL: 1, 4-7.
SUR: 2, 3. BRA: SP: 44; MS: 1; CE: 3; PA: 4, 10, 18;
AM: 4. Furth. Distr: USA (Milligan, 1997: 59), Africa,
Asia, and Australia (Harman, 1974: 15).
Pristina rosea (Piguet, 1906). Syn: Naidium
roseum Piguet, 1906; ? Naidium luteum, Michaelsen,
1905 (non Schmidt); Naidium jenkinae Stephenson,
1931; Pristinella jenkinae (Stephenson, 1931);
Naidium roseum f. jenkinae (Stephenson, 1931);
Vol. 31
Pristina jenkinae (Stephenson, 1931).? Pristina rosea,
Michaelsen & Boldt, 1932, Kondô, 1936, Yamaguchi,
1953 (non Piguet); Naidium roseum, Marcus, 1943
(non Piguet); Pristina idrensis Sperber, 1948; Pristi-
nella idrensis (Sperber, 1948); Pristina taita Stout,
1956; Pristina nothophagi Stout, 1958. Distr: ARG: 8,
17, 39, 42-44, 51, 58, 85, 86, 89, 90. PER: 26, 38.
COL: 1. VEN: 4, 5. GUY: 1. SUR: 12. BRA: SP: 13,
14, 36, 44-46; PE: 9, 12; AM: 1. Furth. Distr: Central
America (Marchese, 1986: 241), North America,
Europe, Africa, Asia (Harman et al., 1988: 2239), and
possibly New Zealand (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 394). Rem:
Pristinella idrensis was suppressed and synonymyzed
with P. jenkinae in Kathman (1985: 1024).
*Pristina silvicola Collado & Schmelz, 2000b.
Distr: BRA; AM: 15.
Pristina sima (Marcus, 1944). Syn: Naidium
simum Marcus, 1944; Pristinella sima (Marcus, 1944).
Distr: CHI: 1. ARG: 1, 33, 86. COL: 1. GUY: 1. BRA:
SP: 22, 23, 27, 35. Furth. Distr: Curaçao (Righi &
Hamoui, 2002: 146), North America and Africa
(Stacey & Coates, 1996: 24).
Pristina synclites Stephenson, 1925. Distr: ARG:
8, 35, 58, 86, 98, 106, 110. ECU: 1. COL: 2, 8. GUY:
1. SUR: 8, 15. BRA: SP: 43, 46; MS: 1. Furth. Distr:
Central America (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 148), North
America, Africa, India (Stephenson, 1925: 45;
Marchese, 1986: 243) and Indonesia (Ohtaka et al.,
2000: 29).
*Pristina terrena Collado & Schmelz, 2000b.
Distr: BRA: AM: 15.
*Pristina trifida Collado & Schmelz, 2002. Distr:
BRA: AM: 1.
Slavina Vejdovský, 1883 (Type: Nais appendicu-
lata).
Slavina appendiculata (D’Udekem, 1855). Syn:
? Nais escherosa Gruithuisen, 1828; ? Nais gracilis
Leidy, 1850; ? Slavina gracilis (Leidy, 1850); Stylaria
gracilis (Leidy, 1850); Nais appendiculata D’Udekem,
1855; Nais lurida Timm, 1883; Slavina lurida (Timm,
1883); Slavina punjabensis Stephenson, 1909; ? Slavina
sp. Stephenson, 1916; ? Slavina montana Stephenson,
1923; Slavina truncata Harman, 1966. Distr: ARG: 37,
52, 85, 86. URU: 8. COL: 1. GUY: 1. BRA: PR: 6; SP:
19, 45. Furth. Distr: Central America, North America,
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Europe, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand (Marchese,
1986: 236).
Slavina evelinae (Marcus, 1942). Syn: Peloscolex
evelinae Marcus, 1942. Distr: ARG: 1, 11-13, 38, 54,
58, 85, 86, 89, 90, 106, 114. GUY: 1. SUR: 4, 9. BRA:
SP: 13, 19, 25, 26, 39, 40; MS: 1; PE: 4; CE: 2; PA: 3,
7-9, 13-16. Furth. Distr: Central America (Stacey &
Coates, 1996: 24).
*Slavina isochaeta Černosvitov, 1939. Distr:
ARG: 8, 21, 37, 42, 46, 65, 85, 86, 89, 90. PER: 9, 17.
BRA: SP: 35.
*Slavina sawayai Marcus, 1944. Distr: ARG: 37,
58, 84, 86. BRA: SP: 6.
Smithsonidrilus Brinkhurst, 1966 (Type: Smi-
thsonidrilus marinus Brinkhurst, 1966). Syn: Mar-
cusaedrilus Righi & Kanner, 1979 (Type: Marcusae-
drilus hummelincki Righi & Kanner, 1979).
*Smithsonidrilus peruanus (Finogenova, 1986).
Syn: Marcusaedrilus peruanus Finogenova, 1986.
Distr: PER: 48.
Spilodrilus Piguet, 1928. (Type: Spilodrilus stell-
atus).
*Spilodrilus stellatus Piguet, 1928. Distr: PER:
32.
Spirosperma Eisén, 1879 (Type: Spirosperma
ferox Eisén, 1879). Syn: Orientodrilus Holmquist,
1978 (Type: Peloscolex nikolskyi Lastokin &
Sokolskaya, 1953).
Spirosperma velutina (Grube, 1879). Syn: Saenuris
velutina Grube, 1879; Peloscolex velutinus (Grube,
1879); Peloscolex velutinus velutinus (Grube, 1879);
Embolocephalus velutinus (Grube, 1879); Spirosperma
(Embolocephalus) velutinus Grube, 1879; Psammoryctes
velutinus (Grube, 1879); Tubifex velutinus (Grube,
1879); Tubifex (Peloscolex) velutinus (Grube, 1879);
Tubifex sarnensis Pierantoni, 1904; Peloscolex
velutinus sarnensis (Pierantoni, 1904); Peloscolex
cernosvitovi Hrabe, 1958; Peloscolex fontinalis Hrabe,
1964. Distr: VEN: 1, 11. Furth. Distr: Europe
(Brinkhurst, 1971c: 507).
Stephensoniana Černosvitov, 1938 (Type: Naidium
trivandrana). Syn: Stephensonia Aiyer, 1929 (Type:
Naidium trivandranum).
71
61
Stephensoniana trivandrana (Aiyer, 1926). Syn:
Naidium trivandranum Aiyer, 1926; Stephensonia
trivandrana (Aiyer, 1926); Slavinia trivandrana (Ai-
yer, 1926). Distr: ARG: 50, 57, 58, 86. SUR: 9, 16.
COL: 1. BRA: PR: 2, 3; MS: 1. Furth. Distr: Central
America (Righi & Hamoui, 2002:143), North America
(Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 90), Africa and Asia
(Gavrilov, 1981: 179).
Stylaria Lamarck, 1816 (Type: Nereis lacustris).
Syn: Stylinais Gervais, 1838 (Type: Nais proboscidea
O. F. Müller, 1774); Caecaria Floericke, 1892 (Type:
Caecaria rara Floericke, 1892).
