Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REPORT
At
BSNL, BHOPAL
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction to BSNL
2. Making a telephone call
3. About the exchange
a. computer unit
b. power plant
c. central air conditioner
d. main distribution frame
4. V-SAT network
a. Design aspects
b. Operational factors
5.Types of access V-SAT networks
a. fixed assignment time division multiple access
(F-TDMA)
b. Random access
c. Code division multiple access (CDMA)
6.The Internet
a. Introduction
b. Internet connectivity
c.OSI model
d. Communication b\w the layers
e. File transfer the internet
f. National internet backbone
7. Wireless in local loop
a. Technical aspects
b. Advantages
8. Global system for mobile communication (GSM)
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PREFACE
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close
to himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he
has continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to
reach the objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field
of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by
Grahm Bell to the current avtar as we see in the form INTERNET and
mobile phones. All these technologies have come to existence because
man continued its endeavor towards the objective.
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Acknowledgements
I acknowledge my gratitude and thank to all the well knowledge persons
for giving me opportunity to avail all the best facilities available at this
telecom centre through which I have gained knowledge thinking so as too
just in the environment suitable for harmonic adjustment. I am grateful to
the following persons for various help rendered by them during the
training period.
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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
(BSNL)
An Introduction:-
Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector
undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already
impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages
and instilling confidence among its customers.
Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing
latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRATED
SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK), GSM and
WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP) services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in
mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send technological
advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere
else in the country.
Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of the BSNL. The
administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to
provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-
operation.
BSNL Services:-
When it comes connecting the four corners of the country , and much beyond , one
solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle- BSNL. A company that has gone past
the number games and the quest to attain the position of the leader. It is working
round the clock to take India in to the future by providing excellent telecom services
for people of India.Driven by the very best of telecom technology from global leaders,
it connects each inch of India to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step
in to tomorrow.
The telecom services have been recognized the world over as an important tool for
socio-economic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated a
crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly the
Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the
accelerated growth of the telecommunication services in various cities. The
department is also responsible for frequency management in the field of radio
connection in close coordination with the international bodies.
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MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL
A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once the dial
tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the
handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called
party. The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the
line after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the
called party is in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same
exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called party’s line. Each telephone
contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party
answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to flow in the called
party’s line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying
ringing and sets up the connection between the caller and the called party.
If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up
the connection over the telephone network to the called party’s exchange. The called
party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the
calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over,
one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow
of current. The exchange when initiates the process of taking down the connection,
including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate.
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ABOUT THE EXCHANGE
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the
functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to
the exchange’s central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete
the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Today’s automatic
exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services
and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few
seconds in the event of equipment failure.
Various exchanges present in BSNL are:
E-10B
OCB283
EWSD
All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:
1. subscribers connection unit
2. switching network (CX)
3. control unit
4. OMC
1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers
with the help of computers.
Computer unit
As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all
services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also
provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange.
The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets
connected to the main server present this room via an internet room.
It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main
servers of this room are:-
IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.
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CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing
the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters it’s complained it gets
directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number.
Power plant
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-
10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power
supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is
always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there
must be adjustment source of power.
The main parts of the power room are:
Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.
UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As
we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but
there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power
supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.
Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need
timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging
unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the
trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of
charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets
fully charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.
Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to
DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange.
Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we
cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the
power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the
engine.
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Central air conditioner
For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The
basic advantages of cooling systems are following-
It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance
limit of electronic equipment
It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipment’s.
It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.
The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as “ton of refrigeration”
(TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg
of liquid to ice at zero degree.
The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by
compressing it.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a
cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal
compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange
process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and
meters it flows to the evaporator.
The refrigerant then passes trough the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the
ambience.
HORIZONTAL SIDE:
It is again subdivided in to two parts:-
1.Exchange side
2.Line side
Description of the horizontal side:-
RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The
courting is done from up (0) to down (7).
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WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge
between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made
of plastic.
VERTICAL SIDE:
The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100
pairs.
