CD-0009 Fuel System

1 Combustion of fuel oil can be considered to be an energy conversion process. Which of

the following options best describes the conversion?
Chemical to heat energy

2 Some machines use fuel directly to provide the energy required for operation. Which of
the following machines would you include in this group? Select all correct options.
Diesel engine
Steam boiler

3 When would you normally expect to find a thermal oil heating unit fitted onboard a ship?
When there is no steam boiler

4 Incinerators are used to dispose of waste oil, sludge and other materials. Why do they
need a fuel oil system? Select all of the correct options.
To establish a flame prior to burning waste oil.
To condition the sludge by mixing with it to ensure it will burn.
To ignite solid waste material.

5 Which of the following statements is true?

Marine diesel oil is a mixture of distillate and a small amount of residual or heavy
fuel.

6 Which of the following problems is most often associated with blended fuels? Select all of
the correct options
Instability
Incompatibility

7 Fuels are sometimes blended onboard the ship prior to use. Why is this process carried
out? Select from the options given all of those that are correct.
To control the fuel viscosity at the engine inlet.
To control the sulphur content at the engine inlet.

8 Under Marpol Annex VI legislation what were the limits for the sulphur content of fuel oil
in 2008 as detailed in this module?
4.5% in general use
1.5% when operating in a SECA.

9 Why is boil off gas used as a source of fuel on some LNG carriers? Select all correct
options.
As an economical alternative to reliquefaction.
As an environmental alternative to venting off.
To reduce fuel oil consumption.
To prevent over pressuring cargo tanks.

10 Biodiesel is being proposed as an alternative fuel for use in marine diesel engines. Which
of the options best describes biodiesel that can be used in an unmodified diesel engine.?
A blend of petroleum based diesel fuel and less than 20% bio fuel.

11 Which of the following basic elements is included in the fire tetrahedron but not the fire
triangle?
Chemical chain reaction

12 In fuel combustion what is meant by the term stoichiometric mixture?

A fuel air mixture which has the ideal minimum amount of air required for complete
combustion of the fuel.

13 What is the normal source of ignition in most diesel engines?

Heat from the compressed air charge in the cylinder.
 CD-0009 Fuel System

14 Which of the following options best describes the term self ignition temperature?
The minimum temperature at which a combustible mixture of fuel vapour and air will
ignite without an external ignition source.

15 The term atomisation is often used in relation to diesel engine fuel injection. Which of the
following options best defines the term atomisation?
The break up of a liquid fuel stream into fine droplets.

16 Turbulence is the term used to describe the movement of the charge air in a diesel
engine cylinder. From the options given select all of those features which help in
generating turbulence.
The geometry of air inlet ports and valves.
The combustion chamber shape.
The piston crown shape.

17 Which of the following elements of diesel engine exhaust emissions are considered as
atmospheric pollutants? Select all of the correct options.
NOx
SOx
Carbon monoxide
Particulate matter
Unburnt hydrocarbons
Carbon dioxide

18 Why are high pressure fuel pipes fitted to many diesel engines often double skinned?
So that any leakage is contained.

19 Which of the following options are considered to be products of incomplete combustion of

fuel in a diesel engine cylinder? Select all of the correct options.
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbon particles

20 Which of the following options is a requirement of a diesel engine fuel injection system?
Select all of the correct options.
Ensure the correct timing of the fuel injection.
Ensure the correct quantity of fuel injected.
Ensure the fuel goes to the right cylinder.
Ensure the fuel is in the correct condition to ensure combustion.

21 What is the most common method used to allow the position of fuel cams to be
individually adjusted on the camshaft?
The majority of fuel cams are mounted on hydraulic sleeve couplings.

22 What is meant by the term direct injection in relation to diesel engine fuel injection
systems?
A system in which fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.

23 What are the products from the complete combustion of hydrogen?

Water vapour and heat

24 Why is variable injection timing, VIT, incorporated in some diesel engine fuel systems?
To increase thermal efficiency and reduce specific fuel consumption.

25 Which of the following features would you expect to find with an inline multi cylinder fuel
pump block arrangement? Select all of the correct options.
A single rack to control all of the fuel pumps simultaneously.
A separate sub camshaft within the pump casing.
Equal length high pressure fuel pipes
 CD-0009 Fuel System
Mid positioning on the engine.

26 Many diesel engine high pressure fuel pumps have plungers with helical profiles cut into
them. How do these helical profile type plungers control the timing and quantity of fuel
delivered to the cylinder?
The leading edge controls the start of injection and the trailing edge controls the end
of injection.