Stylaria fossularis Leidy, 1852. Syn: S. kempi
Stephenson, 1916. Distr: ARG: 86, 89, 90. Furth. Distr:
North America (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 354), Africa
(Grimm, 1990: 140) and Korea (Yoon et al., 2000:
250). Rem: Brinkhurst (1971d: 353) considered the
differences of S. fossularis and S. lacustris to be so
slight, that he included S. fossularis as a species
inquirenda (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 354).
Stylaria lacustris (Linnaeus, 1767). Syn: Nereis
lacustris Linnaeus, 1767; Nais lacustris (Linnaeus,
1767); Nais proboscidea O. F. Müller, 1774; Stylaria
proboscidea (O. F. Müller, 1774); Stylinais probos-
cidea (O. F. Müller, 1774); Stylaria paludosa Lamarck,
1816; Stylaria phyladelphiana Czerniavsky, 1880;
Stylaria scotica Czerniavsky, 1880; Caecaria rara
Floericke, 1892; Caecaria silesica Floericke, 1892;
Caecaria brevirostris Floericke, 1892. Distr: ARG: 36,
58. Furth. Distr: North America, Europe, Africa and
Asia (Brinkhurst, 1971d: 353).
Tectidrilus Erséus, 1982 (Type: Tectidrilus squ-
alidus Erséus, 1982).
Tectidrilus gabriellae Du Bois Reymond Marcus,
1950. Syn: Peloscolex gabriellae Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1950; Tubificoides gabriellae (Du Bois-
Reymond Marcus, 1950). Distr: BRA: SP: 28. Furth.
Distr: West Indies (Erséus, 1982: 257), Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of North America (Gavrilov, 1979:
107).
*Tectidrilus intermixtus Finogenova, 1986. Distr:
PER: 49, 50.
Tectidrilus verrucosus (Cook, 1974). Syn:
Limnodrilus verrucosus Cook, 1974. Distr: VEN: 14.
Furth. Distr: Pacific coast of North America (Erséus,
72
60 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
1982: 261).
Tubifex Lamarck, 1816 (Type: Lumbricus tubifex).
Syn: Lumbricus (part), O. F. Müller, 1774; Nais (part),
Oken, 1815; Blanonais (part) Gervais, 1838; Saenuris
(part) Hoffmeister, 1842 (Type: Saenuris variegata
Hoffmeister, 1842); Lophochaeta Stolc, 1886 (Type:
Lumbricus ignota Stolc, 1886); Heterochaeta Claparède,
1863 (non Westwood, 1841) (Type: Heterochaeta
costata); Edmondsonia Brinkhurst, 1965 (type: Tubifex
minor Sokolskaya, 1961); Frearidrilus Dumnicka,
1987 (Type: Peloscolex pescei Dumnicka, 1981).
Tubifex tubifex blanchardi Brinkhurst & Jamieson,
1971. Syn: Saenuris sp. Gegenbaur, 1852; Tubifex
alpinus Bretscher, 1900; Tubifex ignotus, Brinkhurst,
1960 (non Stolc, 1886); Tubifex tubifex chacoensis,
Hrabe, 1966; Tubifex tubifex f. blanchardi Brinkhurst
& Jamieson, 1971. Distr: ARG: 63, 85. Furth. Distr:
Europe and Africa (Marchese, 1988: 56). Rem:
Kathman & Brinkhurst (1998: 142) noted the presence
of Tubifex tubifex ´blanchardi´ form in North
America.
*Tubifex tubifex kleerekoperi (Marcus, 1944).
Syn: Limnodrilus kleerekoperi Marcus, 1944; Tubifex
kleerekoperi (Marcus, 1944). Distr: BRA: RS: 3.
*Tubifex tubifex siolii (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1947). Syn: Limnodrilus siolii Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1949; Tubifex siolii (Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1947). Distr: BRA: PA: 3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12,
13-15, 17; AM: 4, 6, 8; RR: 2.
Tubifex tubifex tubifex (O. F. Müller, 1774). Syn:
Lumbricus tubifex O. F. Müller, 1774; Nais tubifex (O.
F. Müller, 1774); Saenuris tubifex (O. F. Müller, 1774);
Tubifex rivolorum Lamarck, 1816; Nais filiformis Ant.
Dugès, 1828; Blanonais filiformis (Ant. Dugès, 1828);
Tubifex filiformis (Ant. Dugès, 1837); Saenuris
variegata (part) Hoffmeister, 1842; Nais sanguinea
(part) Doyère, 1856; Tubifex bonnetti Claparède,
1862; ? Tubifex campanulatus Eisén, 1879; Saenuris
taurica Czerniavsky, 1880; Saenuris peculiaris Czer-
niavsky, 1880; Saenuris diversisetosa f. charcoviensis
Czerniavsky, 1880; Saenuris diversisetosa f. suchumica
Czerniavsky, 1880; Tubifex (Tubifex) fontaneus Pointner,
1914; Tubifex hattai Nomura, 1926; Limnodrilus
kleerekoperi Marcus, 1944; Limnodrilus siolii Du
Bois-Reymond-Marcus, 1947. Distr: CHI: 2. ARG: 33.
Vol. 31
PER: 19. COL: 2. GUY: 1. BRA: SP: 16, 17, 35, 43.
Furth. Distr: Cosmopolitan (Righi, 1984: 36).
Tubificoides Lastockin, 1937 (Type: Limnodrilus
het erochaetus).
Tubificoides heterochaetus (Michaelsen, 1926).
Syn: Limnodrilus heterochaetus Michaelsen, 1926;
Peloscolex heterochaetus (Michaelsen, 1926); Peloscolex
gabriellae var. heterochaetus (Michaelsen, 1926).
Distr: PER: 37. Furth. Distr: North America (Milligan,
1996: 218) and Europe (Brinkhurst, 1971c: 521).
Uncinais Levinsen, 1884 (Type: Nais uncinata).
Uncinais uncinata (Ørsted, 1842). Syn: Nais
uncinata Ørsted, 1843; Paranais uncinata (Ørsted,
1843); Ophidonais uncinata (Ørsted, 1843). Distr:
GUY: 1. Furth. Distr: North America (Kathmann &
Brinkhurst, 1998: 50) and Europe (Stacey & Coates,
1996: 42).
NARAPIDAE Righi & Varela, 1983 (Type:
Narapa).
Narapa Righi & Varela, 1983 (Type: Narapa
bonettoi).
*Narapa bonettoi Righi & Varela, 1983. Distr:
ARG: 38, 58, 83, 85, 86. BRA: PR: 2-4; SP: 45; MS:
1.
OPISTOCYSTIDAE Černosvitov, 1936 (Type:
Opistocysta).
Opistocysta Černosvitov, 1936 (Type: Pristina
flagellum Leidy, 1880).
