INDEX

Index Terms Links

A
AC test voltage generation 510
accreditation 574
accredited laboratory 569 571 574
accrediting body 574
acoustic sensor 650
AEG 331
aeolian vibration 189 348
aerodynamic lift 189
aerodynamic monitoring 623
age profile 683
air breakdown 581
atmospheric effects 595
air clearances, atmospheric 89
air density 527 596
air density factor 527
air insulated substation 318 339
conductor system 343
electrical clearances 343
mechanical design 346
safety clearance 344
air pressure 527
air temperature 527
air/solid interfaces 88
algorithm 658
all aluminium alloy conductor (AAAC) 182

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ALSTOM 141 162 650

alternating voltage measurement 570
aluminium conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) 181
joints 183
aluminium conductors 181
alloys 181
ampacity 167 188 215
amplitude measurement 488
alternating voltage 491
direct voltage 488
impulse current 499
impulse voltage 495
analogue digital convertor 494 499
ANSI 3
anti-fog insulator 201
apparent charge 537 540 547
approved measuring system 574
arc chute 367
arc chute interrupter 368
arc control 279
arc extinction media 104
arc interruption 307
gas mixtures 312
arc optical emission sensor 665 667
arc quenching 279
arc resistance 400
Area Electricity Boards 14 19
armouring layers 244 249
ASEA 331
asset management 676 696
asset replacement 698

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asymmetrical breaking current 360

atmospheric air clearances 89
test areas 89
atmospheric conditions 527
atmospheric correction factor 527
atmospheric pressure 527

B
back-to-back schemes 422
backflashover 75 77 82
banded pair 141
baseline parameters 687
basic impulse level (BIL) 180 343
basic span 208
bath tub curve 681
shape parameter 682
batteries 693
valve-regulated lead-acid 693
BEBS T2 470
bio-degradability 256
Blathy, Otto 2
breakdown strength 535
breakdown voltage prediction 129
empirical 129
semi-empirical 131
British Electricity Authority 14 332
British Standards Institution 3
Brown Boveri 331
BS 1441 244
BS 1442 244
BS 5760 707

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BS 6399 Part 2 347

BS 7655 244
BS EN 60694 347
BS EN 60865 347
busbar systems 689
bushing applications 416
direct connection to switchgear 419
direct current 422
high current 418
switchgear 421
transformers 416 450
bushing design 410
air end clearance 411
alternate long/short shed profile 413 415
axial gradient 416
GIS/air 422
oil end clearance 415
pollution level 411
radial gradient 416
specific creepage distance 412
stresses 410
transformer/air 413 419
transformer/gas 420
bushing diagnosis 431
bushing maintenance 431
bushing monitoring 645 652
bushing tests 425
cantilever 430
dissipation factor 426
impulse voltage 428
leakage 430

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bushing tests (Cont.):

partial discharge 426
power frequency withstand 428
seismic withstand 430
short-circuit 431
temperature rise 429
thermal stability 429
bushings 405
condenser 407
noncondenser 405
oil impregnated paper (OIP) 409 417 423 426
resin bonded paper (RBP) 407 417 426
resin impregnated paper (RIP) 409 417 419 421
425 428
stress control 406

C
cable accessories 250
joints 251
medium voltage 251
super-tension 252
terminations 252
cable containment 242
aluminium 242
lead alloys 242
metal laminates 243
cable diagnostics 264
impregnated paper insulation 265
polymeric insulation 266
cable insulation 85 228 235
ageing 236 265

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cable insulation (Cont.):

electric strength 235
electrical resistivity 236
loss tangent 236
mechanical properties 236
paper-based 237
permittivity 236
polymeric 239
thermal conductivity 236
cable manufacturing 246
cable systems 228
failure rate 229
joints 229
cable testing 258
fault location 264
fire performance 261
on-site 262
routine 258
site 263
type 259
water tree resistance 260
cables 227
case studies 267
condition monitoring 690
conductors 232 246
containment 242
disposal 257
DTS optical fibres 231 233
EHV 690
environmental issues 256
failure rate 679