These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line
by using 100 pair underground cable.
This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have
different architectures of switching call routing and other features.
Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the
subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT
network, Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile.
V-SAT NETWORK
What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station
suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large
size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated
Telecom Services.
ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last
mile problem.
Superior quality satellite based data services.
Quick implementation time.
Reliable communication.
Broadcast feature on satellite communication.
Communication to different areas.
Flexibility for network and changes.
Service in distance insensitive.
Low cost.
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REASON FOR V-SAT EVOLUTION
The main reason for V-SAT evolution is due to advances in following areas:
Packet transmission and switching.
Efficient multiple access protocol.
Powerful microprocessor.
KU and RF electronics.
Antennae miniaturization
Spread spectrum techniques.
Protocol standardization and implementation.
LSI based FEC codec has and modems.
Higher power satellites.
CLASSIFICATION OF V-SATs
CATEGORIES OF V-SATs
2. Point to point
Types of services
a. Voice
b. Data
c. Image
In this mode of operation, V-SATs transmit/receive data without the help of hub
station. This type of network is called a mesh network.
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DESIGN FACTORS FOR V-SAT SYSTEMS
The capabilities of V-SAT system depend upon the following factors.
I. Satellite characteristics
II. Geographical and environmental factors.
III. Transmission link properties.
IV. Earth station characteristics.
V. Information encoding and modulation.
VI. Total system operation.
When evaluating V-SAT system each of the above attributes should be given
attention. However, few of more important attributes are
1. Operational aspects
2. Frequency bands
3. Satellite access methods
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Considering a V-SAT system from its operational aspects, there are five broad
functions that determines how the system works. These are:
1. Bandwidth allocation
2. Multiplexing
3. Network management
4. Protocol handling
5. Transmission
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FIXED ASSIGNMENT TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS (F-TDMA)
In a fixed assignment TDMA, each frame is divided in to slots of fixed time durations
among stations of network. The assignment of stations to slots is permanent similar to
TDMA system carrying digitalized voice except FTDMA does not have
synchronization. Packets are sent asynchronously, with no frame sync signals.
FEATURES
1. No inter modulation problems.
2. Transport utilization is better.
3. Burst from different stations must arrive at satellite exactly in allocated slots.
4. Throughput is 70% to 80%
5. Delay – medium is too high.
6. Complexity-medium.
RANDOM ACCESS
With TDMA schemes, signals are transmitted by earth stations in a burst mode. If no
scheduling is provided b/w the transmitting station, this type of access is called time
random multiple access. This simplest method for the stations to transmit burst
without regard for other station.
Random access id of two types:
I. Pure aloha
II. Slotted aloha
PURE ALOHA
Pure aloha, also called unslotted aloha is the simplest form of random access
schema.In this form of access stations transmit packets\bursts randomly.
Packet from different stations may collide, thereby destroying information
content.Station transmits the packet until they are received correctly.
The aloha channel throughout can be analyzed in terms of traffic offered through
the following relationship:-
S=Ge^-2G
Maximum throughput is 13% to 18%.
Delay- low
Complexity- very low
SLOTTED ALOHA
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In S-Aloha, each station has 2 queues.
a. New packet queue
b. Retransmit packet queue.
Only if the retransmit packet queue is empty, a new packet queue is sent.
The analysis of slotted aloha channel shows that
S = Ge^-G
Maximum channel throughput is 36%.
Delay- low.
Complexity- low- medium.
Reservation
The low bandwidth utilization of pure aloha and the slotted aloha has led to many
proposals for increasing utilization by means of slot reservation schemes.
The object of slot reservation schemes is to receive a particular time slot for a given
station. This ensures that no collision takes place.
This scheme has a higher throughput than either S- Aloha or F-TDMA depending on
traffic.
This increase in channel utilization efficiency is obtained at some overhead either in
terms of allocation of bandwidth for reservation purposes and\or increased complexity
of the control mechanism in transmitting stations.
All reservation methods use some form of framing approach and the reservation
scheme can be either implicit or explicit.