Opistocysta funiculus Cordero, 1948. Syn:
Pristina flagellum, Černosvitov, 1936 (non Leidy,
1880); Opistocysta flagellum, Marcus, 1944, Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947 (non Leidy, 1880). Distr:
ARG: 22, 96. GUY: 1. COL: 1; BRA: SP: 11, 35, 39,
40; PE: 14; PA: 2, 4, 7, 10; AM: 4, 6. Furth. Distr:
Possibly Africa (Gavrilov, 1979: 106). Rem:
According to Kathman & Brinkhurst (1998: 28), O.
flagellum is considered a species inquirenda.
*Opistocysta serrata Harman, 1970. Syn:
Opistocysta flagellum, Cordero, 1948 (non Leidy,
1880); Pristina flagellum, Michaelsen, 1905 (non
Leidy, 1880). Distr: ARG: 85. PAR: 1. BRA: PR: 2, 3;
MS: 1.
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Trieminentia Harman & Loden, 1978b (Type:
Opistocysta corderoi).
Trieminentia corderoi (Harman, 1970). Syn:
Opistocysta corderoi Harman, 1970; Opistocysta
flagellum, Cordero, 1948 (non Leidy, 1880). Distr:
ARG: 8, 35, 60, 85, 86, 89, 90, 106, 115-118. URU: 1,
10. Furth. Distr: North America (Cordero, 1948: 4;
Milligan, 1997: 21; Kathman & Brinkhurst, 1998: 28).
PHREODRILIDAE Beddard, 1891 (Type:
Phreodrilus). Rem: Brinkhurst (1965) places most
genera within Phreodrilus as subgenera, but in a later
cladistic analysis resurrected these genera and
described two new ones (Brinkhurst, 1991).
Antarctodrilus Brinkhurst, 1991 (Type: Hesperodrilus
niger). Syn: Phreodrilus (Gondwanadrilus) Goddard
& Malan, 1913 (Type: Phreodrilus africanus Goddard
& Malan, 1913).
Antarctodrilus niger (Beddard, 1894). Syn: Hes-
perodrilus niger Beddard, 1894; Phreodrilus niger
(Beddard, 1894); Phreodrilus (Antarctodrilus) niger
(Beddard, 1894); Hesperodrilus albus Beddard, 1894;
Phreodrilus albus (Beddard, 1894); Hesperodrilus
pellucidus Beddard, 1894; Phreodrilus pellucidus
(Beddard, 1894); Phreodrilus albus var. pellucidus
(Beddard, 1894); Phreodrilus africanus Goddard &
Malan, 1913; Hesperodrilus africanus (Goddard &
Malan, 1913). Distr: ARG: 3, 5. Furth. Distr: South
Africa (Goddard & Malan, 1913: 242; Brinkhurst,
1971b: 631) and Tasmania (Pinder & Brinkhurst, 1997:
459). Rem: Gondwanaedrilus africanus Goddard &
Malan, 1913 is and incertae sedis taxon, but distinct
from Phreodrilus africanus Goddard & Malan, 1913
(Pinder, pers. observ.). Both species were described in
different papers of the same volume (Brinkhurst, 1965:
363).
Insulodrilus Brinkhurst, 1991 (Type: Phreodrilus
lacustris).
Insulodrilus lacustris (Benham, 1903). Syn: Phreodrilus
lacustris Benham, 1903; Phreodrilus (Insulodrilus)
lacustris Benham, 1903; Hesperodrilus lacustris
(Benham, 1903). Distr: ARG: 18. Furth. Distr: New
Zealand (Benham, 1903: 204) and Australia (Pinder,
2007).
Nesodrilus Pinder & Brinkhurst, 1997 (Type:
73
61
Phreodrilus kerguelensis Michaelsen, 1903).
Nesodrilus crozetensis (Michaelsen, 1905). Syn: Phreo-
drilus crozetensis Michaelsen, 1905; Hesperodrilus croze-
tensis (Michaelsen, 1905); Phreodriloides crozetensis
(Michaelsen, 1905); Phreodrilus (Phreodriloides) croze-
tensis Michaelsen, 1905. Distr: ARG: 4. Furth. Distr:
South Georgia and Crozet Islands (Gavrilov, 1979:
107).
Phreodrilus Beddard, 1891 (Type: Phreodrilus
subterraneus Beddard, 1891). Syn: Hesperodrilus
Beddard, 1894 (Type: Hesperodrilus branchiatus
Beddard, 1894).
Phreodrilus (Phreodrilus) branchiatus (Beddard,
1891). Syn: Hesperodrilus branchiatus Beddard, 1894;
Phreodrilus branchiatus (Beddard, 1894). Distr: CHI:
3. Furth. Distr: Australia (Naidu & Naidu, 1980: 179;
Pinder, 2007).
TIGUASSUIDAE Brinkhurst, 1988 (Type: Tigu-
assu).
Tiguassu Righi, Ayres & Bittencourt, 1978 (Type:
Tiguassu reginae).
*Tiguassu reginae Righi, Ayres & Bittencourt,
1978. Distr: BRA: AM: 16.
Discussion
No fewer than 171 nominal species and subspecies of
aquatic microdriles – exclusive of Enchytraeidae – have
been referenced in the literature for South America; to
date, 66 (circa 38.5%) of these taxa are known
exclusively from South America. While 23% of these
taxa are shared with North America north of Mexico,
only 16% are shared with Australia.
I find the record of Limnodrilus variegatus
Müller, cited for the Andean Plateau of Argentina
(Miserandino, 2001: 153; 2004: 196) to be somewhat
confusing, and likely a misprint. Perhaps another
species of Limnodrilus was intended, because Lum-
bricus variegatus Müller, 1774 is the type species of
Lumbriculus Grube, 1844, a taxon that has not
previously been found in the South American
continent.
Acknowledgements
I am particularly indebted to Hong-Zhu Wang, who
60
74 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
invited me to prepare and present a keynote address
focusing on South American clitellates at the 10th
International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaeta
(ISAO) in Wuhan, China (October 2006); this paper is
based, in part, on that presentation. Prof. Yan-Ling
Liang, Convener Hong-Zhu Wang, and his numerous
students, in particular Wei-hua Zhao and Hai-jun
Wang, made my stay in China memorable and
pleasant. The latter presented me with a significant
symbol in the Chinese horoscope, a snake neck
pendant, which I used to avoid many diversifying
pressures during the last month of intensive effort that
this manuscript demanded. Besides the deadline, as
discussed in conversation with Jörg Römbke, there is
an intrinsic limit to how much checking of data can be
accomplished before one becomes a complete social
outcast. I am indebted to Claudia Bérrio-Cárdenas for
providing me with a key reference on Colombian
oligochaetes. I thank my wife, daughter, students, and
colleagues for listening to my inordinate demands for
patience, even though everyone, including myself,
often became very impatient. Despite the inaccuracies
that remain, I hope users will find this contribution
useful. I extend my appreciation to Mark J. Wetzel and
all participants of the 10th ISAO for welcoming me
into the ´family´ of aquatic oligochaetologists. Finally,
I thank Adrian Pinder for providing important updates
for the phreodrilid data presented herein, and Wetzel
and an anonymous referee for providing critical and
helpful remarks on the manuscript. Their suggestions,
and particularly the constructive input from Mark
during four revisions of this manuscript, have
significantly contributed to the accuracy of this paper.