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cables (Cont.):
insulation 228 235
mechanical environment 245
medium voltage 231
partial discharge measurement 544
protection 244
rating 230
super-tension 230
technology 228
thermal design 230
thermal environment 244
calibration 569 574
calibration laboratory 569 571
Callan, Nicholas 2
cap and pin insulator 168 196 595
capacitive current switching 309 398
catenary 185
CCGT power station 7
CCTV system 668 671
CENELCOM 3
CENELEC 3 210
Central Electricity Authority 13 332
Central Electricity Generating Board 4 15 19 332
centres of demand 11
Certification Directive 6
chemical monitoring 627 651
chopping 310 400
chromatic mapping 659 665 670
chromatic methodology 666
chromatic monitoring 665
chromatic processing 657

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chromatic sensor 611 620 625 630

chromatography 651
CIGRE 3 478
CIGRE Report 163 101 103
circuit-breaker monitoring 655 665
circuit-breaker nozzles 290 304 306
wear monitoring 664
circuit-breaker pre-insertion resistor 66
circuit-breakers 103 362 391
air blast sequentially operated 366
auto-reclosing 358
bulk oil arc control 365
bulk oil plain break 365
characteristics 278
closing resistors 322
current limiting 368
dead-tank 106 317 320
dielectric design 314
distribution voltage levels 391 402
domestic 292
EHV 312 314
electromagnetic 284 295
free air 367
gas blast 282
hydraulically operated 364
insulators 314 316
live-tank 106 316
magnetically operated 364
manually operated 362
minimum oil 366
oil filled 293

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circuit-breakers (Cont.):
one-break 333
operating mechanism 316 396
performance 280
pneumatically operated 364
point-on-wave control 72
pole scattering 65 401
pressurised head air blast 367
solenoid operated 363
spring operated 362
sulphur hexafluoride 105 280 286 301
testing 312
vacuum 120 368 392
see also interrupters
see also sulphur hexafluoride circuit-breaker
clad steel conductor 182
closing resistor 322
coil current profiling 689
colour science 612 658 667
commercial criticality analysis 708
composite insulator 199
compressed gas capacitor 571
Conci conductor 233
condition assessment 675 698
condition based maintenance (CBM) 705
condition monitoring 635 686 701
batteries 693
benefits 687
busbar systems 689
cables 690
costs 648 650

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condition monitoring (Cont.):

in-service 638
insulation systems 691
objectives 637
overhead lines 693
surge arresters 690
switchgear 659 687
tap-changers 695
transformers 648 694
condition monitoring system 636
conductor bundles 98 192
conductor-plane gap 586 588 592
conductor-rod gap 586 594
conductor-rope gap 594
conductors, cable 232 246
aluminium 233
copper 233 236
design 233
high temperature super-conductors 235
water blocking 234
conductors, overhead transmission lines 181
ampacity 215
clamps 184
creep 186
joints 183
sag 185 212
tension 212
types 181
vibration 189 93
confidence level 573
contact stalk temperature 627

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contact travel sensor 620

contact velocity 661
contactor 379
continuous maximum rating (CMR) 469
continuous monitoring 637 639 642 649
control quantity 576
conventional true value 576
convertor equation 143
convertor transformer 143
cooling 154
copper conductors 181
corona 203 533 581 585
595
corona loss 207 223
corona onset voltage 96
corporate planning 678
correction 576
corrective maintenance 702 704
corrosion protection 244 249 263
creep 186
critical time to crest 583
Crompton 331
cross jet pot 365
cross-linkable polyethylene (XLPE) 240
cross-linking 249 50
current counter 689
current interruption 273
current waveform 275 277
dielectric recovery phase 275 279
thermal recovery phase 274 278
voltage waveform 275

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current limitation 277

current measurement 481
impulse current 499
current probe 652
current transducer 384
optical fibre 613
current transformer 381
monitoring 645

D
damper 189 193
data 665
data evaluation software 554 562
data-mining 479
DC bushings 422
DC pollution tests 508
DC test voltage generation 506
DC voltmeter 570
dead-end clamps 184
dead-tank circuit-breaker 106 317 320
defect recognition 640
degradation rate 687
degradation timescale 636
degree of polymerisation 697 702
demand 23
demand forecasting 36 38
demand management 40
Deri, Miska 2
design clearances 344
deviation load 175
dielectric diagnosis techniques 431