The implicit reservation method involves reservation by use. This is done whenever a
station successfully transmit in a slot; all the stations internally assign that slot in sub-
segment frames for exclusive use by the successful station. This is called R-Aloha. In
this there is no way to prevent a station capturing most or all of the slots in a frame for
an indefinite time.
The explicit reservation is a distinct and unique assignment of slots to a user by the
network scheduler.
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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA)
With CDMA transmission from earth station are spread over the time frequency plane
by a code transformation. These techniques are referred to as Spread Spectrum
Systems. In addition to their multiple access capabilities, they are useful in combating
jamming, and are for this reason principally used in military systems.
Features
All stations operate on the same transponder frequency using a large bandwidth than
needed for the data rate.
Network needs no time for frequency coordination.
Provide anti jam capabilities or protection against interference.
Provide for a graceful degradation of network performance as the number of
simultaneous users increases.
Low spectral density compared to conventional emissions.
It yields same capacity as FDMA.
Limitations of CDMA
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Tariff and billing:-
Network users:
Banking network
Civil aviation
Airlines\railways
Public\private sector industries
Meteorological department
Police department
RABMN NETWORK
Introduction
Bandwidth is split in to narrow frequency bands with multiple users each allocated a
frequency range within the larger bandwidth.
Each terminal is allotted a short time slot in which to transmit on a sequential basis.
This time slot is usually a fraction of a second.
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Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Each terminal is allotted a unique encryption code. The transmitted signals are
encoded and only the terminal intended to receive it, can decode it. This is also known
as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access.
In TDM, time slots are allotted to the multiplexed lines even if they have no data
transmit. In STDM, a time slot is allotted to the multiplexed line only if there is data
to be sent. The multiplexed circuit is used more efficiently.
# Independent of terrain can be installed in hilly regions, islands and remote places
# Flexible service carrying data, Telex.
# No last mile problems of cable pair\overhead lines.
# Interference immunity.
# Data security
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Tariffs:-
Within RABMN:
o 12 digit code
o 4041xxxxxxxx
To telex networks
NATIONAL
Q008/area code/telex number
INTERNATIONAL
0009/country code/telex number
TELEX TO RABMIN
09841xxxxx (last 5 digits of telex number)
Outbound:
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Outmux chips the data @1:16 resulting in 2.4576 MB stream.
BPSK modulator produced 5 MHz of spectrum
Upconvertor converts to 5GHz RF
Mes transmits 153.6KBps STDM/BPSK/SS carriers
NPG provides FEC encoding for outbound data
Inbound:
VSAT specifications
Antennae module
Controller module
Controller module :
Ø INPUT\OUTPUT PROCESOR
· Converts raw data to packets
· Customer protocol to network protocol
Ø NETWORK PROCESSOR
TRANS SIDE:
· generates BFEC & FCS
· Retains packets in buffer until ACK’s receives and transmits if required.
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RECIEVER SIDE:
· checks BFEC & FCS
· ACK’s the packets and requests retransmission of missing packets
Ø SPACE PROCESSOR
TRANS SIDE
· Encodes the packets with PN sequence to 2.45MBps stream
· BPSK modulation of IF
RECIEVER SIDE
· Demodulates IF signal to 2.45MBps
· Dispreads to 153.6KBps stream
· Checks destination link address in the header
· Discards packets addressed to other links.
INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group
of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on
TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard
communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are
connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique
identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks
providing global link to information.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this
means.
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
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Transfer of a file through Internet:-
Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination
and network software reassembles of communications, the computer network
performs the following functions-
A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an
open system interconnection (OSI) model.
Layers are:
1. Application layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer
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PHYSICAL LAYER:
The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a
network connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits
between nodes on the physical network. The physical connection can be either point
to point or multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time)
or full duplex (both directions simultaneously) transmissions. Moreover, the bits can
be transmitted either in series or in parallel (most network use a serial stream of bits,
but the standard allows for both serial and parallel transmission). The specification for
the physical layer also defines the cable used, the voltages carried on the cable, the
timing of the electrical signals, the distance that can be run, and so on. For example, a
NIC network interface network) is part of the physical layer.