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Sperber, C. 1948. A taxonomical study of the Naididae. Zoologiska
Bidragen från Uppsala 28: 1-296, pls. 1-21.
Stacey D. F. & K. A. Coates, 1996. Oligochaetes (Naididae, Tubificidae,
Opistocystidae, Enchytraeidae, Sparganophilidae and Alluroididae)
of Guyana. Hydrobiologia 334: 17-29.
Stephenson, J., 1925. On some Oligochaeta mainly from Assam, South
India and the Andaman Islands. Records of the Indian Museum in
Calcutta 27(2): 43-74, pls 3-4.
Stephenson, J., 1931. Report of an expedition to Brazil and Paraguay in
1926-1927, supported by the Trustees of the Percy Sladen
Memorial fund and the executive committee of the Carnegie trust
for Scotland. The Oligochaeta. Journal of the Linnean Society of
London Zoology 37: 291-326.
Stieren, A., 1892. Über einige Dero aus Trinidad nebst Bemerkungen
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chung und Geselschaft der Universität Dorpat 10: 103- 123.
Takashima, Y. & S. F. Mawatari, 1997. Marine Tubificidae
(Oligochaeta, Annelida) from Shirahama, western Japan, with a
description of a new species. Publications of the Seto Marine
Biological Laboratory 38: 29-36.
Takeda, A. M., 1999. Oligochaete community of alluvial Upper Paraná
River, Brazil: Spatial and temporal distribution (1987-1988).
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Hydrobiologia 412: 35-42.
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survey of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Bulletin of
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Takeda, A. M., J. C. Stevaux & D. S. Fujita, 2001. Effect of hydraulics,
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Narapa bonettoi Righi & Varela, 1983 of the Upper Paraná River,
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Timm, T., 1999. Distribution of freshwater oligochaetes in the west and
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82
60 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
APPENDIX
ARGENTINA [ARG]:
1 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 5; Gavrilov, 1955a: 294; 1955b:
302; Gavrilov, 1970: 147; Di Persia, 1980a: 79; Varela et al., 1980:
201; Varela, 1990: 224-231; Gluzman de Pascar, 1992: 11;
Marchese & Brinkhurst, 1996: 163; Capello et al., 2004: 136); 2,
Falkland Islands (Erséus & Grimm, 2002: 77); 3, Port Stanley
(Michaelsen, 1900: 39; Cognetti, 1905: 7); 4, Tierra del Fuego
(Michaelsen, 1903: 175; 1921: 1; Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1989:1);
5, Ushuaia (Beddard, 1894: 208); 6, Patagonia (Michaelsen &
Boldt, 1932: 591); 7, Andean Patagonian Plateau (Miserandino,
2001: 153; 2004: 196);
Chaco Prov: 8, Rio Negro (Di Persia, 1979: 45; 1980a: 79; Varela et al.,
1980: 201; Marchese, 1986: 236); 9, Madrigon El Puente (Varela,
1984: 22); 10, Chaco (Di Persia, 1980a: 79); 11, La Cava (Di
Persia & Varela, 1980: 1); 12, Barranqueras (Di Persia & Varela,
1980: 1); 13, Tragadero river (Di Persia & Varela, 1980: 1);
San Juan Prov: 14 (Gluzman de Pascar & Moreno de Terzano, 1992:
54); 15, San Juan river (Varella et al., 1980: 201; Brinkhurst &
Marchese, 1987: 3154; Harman et al., 1988: 2233-2238); 16, La
Florida dam (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3154); 17, Guanache
pond (Harman et al., 1988: 2239);
Rio Negro Prov: 18, Mascardi lake (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987:
3154-3159; Harman et al., 1988: 2235);
Mendoza Prov: 19, Parque General San Martín lagune (Di Persia, 1981:
1); 20, Mendoza (Di Persia, 1980a 79);
21, Maipu (Di Persia, 1980b: 79; 1980d: 117);
Misiones Prov: 22 (Černosvitov, 1936b: 75; 1939: 96): 23, Uragua-i
(Harman et al., 1988: 2237); 24, False Uruagua-i rivers (Harman
et al., 1988: 2237); 25, Misiones (Černosvitov, 1936a: 19; 1937:
145; 1939: 103-106; 1942: 198); Loreto Dep: 26, Loreto
(Černosvitov, 1937: 139); 27, near Loreto (Černosvitov, 1937:
136); 28, Pastora brook (Černosvitov, 1937: 140-145; Brinkhurst,
1964: 533); 29, La Plata river (Gomez & Rodrigues, 2007);
30, Guayavera brook (Černosvitov, 1937: 145); 31, Argentine Basin,
marine (Erséus, 1983b: 144);
Santiago del Estero Prov: 32, Termas de Río Hondo pond (Brinkhurst
& Marchese, 1987: 3157; Harman et al., 1988: 2237; Gluzman de
Pascar & Moreno de Terzano, 1992: 54);
Buenos Aires Prov: 33 (Pujals, 1986: 149; Gluzman de Pascar, 1993:
47-49): 34, Buenos Aires (Beddard, 1894: 206; Gluzman de Pascar,
1989b: 12): 35, Berisso (Pujals, 1985: 204-209; Pujals, 1988a: 123;
Pujals, 1988b: 203-211; Gluzman de Pascar, 1989a: 8; 1990b: 122;
1994a: 6); 36, Los Talas (Armendariz, 1999a: 24; 1999b: 101;
2000: 217); 37, Buenos Aires, associated with Eichhornia
crassipes (Gluzman de Pascar, 1994a: 6; Capello et al., 2004: 135);
38, La Plata river (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126; Gluzman de
Pascar, 1993: 48; Gomez & Rodrigues, 2007); 39, Samboronbón
river (Gluzman de Pascar, 1989b: 12; 1998a: 141 ); 40, Salgado
Vol. 31
river (Gluzman de Pascar, 1998a: 141); 41, Salgado lake
(Gluzman de Pascar, 1998a: 141); 42, Baldovino stream (Gluzman
de Pascar, 1987: 126-128); 43, Zapata stream (Gluzman de Pascar,
1987: 126); 44, El Carnaval (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126); 45,
El Gato (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126); 46, El Azul stream
(Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126-128); 47, Puerto Nuevo (Cordero,
1951: 239); 48, El Pescado (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126); 49,
El Pescado stream (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126-128); 50,
Rodríguez (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126); 51, Rodriguez
stream (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987: 126); 52, Atalaya area