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dielectric loss angle monitoring 645 651

dielectric materials 197
dielectric recovery characteristic 278 286
dielectric strength 504 595
dielectric stress 56 96 504 526
dielectric tests 501
differential scanning calorimetry 267
digital recording device 549 568
applications 556
calibration 553 4
code bin width 552
differential nonlinearity 552 3
evaluation software 554
integral nonlinearity 552
interference 552
operating range 552
performance 562
rated resolution 551
rise-time 551
sampling rate 551
scale factor 551 553
uncertainty 550 553
direct strike 80
direct voltage measurement 570
disconnector 358 372
centre rotating post 372
rocking post 372
disconnector switching 324
disruptive discharge voltage 527
dissipation factor test 693
dissolved gas analysis 431 474 478 697

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distributed temperature sensing 231 233

distribution 576
Distribution Code 22
distribution switchgear 349
circuit-breakers 365
distribution systems 9 355
characteristics 26
design 31
future developments 44
insulation co-ordination 55
operation 35
organisational structure 27
recent development 19
rural 357
urban 355
diverter switch 451
domestic circuit-breakers 292
Duval triangle 697

E
earth fault 57
earth switch 373
earthquake zones 342 347
‘easy strip’ screen 232 242
EC Directives 6
economic span 208
Edison, Thomas 11 331
Edison’s Illuminating Companies 11
effective electrode separation 123
efficiency factor 123 521
elastomer spacer 193

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electrical breakdown 534 535

Electricity Act 1947 14
Electricity Act 1957 15
Electricity Act 1983 19 31
Electricity Association 677
Electricity Council 15
Electricity Lighting Act 1882 12
Electricity Supply Act 1926 13
electricity supply industry structure 18 27 44
efficiency 387
network 350
electrode systems 109
electrogeometric model 81
electromagnetic circuit-breaker 284 295
thermal recovery 284
electro-optic sensing system 618
EMC Directive 6
Energy Management System 38
energy storage devices 387
environmental issues 256 298 385 449
cables 256
SF6 386
substation siting 338
equivalent span 186
erosion breakdown 534
error of measurement 576 579
error of measuring instrument 576
ethylene-propylene (EP) rubber insulation 241 260
European norms 3
European standards 210

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evaluation software 554

applications 562
averaging 563
interpolation 563
expanded body conductor 182
experimental standard deviation 576
expulsion fuse 358
extended real-time operation 38
extruded insulation 249

F
Fabian Society 14 19
Fabry-Pérot cavity interferometer, fibre addressed 623
failure data 677 679
failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) 707
failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) 707
failure prevention 637
failure rate 681 685
fault current 297
fault current interruption 307
fault development 649
fault discrimination 665
fault location 264
fault-making device 374
fault passage indicator (FPI) 709
fault reporting 686
Ferranti 331
Ferranti effect 57
Ferranti rise 64
ferroresonance 58 325 327
fibredyne interferometer 620 632

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field analysis techniques 120 128

field factor 122
fingerprint 687
finite element analysis 455
fire testing 261
flashover 593
across insulator surfaces in air 595
atmospheric effects 595
flashover voltage 89 115
rod-plane gap 89
rod-rod gap 89
flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) 44 159 165
forest fires 599
fossil fuel reserves 13
foundations 193 209 219
soil tests 194
types 194
uplift capacity 195
frequency 27
frequency response analysis 651
fuel allocation modelling 37
fulgurite 378
fuse switch 376
fuses 376
current limiting 377
expulsion 376