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DATA LINK LAYER:
The data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning to the bits carried by
the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the
network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes
error detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements
carried by the data link layer are called frames.
Examples of frame types include x.25 and 802.x (802.x includes both Ethernet and
Token Ring networks).
The data link layer is usually subdivided in to two sub layers, called the Logical link
control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub layers. The LLC sub layer
performs tasks such as call set up and termination and data transfer. The MAC sub
layer handles frame assembly and disassembly, error detection and correction, and
addressing. The two most common MAC protocols are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.5
Token ring .Other MAC protocols include 802.12 100 Base VBG, 802.11 Wireless,
and 802.7 Broadband.
NETWORK LAYER:
The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks. The
network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The
Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols,
such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet
protocols include source and destination routing information. The routing information
in each packet tells the network where to send the packets to reach its destination and
tells the receiving computer from where the packet originated.
TRANSPORT LAYER:
The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from one network
node to another. It identifies each computer or node on a network uniquely. It ensures
that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received.
Transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX
respectively.
SESSION LAYER:
The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a network server, or
from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as
sessions. They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer,
on matters of flow and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information,
and authentication to the network.
PRESENTATION LAYER:
The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the lower level layer and
transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data
compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.
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APPLICATION LAYER:
The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system and its application
interact with network.
As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating system,
and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the
OSI model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted
over the network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process.
At each stage of the OSI model, the data is “wrapped” with new control information
related to the work done at the particular layer. This control information is different
for each layer, but it includes headers, trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles.
Therefore, for example, when the data goes into the networking software and
components making up the OSI model, it starts at the application layer and includes
an application header and application data. Next, at the presentation layer, a
presentation header is wrapped around the data and it is passed to the session layer,
where a session header is wrapped around all the data, and so on, until it reaches the
physical layer. At the receiving computer this process is reversed.
HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to
transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various
parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text,
link graphics and link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology
that provides both voice and data services over the same connection.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other
net related services.
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NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB)
TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system
for WLL services can be divided in to following parts:-
BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists of
different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1 BSC can
have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-
V-5.2:- This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local exchange
/ PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this type of BSC
for rural areas.
CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn’t depend on local
exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for
urban areas.
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BTS (Base Transreceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it transmits as well
as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in
transmission.
BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services. It
can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given
to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL
service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.
CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at
the same time and separated by the codes.
WHAT IS CDMA?
Latest CDMA global subscriber & operators numbers .As of December 2002, there
were 120 millions users worldwide, with 55 million of these in the USA.
See other cellular technology in the world.
We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The
refer of variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel. Wide
band CDMA forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed originally by
Qualcomm, high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum
technology and special coding scheme characterized by CDMA.
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bandwidth and 3xMC in 5 MHz bandwidth) and direct spread (WCDMA in 5 MHz
bandwidth).
This first phase of cdmaOne2000 variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X or just plain 1X is
designed to double current voce capacity and support always on data transmission
speed 10 times faster than typically available today, some 153.6 kbps on both the
forward and reverse links.
ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible for the
normal network
Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based network
in urban areas
Limited the mobility without any airtime charges
It has improved signal and reducing the interference
Greater capacity than mobile
Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost.
The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in the
modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world through the push
button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can send not only the messages
but also the secret document. As we know that there is positive view behind any
mention that it should be helpful in the development of society. But humans have
diverted mentality some of them of positive view and some of them of negative view.
Where use any invention for the welfare of society but some uses for the satisfaction
their disturbed mentality and to earn more and more money whether it may be
harmful for the society. They infringe the norms of society and their behavior is
condemned as antisocial, immoral and sinful.
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GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION (GSM)
The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a
full range of business and technical services to its members. Now as the wireless
family unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of seamless, limitless,
world of wireless communication. Throughout the evolution of cellular
telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the benefit of
standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related to
compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM
standard is intended to address these problems. Global system for mobile
communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular
communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulae the
specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz.
It is estimated that many country outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
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