(Gluzman de Pascar, 1998b: 97); 53, Atalaya channel (Gluzman de
Pascar, 1987: 126); 54, Punta Lara (Gluzman de Pascar, 1992: 12;
1994b: 114); 55, La Balandra channel (Gluzman de Pascar, 1987:
126); 56, Upper La Plata river: 57, Martín (Gluzman de Pascar,
1987: 126); 58, Martín García island (Armendariz et al., 2000: 75;
Armendariz & César, 2001: 212); 59, Palo Blanco (Gluzman de
Pascar, 1996: 2);
Santa Fé Prov: 60 (Di Persia, 1976: 15; 1979: 45; 1980b: 79; Di Persia,
1980c: 185): 61, Don Felipe river (Di Persia, 1980a: 98); 62, Don
Felipe lagune (Di Persia, 1973: 281; 1974a: 37; 1974b: 89), 63,
Saladillo river basin (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3159;
Harman et al., 1988: 2235-2238; Marchese, 1990: 55; Marchese &
Ezcurra de Drago, 1999: 241); 64, Santa Fé (Di Persia, 1980a:
79-98); 65, Mendieta brook (Marchese, 1986: 236; Brinkhurst &
Marchese, 1987: 3158-3159); 66, epizoic on pulmonate gastropod
Ampullaria (Di Persia & Radici De Cura, 1973: 309); 67, San
Javier river (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3159; Harman et al.,
1988: 2237); 68, Colastinecito river (Brinkhurst & Marchese,
1987: 3159); 69, Colastine river (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987:
3159); 70, Coronda river (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3159);
71, Mal Abrigo tributary (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3159); 72,
Yacarecito brook (Di Persia et al., 1982: 13); 73, Redonda lagoon
(Di Persia, 1974a: 37; 1974b: 89), 74, La Guardia lagoon (Di
Persia, 1973: 281; 1974a: 37; 1974b: 89), 75, El Alemán lagoon
(Di Persia, 1974a: 37; 1974b: 89);
Cordoba Prov: 76, San Roque river (Bonetto et al., 1976: 47; Di Persia,
1976: 2); 77, Los Molinos dam (Bonetto et al., 1976: 47; Di Persia,
1976: 2); 78, Tercero river (Di Persia, 1976: 2); 79, La Viña dam
(Varella et al., 1980: 201; Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3154;
Harman et al., 1988: 39); 80, Embalse Río Tercero lake (Bonetto
et al., 1976: 47); 81, San Roque lake (Di Persia, 1973: 284);
82, Concórdia (Varela et al., 1980: 201); 83, Lower Paraná river
(Blattler & Marchese, 2005: 62);
Entre Ríos Prov: 84 (Di Persia, 1975a: 1; Di Persia, 1975c: 13; Di
Persia, 1980b: 77; 1980d: 117; Pavé & Marchese, 2005: 188): 85,
Paraná river (Rosso de Ferradas & Di Persia, 1975: 61; Marchese
& Ezcurra de Drago, 1983: 100; Bertoldi de Pomar et al., 1986:
79-92; Marchese, 1987: 209-212; Capelo et al., 2004: 135;
Marchese & Paggi, 2004: 219; Montalto & Marchese, 2005: 490);
86, Middle Paraná river (Di Persia, 1980b: 77; Marchese &
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Ezcurra de Drago, 1983: 100; Marchese, 1984: 161; 1986:
231-246; 1987: 212; 1994: 303; Bertoldi de Pomar et al., 1986: 92;
Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3157; Capello et al., 2004: 135-136;
Montalto & Marchese, 2005: 490; Ezcurra de Drago et al., 2005:
67; 2007: 255; Galizzi & Marchese, 2007: 535); 87, Middle
Paraná river, epizoic on pulmonate gastropod Ampullaria (Di
Persia & Radici de Cura, 1973: 309); 88, Entre Ríos (Černosvitov,
1937: 145); 89, Saucesito tributary (Pavé & Marchese, 2005: 188);
90, Las Tunas tributary (Pavé & Marchese, 2005: 188); 91, Las
Tunas brook, between Paraná and Viale (Gavrilov, 1958: 226); 92,
Ayui Grande brook (Di Persia, 1977b: 13; 1980a: 98); 93, Paraná
Dep. (Di Persia, 1979: 120): 94, Paraná city (Marchese, 1984:
162); 95, close to Paraná city (Di Persia, 1980d: 119);
Corrientes Prov: 96, (Di Persia, 1975a: 5; Di Persia, 1975d: 25; 1976:
15; 1979: 44): 97, Paraná river (Righi & Varela, 1983: 7; Bertoldi
de Pomar et al., 1986: 92; Marchese, 1987: 211; Montanholi-
Martins & Takeda, 1999: 52); 98, Upper Paraná river (Varela et al.,
1983: 103; Capello et al., 2004: 135; Marchese et al., 2005: 485);
99, Fechada (Takeda, 1999: 35); 100, Pousada das Garças lake
(Takeda, 1999: 35); 101, Guarana lake (Takeda, 1999: 35); 102,
Baia river (Takeda, 1999: 35); 103, Ivinhema tributary (Takeda,
1999: 35; Montanholi-Martins & Takeda, 2001: 202); 104, Patos
lake (Montanholi-Martins & Takeda, 2001: 202); 105, Corrientes
(Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3160); 106, La Brava lagune (Di
Persia, 1973: 283; Bonetto et al., 1978a: 17; 1978b: 57; Di Persia,
1980a: 79; Di Persia & Varela, 1980: 1; Varela et al., 1978: 97;
Varela et al., 1980: 201; 1983: 103); 107, Perez lagoon (Varela,
1984: 22); 108, San Cosme Dep. (Di Persia, 1976: 5); 109, Itatí
Dep: Itatí (Di Persia, 1976: 6; 1980a: 98); 110, Totoras lagune
(Bonetto et al., 1978a: 17; 1978b: 57; Di Persia, 1979: 45); 111,
Goya (Di Persia, 1980a: 98); 112, Ituzaingó: Rincón de Santa
Marta (Poi de Neiff & Neiff, 1980: 185; Poi de Neiff, 1981: 41);
113, near Ituzaingó (Di Persia, 1980a: 107); 114, Mitiñay cannel
(Di Persia & Varela, 1980: 1); 115, Galarza (Di Persia, 1979: 45);
116, Ibera (Di Persia, 1979: 45); 117, Sirena (Di Persia, 1979: 45);
118, González (Di Persia, 1979: 45); 119, González lagune
(Bonetto et al., 1978: 57);
Tucumán
84 Prov: 120 (Gavrilov, 1948: 228; Gavrilov & Paz de Tomsic,
1950: 543; Cordero, 1951: 237); 121, del Toro brook (Gavrilov &
Paz de Tomsic, 1949: 537); 122, Tucumán (Cordero, 1951: 237);
123, Sali river (Di Persia, 1973: 284);
Salta Prov: 124 (Gavrilov, 1970: 147); 125, Tala river (Gavrilov & Paz
de Tomsic, 1950: 543);
Jujuy Prov: 126 (Gavrilov, 1970: 147).
BOLIVIA [BOL]:
1 (Martínez-Ansemil & Giani, 1986: 108); 2, Lake Titicaca basin
(Martínez-Ansemil & Giani, 1986: 110, 113); 3, Amazon basin
(Martínez-Ansemil & Giani, 1986: 113); 4, Amazon river (Ma-
rtínez- Ansemil & Giani, 1986: 113); 5, Amazon river basin, above
61
83
Iquitos (Harman et al., 1988: 2237).