G
Gabor transform 612 623 653 655
galloping vibration 189 192
gap factor 585 594

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gapped conductor 182

gas analysis 651
gas blast circuit-breakers 282
thermal recovery 282
gas filled interrupter 273
electromagnetic 284
gas blast 282
see also sulphur hexafluoride circuit-breaker
gas insulated line (GIL) 102
gas insulated substation 61 75 83 95
102 289 320 339
352
contaminated conditions 118
costs 340
design 317 321 343
disconnectors 324
gas-gap 110
indoor 317 321
interrupters 127
metal-clad switchgear 126
monitoring 327
outdoor 317
partial discharge measurement 546
partial discharge monitoring 638
power frequency characteristics 115
reliability 119
SF6 107 114
gaseous insulants 87
atmospheric air 89
modelling 120
N2/SF6 mixtures 100

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gaseous insulants (Cont.):

sulphur hexafluoride 99
switchgear 103
ternary gaseous dielectrics 103
gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) 161
Gaulard, Lucien 2
Gaussian distribution 573 576 578
Gaussian function 655 660
GEC 334
gel permeation chromatography 702
generation outage planning 367
generator circuit switching 400
Gibbs, John Dixon 2
greenhouse effect 298 386
Grid Code 21 23
grid transmission system 14
supergrid 15

H
Haldane, T. G. N. 14
hazard rate 681 685
hazardous environment 610
HD506 417
health 257
Health and Safety Executive 678
hermetic containment 242
high current bushing 418
high temperature super-conductor (HTSC) 235
high voltage engineering
future 7
history 2

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high voltage laboratory 1

highest voltage for equipment 505 529
highest voltage of a system 505
hissing test 427
Holborn Viaduct Generating Station 12
horizontally separated industry 29
hotspot temperature 449 460 474 709
hue 658
humidity 527 597
humidity factor 527
HVDC convertor station 138
AC filters 147
auxiliary power supplies 155
building 155
contamination protection 156
control equipment 147
DC filters 150
DC reactor 150
economics 157
losses 157
reactive power control 148
surge arresters 153
switchgear 151
thyristor valves 140
transformer 143
valve cooling 154
HVDC technology 47
HVDC transmission 31 137
back-to-back link 144 150
Hydran gas monitor 651

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I
ice covering 347 599
ice loading 187
IEC 52 93
IEC 56 359
IEC 287 228 230 244
IEC 354 709
IEC 840 234
IEC 853 231
IEC 60052 495
IEC 60060 425 483 485 488
504 506 515 551
554 564
IEC 60060 555
IEC 60060 569 570
IEC 60071 55 58 72 83
504
IEC 60076 470 473 475 504
IEC 60137 405 422 425 428
431
IEC 60214 470
IEC 60230 504
IEC 60270 533 538
IEC 60289 470
IEC 60298 391
IEC 60354 470
IEC 60383 198
IEC 60507 414
IEC 60551 470 473
IEC 60599 479

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IEC 60652 180

IEC 60694 347
IEC 60815 411 414
IEC 61083 500 550 554
IEC 61089 181
IEC 61233 399
IEC 61463 430
IEC 61464 431
IEC 61639 420
IEC 62271 301 316 391 396
399
IEEE C37–013:1989 400
impulse current 523 526
impulse current generation 523
impulse current shunt 499
impulse current test system 526
impulse generator 519 522 572
impulse test system 523
impulse test voltage generation 515
impulse tests 485 556
impulse voltage measurement 571
impulse waveform evaluation 554 562
indicated value 576
inductive current switching 309 398
information 665
information compression 666 668
information management 710
infrared photography 650
initial performance test 569
insect attack 244
instantaneous failure rate 681

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instrument transformer 381

insulants, gaseous: see gaseous insulants
insulating board 449
insulation
external 504 527
internal 504 527
non-self-restoring 505
self-restoring 505
transformers 449
voltage-time characteristics 61
insulation age 698 701
insulation co-ordination 55 95 99 329
504 526 531
insulation levels 58 504 529
insulation resistance test 688 690 696
insulation testing 534 696
insulator sets 200
lightning effects 201
switching surges 202
voltage distribution 202
intelligent link 358
intelligent monitoring system 653
interferometric sensor 611
interleaved disc winding 444 446 454
interline power flow controller (IPFC) 51
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 3 210
interphase power controller (IPC) 51
interphase ties 192
interrupter media breakdown voltages 274
interrupters
arcing contacts 304