27 When diesel engines are operated on heavy fuel oil the fuel is heated up to achieve the
correct injection viscosity. How is the fuel system prevented from gassing up when
operating this way?
By maintaining a high enough pressure in the low pressure system to prevent vapour
formation.

28 Select, from the following options, all those which are acceptable methods of checking
the timing of diesel engine high pressure fuel pumps?
Spill cut off method.
Matching witness marks on pump casing and pump element or tappet.
Measuring height of fuel pump plunger relative to the spill port.

29 Which of the following gases would you normally associate with the combustion of
hydrocarbon fuel containing sulphur in a diesel engine? Select all of the correct options.
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
Sulphur trioxide, SO3

30 What is the purpose of the spring in a fuel injection valve? Select all of the options which
are correct.
To allow adjustment of valve opening pressure.
To give positive seating of the valve to prevent back flow of gas from cylinder into
the fuel system.

31 Fuel oil viscosity control is considered necessary for diesel engines operating on heavy
fuel oil. What is the principle of operation of a Viscotherm unit?
Measurement of differential pressure in a capillary tube.

32 Why is a low pressure alarm fitted in the low pressure part of a diesel engine heavy fuel
oil system? Select the options.
To minimize the risk of engine fuel starvation.
To minimize the risk of gassing up of the system.

33 Which of the following problems are likely to occur if the correct procedure for changing
over from heavy fuel to distillate fuel prior to stopping a diesel engine is not followed?
There may be more than one correct answer.
Partial fuel blockage due to heavy fuel component cooling too quickly.
Gassing up due to distillate fuel component overheating.
Automatic viscosity control may be unreliable.
Some heavy fuel may remain in system pipework when engine is stopped.
34 Many boiler burner units include an air register. What is the purpose of an air register?
It controls the quantity of combustion air entering the furnace

35 The vessel you are sailing on, which has one settling tank and one service tank in the
fuel system, is due to operate in a SECA. When would you need to start to change over
to low sulphur fuel if you are currently operating on normal heavy fuel?
In time to dilute the content of the settling tank and service tank and the in service
system to less than 1.5% Sulphur content.

36 Why are recirculation type fuel injectors sometimes fitted to diesel engines operating on
heavy fuel oil? Select all correct options.
They allow engine to be stopped on heavy fuel oil as long as heating facility is
available.
 CD-0009 Fuel System
A separate fuel valve cooling system is not required.

37 Some diesel engines operate on a fuel mixture which is blended onboard. What means
are used to control the make up of the blended fuel? Select all of the options that would
give suitable control.
Preset viscosity and temperature with varying ratio of blend components.
Preset viscosity and blend component ratio with varying temperature.

38 Some diesel engines have fuel injection systems which incorporate pilot injection. What
is the main purpose of using pilot injection?
The main purpose is to reduce ignition delay.

39 Some diesel engines feature a twin injection system designed to improve fuel injection
performance. Select the option which best describes this feature.
A constant amount of fuel is injected by the first injector at all loads while the
amount through the second one varies.

40 Dual fuel diesel engines which use cargo boil off gas and fuel oil have recently been
introduced on LNG carriers. Select the options which describe the operation of the fuel
systems for these engines
Operate with fuel oil as pilot and gas as main fuel.
Operate only on fuel oil when gas is not available.

41 Some diesel engine manufacturers have introduced the use of fuel and water emulsions
as part of their exhaust emissions control measures. How do these emulsions help to
reduce air pollutants in exhaust gas emissions?
They lower the maximum cylinder temperature and reduce NOx levels.

42 How is combustion in a boiler furnace different to that in a diesel engine cylinder? Select
all of the options that are correct.
Boiler combustion is a continuous process.
Boiler combustion requires less excess air.
Boiler combustion is initiated using a separate ignition source.
Boiler combustion is automatically controlled.

43 Some boiler use rotary cup burners instead of jet nozzle types. How do rotary cup
burners differ from jet nozzle types? Select all the correct answers from the options
given.
Rotary cup burners operate on much lower fuel pressures than simple jet nozzle
types.
Rotary cup burners do not rely on a pressure drop across a nozzle for atomization of
the fuel.

44 Which of the boiler operating parameters would normally give automatic shut down of
the boiler in event of alarm condition? Select all of the correct answers from the options
given.
Flame failure.
Low, low water level.
Low fuel pressure.
High steam pressure.
Low combustion air pressure.

45 Why is the exhaust from an oil fired boiler a suitable source of inert gas to use to inert
cargo tank on an oil tanker?
The boiler exhaust normally contains less than 5% oxygen.