CHILE [CHI]:
1 (Michaelsen, 1905: 357; Gluzman de Pascar, 1990a: 89); Patagonia: 2,
Esquel-Percy river system (Miserandino & Pizzolón, 2000: 64); 3,
Valdivia (Beddard, 1894: 207; 1896: 5; Michaelsen, 1900: 38;
Piguet, 1928: 81); 4, San Carlos (Cognetti, 1905: 7); 5, Valparaiso:
Salto (Beddard, 1895: 293; 1896: 4); 6, near Valparaiso (Cognetti,
1905: 6).
COLOMBIA [COL]:
1(Michaelsen, 1914: 202-208; Gaviria, 1993: 238-241);
Antioquia Dep: 2 (Gaviria, 1993: 239): 3, Medellín Mun. (Be-
rrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); 4, Mutatá Mun. (Berrío-Cárdenas
& Vélez, 2008); 5, Jardín Mun. (Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008);
6, Chigorodó Mun. (Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); 7, Caldas
Mun. (Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); 8, Santo Domingo Mun.
(Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); 9, Santa Rosa de Osos Mun.
(Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); 10, Girardota Mun. (Be-
rrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008); (Berrío- Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008);
11, Don Matías Mun. (Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez, 2008).
¨Please see the paper by Berrío-Cárdenas & Vélez (2008), included
elsewhere in this issue of Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, for an
historical review of aquatic oligochaete research in Antioquia Dep.,
and elsewhere in Colombia¨.
ECUADOR [ECU]:
1 (Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82); 2, Cuenca (Cognetti, 1905: 5); 3,
Galapagos Islands (Erséus, 1980: 104; 1984: 193-196).
GUYANA [GUY]:
1 (Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82; Stacey & Coates, 1996: 23-42); 2,
Kwabanna swamp (Omodeo & Coates, 2001: 39); 3, Essequibo
river: Kurupukari creek (Omodeo, 1996: 12); 4, Amakut (Omodeo
& Coates, 2001: 45).
PARAGUAY [PAR]:
1 (Michaelsen, 1905: 350-359; Piguet, 1928: 81; Černosvitov, 1939:
97); 2, Makthlawaiya swamp (Michaelsen, 1905: 354; Stephenson,
1931: 299-306); 3, Rio Verde stream (Stephenson, 1931: 309); 4,
Chaco, swamps (Carter & Beadle, 1931: 379).
PERU [PER]:
1 (Blanchard, 1849: 39; Piguet, 1928: 82); Lake Titicaca: 2
(Černosvitov, 1939: 83-88; Lafont & Juget, 1992: 302); 3, Bahia
de Plata (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3157; Harman et al., 1988:
2237); 4, Uruñi Bay (Černosvitov, 1939: 97); 5, Sucuné
(Černosvitov, 1939: 97); 6, Ojerani (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987:
3157; Harman et al., 1988: 2237); 7, Lagunilla Lagunilla
(Černosvitov, 1939: 94-106); 8, off Faro: Punta Churo (Brinkhurst
 84
60 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA
& Marchese, 1987: 3158); 9, Lake Titicaca basin (Černosvitov,
1939: 101; Harman et al., 1988: 2235): 10, Poopó lake
(Černosvitov, 1939: 84); 11, Lake Umayo (Brinkhurst & Marchese,
1987: 3155; Harman et al., 1988: 2235); 12, Saracocha lake
(Černosvitov, 1939: 89-103): 13, Yanayako river (Coates & Stacey,
1994: 82); 14, San Antonio de Esquilache (Černosvitov, 1939: 89);
15, Huenque (Harman et al., 1988: 2235-2238); 16, Huenque river
(Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3157); 17, Capachica pond
(Černosvitov, 1939: 86-95; Marchese, 1986: 236); 18, Murilaya
river, near Puno Bay (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3157;
Harman et al., 1988: 2235-2238); 19, Murilaya stream, near
Huenque; on road to Machu Picchu, 81 km from Cuzco:
Huairachina: Urumbamba river valley (Brinkhurst & Marchese,
1987: 3154); 20, Puno Bay (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987:
3154-3157; Harman et al., 1988: 2235-2237); 21, Puno Bay, near
Uros village (Harman et al., 1988: 2235-2239); 22, Puno Bay at
Ojerani (Harman et al., 1988: 2236-2238); 23, Maranón drainage
(Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82); 24, Uros islands, 20 m deep
(Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3157); 25, Amazon basin: Langui
lake: Layo (Černosvitov, 1939: 109);
26, access to Machu Pichu (Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1950: 533; 1987:
3157; Harman et al., 1988: 2239);
Madre de Diós Dep: 27, Pampas de Heath, south of Puerto Pardo
(Harman et al., 1988: 2237-2239);
Cusco Dep: 28, Huacarpay lagune (Harman et al., 1988: 2237);
Ayacucho Dep: 29, Yaracyacu, from bromeliad (Harman et al., 1988:
2239);
Lima Dep: 30, Cienequella on Lurin river (Harman et al., 1988: 2233);
31, Lurin river, near Cieneguilla (Harman et al., 1988:
2235-2239);
32, Huaron lake (Piguet, 1928: 80, 81, 82, 91, 92); 33, Murilaya stream
(Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1987: 3154); 34, Huenque (Brinkhurst
& Marchese, 1987: 3154); 35, Huenque river (Brinkhurst &
Marchese, 1987: 3154); 36, Yanayako river, a tributary of the
Amazon above Iquitos (Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82); 37, Naticocha
lake (Piguet, 1928: 93; Brinkhurst, 1971c: 521); 38, Panguana
(Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82); 39, North Peru (Coates & Stacey,
1994: 82);
Loreto Dep: 40, Curanja Balta river (Harman et al., 1988: 2237-2239);
41, Laguna Huacarpay (Harman et al., 1988: 2237); 42,
Yarinacoche lake (Harman et al., 1988: 2237); Missiones Prov: 43,
Tirica stream (Harman et al., 1988: 2235);
44, Amazon (Shain et al., 2008; Martinez-Ansemil & Giani, 1986: 113);
45, near Iquitos: Yanayako river (Harman et al., 1988: 2236;
Coates & Stacey, 1994: 82);
Piura Dep: 46, Piura river (Harman et al., 1988: 2239);
47, Bahia La Plata: beach at Ojerani, 50 m deep; 48, Off coast, shell
sand, 50 m deep (Finogenova, 1986: 45-50); 49, Off coast, 150m;
50, Off coast, 169 m deep (Finogenova, 1986: 46-48); 51, Off
coast, 47-200 m deep (Finogenova, 1986: 46); 52, Off coast,
Vol. 31
270-359 m deep (Blazejak et al., 2005: 1153).