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interrupters (Cont.):
first generation 303
nozzles 304 306
second generation 304 306
single-pressure 303 7
third generation 313
two-pressure 303
see also circuit-breakers
see also puffer
ISH (International Symposium on High
Voltage Engineering) 3
isoceraunic level 170
isolator: see disconnector

K
Kohonen neural networks 479

L
laminated insulation 237
degassing 248
lapping 247
moisture removal 247
Laplace equation 120 125
leaders 581 591 597
Lemke probe 650
life cycle 675
life management 675
lifetime energy usage 387
lifetime law 535
lightness 658
lightning impulse voltage 515 317 521 557
565

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lightning impulse withstand level 61

lightning overvoltage 60 74
control 82 4
limit of error and uncertainty 577
permissible 577
line compaction 599
line current rating 188
line flash 75
line gap flashover 79
linearity test 501 572
liquid chromatography 651
live-tank circuit-breaker 106 316
live working 98 599
load rejection 57
long rod insulator 199

M
M effect: see Metcalf effect
magnetomotive force 436
magneto-optic sensor 613 619
magnetostriction 473
maintenance 702
costs 638
management techniques 706
managerial level 678
Marx generator 519
McNeill HVDC station 141 145 150 154
mean value 577
measurement
error 576
reference standard 575

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measurement (Cont.):
repeatability 577
reproducibility 578
traceability 569 575
uncertainty 570 573
measuring
alternating voltage amplitude 491 556
digital recording systems 556
direct voltage amplitude 488 556
impulse current amplitude 499 557
impulse voltage amplitude 495 557
partial discharge 535 537 558
purposes 500
time parameters 500
measuring error 483 488 491 493
measuring system 481 501 574
approved 569 572 574
converting device 481
electromagnetic interference 485
error 576
partial discharge 538
record of performance 575
recording device 485
reference 575
scale factor 483
transmission system 485
measuring techniques 481
digital 549
partial discharge 533
mechanical vibration measurement 620 624

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medium voltage distribution cables 231

insulation 232
medium voltage switchgear 350
Megger™ testing 691
Merz, Charles 332 334
Merz and McLellan 332
messenger wire 190 193
metal oxide surge arrester (MOA) 67 83 323 330
381
residual voltage measurement 486 488
Metcalf effect 378
midspan joints 183
Mie scattering probe 662 664
Milliken conductor 233
modelling, insulation 120 32
moisture content analysis 688
monitoring
condition 635 686 701
fibre sensors 612
intelligent 653
switchgear 327 659 687
multistage rectifier 507 531
Mumetal 382
MVA rating 359

N
nameplate age 698 701
National Fault and Interruptions Reporting Scheme 677
National Grid 17 19
National Grid Company (NGC) 19
neural networks 479 664

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nominal value 577

nominal voltage 505
non-destructive testing 534
normal distribution 576
North Eastern Electric Company 332
numerical modelling methods 124

O
Oerlikon 331
oil filled circuit-breakers 293
oil forced circulation, air forced
circulation rating (OFAF) 469
oil natural circulation, air natural
circulation rating (ONAN) 469
oil tests 697
on-load tap-changer 451 468
on-site testing 262
open profile insulator 201
open-terminal substation 317 322
operational level 679
operational planning 36
operational software tools 43
optical fibre current transducer 613
Faraday rotation 616
hybrid 615
optical fibre linear travel recorder 620
optical fibre sensing 328 608 632
switchgear condition monitoring 659
optical fibres 602
acceptance angle 602
dispersion 604

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optical fibres (Cont.):

fibre parameter 603
numerical aperture 602
optical propagation 602
protection 607
types 603
optical modulation 608
optoacoustic homodyne interferometer 661 663
optoacoustic monitoring 665 669
vibration 620 624
optoacoustic sensor 662 665
oscilloscope 498 500 549
overhead line construction 207
basic span 208
line route profile 209
route selection 207
standards 210
overhead lines 167
clamps 184
condition monitoring 693
conductor creep 186
conductors 181
construction 207
corona loss 207
dampers 189
ice load 187
insulators 195
joints 183
radio interference 202 220
sag 185 212
tension 212

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overhead lines (Cont.):

wind load 187
overshoot 483
overvoltage 55 322 329 505
lightning 60 74
switching 59
temporary 56
ozone depletion 386

P
paper-based cable insulation 237
ageing 265
impregnants 238
moisture content 237
parameter non-specific sensors 662 665
partial discharge 533
equivalent circuit 536
solid insulating material 538
see also corona
partial discharge magnitude 534 539 542
partial discharge measurement 535 537 547
calibration 537 543
circuit 537
digital recording systems 558
examples 543
extinction voltage 540
frequency response 541
inception voltage 540
narrowband 542
noise 547 559
UHF 546

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partial discharge measurement (Cont.):

wideband 542
partial discharge monitoring 638 650 689
cables 690
transformers 650 652
partial discharge test 692
partial discharge test voltage levels 540
particle concentration monitoring 629 662 664
peak voltmeter 498
Pearl Street System 11
performance analysis 41
periodic monitoring 637 649
phase shifter 137
phase shifting transformer (PST) 47
pin-type insulator 167 195
plant availability forecasting 36
plasma monitoring 627 629
Pockels effect 619
point-on-wave switching control (POW) 72
polarisation index test 691
pollution 12 339 342 599
polychromatic optical emission sensor 662
polymeric cable insulation 239
ageing 267
EP rubber 241 243
failure probability 240
TRXLPE 241 243
XLPE 240 243
porcelain insulator 197
post real-time operation 41
power electronic devices 137

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power frequency voltage 56

power networks 4
power station sites 11 26
power transformer: see transformer
PPL insulation 239
PPLP insulation 239
pressure sensor 623 625
preventative maintenance 675 686 692 702
privatisation, electricity supply industry 19
PTFE 307
filled 307
puffer 105 282 284 295
303 309 370 394
397
duo-blast 304
monitoring 619 621 623 626
660
mono-blast 305
partial duo-blast 304 370
PVC 257

Q
quadrature booster (QB) 47 51 137
quality assessment 534
quality of supply 32
quality system 575

R
radial circuits 357
radio influence voltage (RIV) 431
radio interference 202 220
radio interference voltage 203 220

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measuring circuit 206

random error 577
rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) 308
rated asymmetrical breaking current 360
rated current 359
rated insulation level 506
rated insulation withstand level 360
rated lightning impulse voltage 360 529
rated power frequency withstand voltage 360 529
rated short-circuit-breaking current 359
rated short-circuit-making current 359
rated short time current 360
rated switching impulse withstand voltage 530
rated transient recovery voltage 361
rated voltage 360
ray theory 602
reactive compensation 27
reactor switching 310 312 326 330
402
real-time operation 38
recovery voltage method 693 710
recovery voltage spectrum 651
rectangular distribution 577
reference measuring system 575
reference pulse generator 553
reference standard of measurement 575
reference waveforms 555
refurbishment 675
reignition 310 400
relative air density 596

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reliability 675 677

data 677
human factors 686
reliability analysis 679 681 707
reliability centred maintenance (RCM) 704
remaining life 638
remanent charge 62
remote monitoring 668 671
repeatability 577
reproducibility 578
resonance 58
resonant test system 515
resource management 679
Reynold series 359
Reyrolle 334
ring main 356
ring main unit 379
ripple 507
risk assessment 706
rod gap 572
rod-plane gap 89 583 588 590
597
mean breakdown gradient 591 593
rod-rod gap 89 586 588 593
Rogers ratio 697
Rogowski coil 499 544 560
rogue circuit 691
routine tests 472
Ryle factor 179
Ryle formula 179

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S
safe working distances 98
safety distance 344
safety factor 83
sag 185 212
sag template 209
saturation 658
SCADA systems 38
scale factor 572
Schering bridge 426
section clearances 344
security of supply 26 32
seismic forces 347
self-damping conductor 182
series capacitor 47 162
series compensator 137 162
settling time 482
sheds 199 595
shielding failure 81
short-circuit fault 276
short-circuit impedance 510
short-circuit strength calculations 347
short line fault 276
shunt reactive compensation 46 64
Siemens & Halke 331
signal characteristics 655
signal processing 657
six-pulse bridge 141
solid-state series compensator (SSSC) 48
South of Scotland Electricity Board 332