REPUBLIC OF SURINAME [SUR]:
1 Surinam river (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 134); 2, Lelydorp (Harman,
1974: 7-31); 3, Onverwacht (Harman, 1974: 7-31), 4, Uitkijk
(Harman, 1974: 5-31), 5, Zanderij (Harman, 1974: 9-31), 6,
Republiek (Harman, 1974: 20); 7, near Republiek: Coroupina:
swamp Berseba (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 127-129); 8, reiver near
Republiek (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 127, 128, 148); 9, Paramaribo
(Harman, 1974: 5-31); 10, Paramaribo: Trench in Cultuurtuim
(Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 124, 127); 11, near Paramaribo:
Belwaarde pond (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 129, 130, 138); 12,
about 42 km south of Paramaribo (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 145);
13, north of Paramaribo: swamp at Krepi (Righi & Hamoui, 2002:
150); 14, Kabel (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 144. 150); 15, Ditch at
Kabel (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 124, 127, 131); 16, Zoetwaterput
(Rigfhi & Hamoui, 2002: 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 143, 148); 17,
Continental slope, 1000-1518 m deep (Erséus, 1982: 223).
URUGUAY [URU]:
1 (Michaelsen, 1903: 175; Cordero, 1931: 345; Cordero, 1951: 231-237;
Harman & Loden, 1978: 453);
Montevideo: 2, El Prado (Cordero, 1931: 351; Cordero, 1951: 239); 3,
Prado Botanical Garden (Cordero, 1951: 235); 4, Barra de Santa
Lucia (Cordero, 1931: 349-350); 5, Miguelete stream (Cordero,
1931: 350); 6, in brackish water (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1949b: 1); 7, Maldonado: Piriápolis (Cordero, 1931: 349); 8,
Carrasco stream (Cordero, 1931: 350);
9, Continental shelf, 256-293 m deep (Erséus, 1982: 218); 10, La
Estacion Parque del Plata: near Solis river (Cordero, 1948: 4).
VENEZUELA [VEN]:
1 (Dumnicka, 1983: 255): 2, Amazon basin: Bolivar State: Santa
Helena de Uairem: margin of Salto river (Righi, 1985: 24);
State of Merida: 3, Los Guaches lagoon (Stacey & Coates, 1996: 24);
Aragua Dep: 4, Cuyagua brook, interstitial (Botea, 1987: 69, 70); 5,
Quebrada de la Toma, hyporeic (Botea, 1987: 70-71);
6, Maracay, in Hyla spp (Michaelsen, 1926a: 100);
Falcón Dep: 7, (Dumnicka, 1986: 267); 8, Arroyo El Pitiri (Botea, 1987:
70), 9, Curimagua (Botea, 1987: 70), 10, Sierra de San Luis
(Botea, 1987: 70); 11, Falcón Distr: Paraguana peninsula: Fuente
de Miraca (Dumnicka, 1983: 258); 12, Miraca village (Botea,
1987: 70);
13, Marguerita island (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 138, 142, 144): 14,
mangroves (Erséus, 1982: 260);
Off coast of Punta Piedras: 15, South of Bahia de Amuay, about 15 m
deep (Erséus, 1987: 272); 16, South of Bahia de Amuay, about 3
m deep (Erséus, 1987: 273); 17, northeast part of Bahia de Amuay,
about 4 m deep (Erséus, 1987: 273);
18, Chama river (Giani, 1978: 270);
 Suppl. Christoffersen: A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America
Monagas Dep: 19, Caripe river, hyporeic (Botea, 1987: 71); 20, beach
near Santa Cruz (Botea, 1987: 68);
Sucre Dep: 21, Jaguaracual stream, near Cumanacoa, hyporeic (Botea,
1987: 68-69);
Central Dep: Caracas: Jardin Botánico: 22, Laguna del Leste (Righi &
Hamoui, 2002: 126, 127, 131, 151); 23, Laguna del Oeste (Righi
& Hamoui, 2002: 143).
BRAZIL [BRA]:
ALAGOAS [AL]:
Maceió: 1(Marcus, 1944: 51);
Satuba: 2 (Marcus, 1943: 35; 1944: 65); 3, Catolé river: 3 (Marcus,
1944: 51); 4, Catolé river, near Satuba (Marcus, 1944: 50-65; Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 3; 1949: 1);
5, Paulo Afonso falls (Marcus, 1943: 21);
Garça Torta: 6 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 9).
AMAZONAS [AM]:
1 (Righi & Hamoui, 1989: 409; Collado & Schmelz 2001: 4; 2002: 2);
Laguna del este (Righi & Hamoui, 2002: 2, Transamazonian highway
(Righi et al., 1978: 11);
3, Madeira river (Marcus, 1944: 51);
4, near Humaitá (Marcus, 1943: 112; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947:
1-11; 1949a: 2; 1949b: 2);
5, Solimões river (Marcus, 1944: 51; Righi, 1978: 485);
Maués: 6 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 7-11; 1949b: 2);
7, Lago Grande Curuay (Marcus, 1944: 51; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus,
1944: 65; 1947: 6);
8, near Vila Franca (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 11); 9, at Vila
Franca (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 6); 10, Lago Grande
Curuay, near Óbidos (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 4); 11,
Amazon river, opposite Óbidos (Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947:
6); 12, Central Amazon (Irmler, 1989: 31; Collado & Schmelz,
2000a: 228; 2001: 2); 13, Central Amazônia, in soil (Collado &
Schmelz, 2000a: 225); 14, Curari island (Righi, 1978: 485);
Manaus: 15 (Collado & Schmelz, 2000b: 510, 513); 16, Manaus–Rio
Branco highway, km 45 (Righi et al., 1978: 6).
BAHIA [BA]:
Salvador: 1, Farol da Barra beach (Erséus, 1980 100).
CEARÁ [CE]:
Araripe: 1, Paraíso reservoir;
Fortaleza: 2 (Marcus, 1942: 157; 1943: 35); 3, in colony of sponge Stoella
agilis f. iheringi (Marcus, 1943: 112; 1944: 150; Du Bois - Reymond
Marcus, 1947: 9).
MINAS GERAIS [MG]:
1 (Righi, 1973: 299);
61
85
Belo Horizonte: 2 (Michaelsen, 1927: 369);
3, Ibirité reservoir (Callisto et al., 2005: 1);
4, Serra do Cipó: Capivara river (Righi, 1973: 294).
MATO GROSSO DO SUL [MS]:
Pantanal: 1, Rio Negro (Takeda et al., 2000: 53).
MATO GROSSO [ MT]:
1 (Michaelsen, 1900: 522);
2, Carandazinho, near Corumbá (Cognetti, 1900: 1).
PARÁ [PA]:
1, Tapajós river (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 6); 2, Fordlândia
(Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 4- 9; 1949a 2; 1949b: 2-3); 3,
near Fordlândia (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1947: 1949a: 2); 4, Belterra (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 9;
1949b: 2); 5, near Belterra (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1947: 4-11; 1949a: 1-2; 1949b: 3-10); 6, Cururú river, a
tributary of Tapajós river (Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947:
1-11);
Santarém: 7 (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947:
4-11; 1949a: 2-9; 1949b: 2);
Óbidos: 8 (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1949a: 2);
9, Trombetas river (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus,
1947: 4-11); 10, Acará river (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947:
9-11; 1949b: 2); 11, south of Belém (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1947: 1-10); 12, São Manuel river (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus,
1947: 4-11); 13, Cuminá river (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 4-11); 14, Salgado lake (Marcus,
1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 4-11); 15, Cupari
river (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 4-11;
1949a: 2; 1949b: 3); 16, Alemquer river (Marcus, 1942: 157; Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 7-9); 17, Juruena river (Marcus,
1944: 51; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947: 6-11);
Itaituba: 18 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 1-9).