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spacer damper 193

spark gap 93 519 536
rod-gap 94
rod-plane 94
sparkover 89 582
alternating voltages 593
direct voltages 594
gap factor 585
humidity effects 597
impulse conditions 590
test procedures 589
special tests 472
specifications 5
sphere gap 93 495 520 572
sphere-plane gap 588
spur circuits 358
standard atmosphere 596
standard deviation 578
standard withstand voltage tests 506
standards 5 470
standards laboratory 570 574
static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) 48 137 161
static Var compensator (SVC) 46 137 160
steel
high tensile 180
mild 179
step voltage test 692
Stern, George 444
Stockbridge damper 189 193
strategic planning 678
streamers 581 594 597

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streaming electrification 459

string insulators 97
sub-span oscillation 193
submarine cables 247 269
substation insulation 74 353
insulating materials 353
surge arresters 83
substations 335 351
bulk supply points 354
design 342
future requirements 388
insulation enclosed 352
metal-clad 351 374
metal enclosed 351 372
open air 351 372
primary 353
secondary 354 379
site selection 337
switching arrangements 336
see also air insulated substation
see also gas insulated substation
sulphur hexafluoride 302 385
breakdown products 385
sulphur hexafluoride circuit-breaker 104 127 280 301
329 394
auto-expansion 396 398
benefits 294
dead-tank 106 317 320
development in the UK 334
dielectric recovery 286
double-pressure 105

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sulphur hexafluoride circuit-breaker (Cont.):

dual pressure 369
high frequency transients 288
live-tank 106 316
monitoring 327 612 619
particulate material effects 287
PTFE nozzles 290
rotating arc 371 395 399
self-generating gas blast 370
self-pressurising 371
single-pressure 105
thermal recovery 288
trends 295
see also puffer
sulphur hexafluoride insulant 99
breakdown characteristics 108
circuit-breakers 104
contamination effects 117
N2/SF6 mixtures 100. 312
super-tension cables 230 248
supergrid 15
surge arresters 153 381 690
see also metal oxide surge arrester
switch disconnector 359 375
switch fuse 376
switches 375
switchgear 103 126 678
condition assessment 698
condition monitoring 659 687
design 301
distribution 349

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switchgear (Cont.):
oil tests 688
switchgear auxiliary equipment 384
switchgear bushings 421
double pressure 421
switchgear monitoring 327 659 687
switching impulse voltage 520 566
switching impulse withstand level 61 70 343
switching overvoltage 59
control 66
synchronised switching 401
systematic error 579

T
tangent delta 426 429
monitor 431
tap-changer 146 451 468
in-tank 452
monitoring 652 695
separate tank 451
testing 473
temperature measurement 650
temperature sensor 627 650
ternary gaseous dielectrics 103
test 575
test conditions 526
test data generator (TDG) 554
reference waveforms 555
test laboratories 89 574
dimensions 91
test prod 379

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test voltages
AC 508
DC 506 11
impulse 515
testing 503
cable 258
recommendations 504
routine 503
traceable measurements 569
transformer 452 471
type 503
testing requirements 503
TEV™ instrument 689
thermal breakdown 534
thermal imaging 689
thermal recovery characteristics 278 283 285
thermodynamic monitoring 623
thermovision camera 689
thyristor controlled braking resistor (TCBR) 51
thyristor controlled phase shifting transformer (TCPST) 51
thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) 160
thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) 47
thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) 160
thyristor switched series compensation (TSSC) 51
thyristor valves 140
time domain reflectometry (TDR) 264
toughened glass insulator 198
tower design 172
analysis 178
longitudinal loads 175
materials 179

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tower design (Cont.):

self-weight 177
shape 177
testing 180
transverse loads 173
vertical loads 175
weight 179
wind load 176
tower materials
aluminium alloy 180
laminated timber 180
steel 179
towers 169 208
design 172
double circuit 171 178
foundations 193
guyed 172
self-supporting 170
single circuit 170 178
Townsend’s first ionisation coefficient 131
toxic waste 256 386
traceability 569 575
alternating voltage 570
direct voltage 570
impulse voltage 571
linearity test 572
transducer 653
transfer earthing 374
transfer function 558
transformer bushings 412 416 450
transformer cascade 510

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transformer classification 465

transformer core 439
construction 440 442
Hi-B steel 439 441
losses 441
materials 439
steel grades 441
transformer oil 448
transformer specifications 470
transformer standards 470
transformer testing 452 471
applied overvoltage 476
induced overvoltage 474
lightning impulse 476
load losses 473
no-load losses 472
noise levels 473
routine 472
special 472
switching impulse 476
tap-changer operation 473
temperature rise 473
type 472
transformer windings 443
conductor material 444
continuously transposed cable 446
core-type 444
disc 444 458
helical 444
shell-type 444
spiral 444

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transformer windings (Cont.):

tapping 446 468
tertiary 467
thermal design 458
transformers 435
capitalisation of losses 469
circuit parameter 437
condition assessment 699
condition monitoring 648 694
cooling systems 447 458 469
dielectric design 452
electromagnetic design 455
failure 651 681 683
fault development 649
flux rejection 457
impedances 464
insulation 449
iron-cored 435
life management 478
lifetime 683 702
lightning impulse voltage 567
magnetic flux shunt 455 457
noise level 439 441
partial discharge measurement 544 560 562
pole mounted 683
rated power 468
regulation 465
reliability 679 681
short-circuit forces 457
tank 450
tap-changing 438 451 468

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transformers (Cont.):
transfer function 558
user requirements 463
voltage ratios 464
see also transformer core
see also transformer windings
transient ground potential rise (TGPR) 325
Transmission Board 13
transmission lines 332
lightning overvoltage 74
surface stress 98
switching overvoltage 62
switching surge control 66
trapped charge 62
underground 85
transmission outage planning 36
transmission systems 9 331
AC 10
capability 32
characteristics 26
DC 10
design 31
development 11
dielectric stress 56
future developments 44
grid 14
insulation co-ordination 55
operation 35
organisational structure 27
transmission voltages 332
tree retardant polyethylene (TRXLPE) 241 243

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trident overhead line construction 169

tripping circuit timing tests 688
true value 579
turbulence intensity factor 191
twelve-pulse bridge 141
type tests 259 472

U
U-curve 583 588
UHF coupler 639 642
UHF monitoring technique 639 642
defect recognition 640
UHF partial discharge technique 328
UHV testing laboratory 91
uncertainty 573
arithmetic summation 575
root sum of squares 578
uncertainty budget 501
unified power flow controller (UPFC) 50 137 163
utilisation factor 122 125 129
Utilities Directive 6
UV degradation 244

V
vacuum bottle 392 394
vacuum circuit-breaker (VCB) 120 368 392
gas-insulated 394
vacuum interrupter 293 369 392 394
vacuum sheathing 248
vacuum switch 120
valve hall 155
Verdet constant 616

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vertically integrated industry 28 31

very fast transients 2 422
VHF transient voltages 324
voltage classification 505
voltage divider 482 485 489 570
572
capacitive 492 496
damped capacitive 495
resistive 491 495
resistive-capacitive 495
voltage measurement 481
alternating 491
direct 488
impulse 495
voltage quality 27
voltage transducer 384
electro-optic 618
voltage transformer 381 383 510 512
570
von Neumann lattice 656 657

W
water tree 234 266
water tree resistance 260
waveguide theory 603
weather sheds 199
Weibull distribution 240 682 685
weight span 174 176
Weir, Lord 13 19
Williamson Committee 12
wind load 173 176 347

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wind span 174

winding displacement technique 695
winding gradient 474
winding temperature indicator 694
withstand voltage 90 505
conventional assumed 506
co-ordination 506
standard 506
statistical 506
work section 344
working plant harder 706
switchgear 709
transformers 709

X
X-ray induced partial discharge detection 428
XLPE 240 260 544

Z
Zipenowski, Karoly 2

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