PERNAMBUCO [PE]:
São Bartolomeu: 1 (Marcus, 1944: 50): 2, São Francisco river (Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 9); 3, São Francisco river, near
Belém (Marcus, 943: 35; 1944: 50-135); 4, near São Bartolomeu
(Marcus, 1942: 157; 1943: 38);
São Caetano Mun: 5, Ipojuca river, near Antonio Olinto (Marcus, 1944:
65);
Cabo Mun: 6, Gurjaú reservoir (Marcus, 1944: 51-65); 7, Cabo (Du
Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 1); 8, Bom Jardim (Marcus, 1944:
150; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947: 1);
Recife: 9 (Marcus, 1944: 50): 10, Capoeira (Marcus, 1944: 50), 11, São
Bento (Marcus, 1944: 50); 12, Tegipió (Marcus, 1943: 130); 13,
Jaboatão (Marcus, 1944: 69); 14, Jaboatão river (Marcus, 1944:
50; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 60);
 60
86 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Vol. 31

Goiana: 15 (Marcus, 1944: 50);
Mercês: 16 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 1);
Salgadinho: 17 (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1947: 1);
Garanhuns: 18 (Marcus, 1944: 50).
PIAUÍ [PI]:
1, Caicós reservoir (Marcus, 1944: 65; Du Bois- Reymond Marcus,
1947: 6).
PARANÁ [PR]:
1, Paraná river (Montanholi-Martins & Takeda, 1999: 52): 2, Patos lake
(Montanholi-Martins & Takeda, 2001: 202); 3, Ivinhema tributary
(Montanholi- Martins & Takeda, 2001: 202); 4, Upper Paraná
river (Takeda et al., 2001: 241); 5, Caiobá cliff (Marcus, 1943:
93);
Curitiba: 6 (Marcus, 1943: 40; 1944: 78).
RIO DE JANEIRO [RJ]:
1, Barra de Maricá (Lopez et al., 2005: 22);
Rio de Janeiro: 2, Guanabara Bay, 22 m deep (Harman & Loden, 1984:
51); 3, Rio de Janeiro, in Hyla spp (Michaelsen, 1926a: 100; 1926b:
231; 1926c: 3);
Nova Iguaçu: 4, in Bufo crucifer (Rodrigues & Maldonado Jr., 1982: 13;
Rodrigues, 1986: 27);
Búzios: 5, João Faema beach (Erséus, 1983a: 1052).
RORAIMA [RR]:
1, Boa Vista – Bonfim highway, km 120 (Righi, 1988: 316); 2, Boa
Vista (Righi, 1984: 26-36).
RIO GRANDE DO SUL [RS]:
Porto Alegre: 1 (Marcus, 1943: 38); 2, vicinity of Porto Alegre; 3,
Quadros lagoon (Marcus, 1944: 71-73).
SANTA CATARINA [SC]:
Lauro Muller Mun: 1, Novo Horizonte, in Hyla (Righi, 1972: 150).
SÃO PAULO [SP]:
1 (Marcus, 1943: 129);
Ribeira de Iguape: 2, Ribeira de Iguape river (Marcus, 1943: 13); 3, in
Ephydatia sponge colony (Marcus, 1943: 21-108); 4, near São
Pedro (Marcus, 1943: 112); São Pedro: 5, São Pedro station
(Marcus, 1943: 38); 6, Araquá river (Marcus, 1943: 108-129; 1944:
59); 7, Araquá river, near São Pedro (Marcus, 1943: 13);
Cananéia: 8, in mangrove (Marcus, 1965: 63-77);
Itanhaém: 9 (Lopez et al., 2005: 15);
10 Cubatão (Marcus, 1965: 77);
São Paulo: 11 (Marcus, 1942: 157-208; 1943: 40-108; 1944: 69); 12,
Pinheiros (Marcus, 1943: 12-38); 13, Pinheiros river (Marcus,
1942: 157, 202; 1943: 23-112; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1943:
12; 1944: 4); 14, Jardim Europa (Marcus, 1943: 23); 15, Jardim
Europa brook (Marcus, 1942: 202; 1943: 12-129); 16, Tietê river
(Marcus, 1942: 175-202; 1943: 12-129; Du Bois-Reymond
Marcus, 1949a: 2); 17, Lapa (Marcus, 1942: 200-202); 18, Vila de
Caxingui (Du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1947: 13); 19, Caxingui
brook (Marcus, 1942: 157; 1943: 13; 1944: 54); 20, Ibirapuera
park, epizoic on pulmonate gastropod Australorbis (Du Bois-
Reymond Marcus, 1947: 2); 21, Nove de Julho avenue (Marcus,
1943: 112); 22, Cidade Jardim (Marcus, 1944: 68); 23, Itaim
(Marcus, 1944: 68); 24, Botanical garden (Lopez et al., 2005: 15);
25, Canindé (Marcus, 1942: 157); 26, Santana (Marcus, 1942:
157); 27, Cantareira (Marcus, 1944: 68);
São Sebastião: 28, coast (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1950: 1);
29, Pirituba, near São Paulo (Mendes et al., 1951: 290);
Campinas: 30, near Campinas (Marcus, 1943: 12): 31, Atibaia farm
(Marcus, 1943: 12); 32, Atibaia river (Marcus, 1943: 109);
Rio Claro: 33, near Mogi das Cruzes (Marcus, 1943: 35);
Pirassununga: 34, Emas reservoir, near Pirassununga (Marcus, 1943:
60-112);
Mogi-Guaçu: 35, Mogi-Guaçu river: Diogo lake (Alves & Strixino,
2000: 177; 2003: 4);
Brotas Mun: 36, Jacaré Pepira river (Gorni & Alves, 2007: 519); 37,
Brotas, in bryophytes (Gorni & Alves, 2007: 518);
Araraquara Mun: 38, associated with gastropod Pomacea bridgesii (Reeve,
1856) (Gorni & Alves, 2006: 1060);
39, Tietê river: Bariri (Pamplin et al., 2005: 67); 40, Ponte Nova
reservoirs (Pamplin et al., 2005: 67); 41, São Paulo, in Hyla spp
(Michaelsen, 1926a: 100; 1926b: 231); 42, Limoeiro reservoir
(Marcus, 1943: 38); 43, Mongolinho river (Alves et al., 2006: 434);
44, Água Branca stream (Alves et al., 2006: 434); 45, Gouveia
stream (Alves et al., 2006: 434); 46, Pinheirinho stream (Alves &
De Lucca, 2000: 115; Alves et al., 2006: 434); 47, Santa Clara
stream (Alves & De Lucca, 2000: 115).

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