CHAPTER 2.

PRINCIPLES OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER AND OVERALL BALANSES

2.2B Pressure in a Fluid
*Pressure difference between two points
∆𝑃 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝜌𝑔
*2.2C Head of a fluid
𝑃
ℎ= 𝑝𝑔

*2.2D Devices to Measure Pressure and Pressure Differences

Simple U-Tube Manometer and two-fluid U Tube
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑅(𝜌𝐴 − 𝜌𝐵 )𝑔
2.3 General Molecular Transport Equation
𝑑𝛤
𝛹𝑧 = −𝛿 𝑑𝑧

2.3B Introduction to molecular transport

*Momentum Transport and Newton’s Law
𝑑(𝑣𝑥 𝜌)
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = −𝑣 𝑑𝑧

2.5c Reynolds Number

𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝐸 =
𝜇

2.6 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation

1. Simple Mass Balances
𝑚 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2
2.6C Overall Mass-Balance Equation
𝑑𝑀𝑖
𝑚𝑖2 − 𝑚𝑖1 + 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑅𝑖

2.6D Average Velocity to use in OMEB

𝑟 2
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 [1 − (𝑅) ]
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = 2

2.7 Overall Energy Balance

∆𝐸 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
2.7B Derivation of OEB Equation
rate of entity output – rate of entity input + rate of entity accumulation = 0
*Total Energy of the fluid per unit mass
𝑣2
𝐸=𝑈+ 2
+ 𝑧𝑔

*Enthalpy
 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉
2.7C OEB for Steady State Flow System
1 2 2 )
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 + (𝑣2𝑎𝑣 − 𝑣1𝑎𝑣 + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑠
2𝛼

2.7F Overall Mechanical Energy Balance

1 2 2 ) 𝑝2 −𝑝1
(𝑣2𝑎𝑣 − 𝑣1𝑎𝑣 + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + + ∑𝐹 + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
2𝛼 𝜌

2.7G Bernoulli Equation for OMEB

𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
𝑧1 𝑔 + 2
+ 𝜌
= 𝑧2 𝑔 + 2
+ 𝜌

2.8 Overall Momentum Balance

𝑷 = 𝑀𝑣
2.8B Overall Momentum Balance in Flow System in One Direction
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 − 𝑝1 𝐴1
2.8C Overall Momentum Balance in Flow System in Two Direction
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑚𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑝1 𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 + 𝑚𝑡 𝑔
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 − 𝑚𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 − 𝑝1 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1
2.8D Overall Momentum Balance for free Jet Striking a Fixed Vane
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 − 1)
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
2.9B Shell Momentum Balance inside a Pipe
*Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
(𝑝𝑜 −𝑝𝐿 )𝐷 2
𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑣 =
32𝜇𝐿

2.10B Pressure Drop and friction Loss in Laminar flow

1. Pressure Drop and Loss due to friction
32𝜇𝑣∆𝐿
∆𝑃𝑓 = 𝐷2
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝑓
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜌

2. Friction Factor for friction loss in laminar flow

16
𝑓= 𝑁𝑅𝐸

2.10C Pressure Drop and friction Loss in Turbulent flow

∆𝐿 𝑣 2
∆𝑝𝑓 = 4𝑓𝜌
𝐷 2
∆𝐿 𝑣 2
𝐹𝑓 = 4𝑓 𝐷 2
2.10D Pressure Drop and friction Loss in flow of Gases
4𝑓∆𝐿𝐺 2 𝑅𝑇
𝑝12 − 𝑝22 = 𝐷𝑀

2.10F Friction Losses in Expansion, Contraction, and Pipe Fittings

1. Sudden enlargement losses
𝐴 2 𝑣2
ℎ𝑒𝑥 = (1 − 𝐴1 ) 1
2𝛼
2

2. Sudden contraction losses

𝐴 𝑣22
ℎ𝑐 = 0.55 (1 − 𝐴2 ) 2𝛼
1

3. Losses in fittings and valves

𝑣12
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 2

4. Frictional losses in OMEB

∆𝐿 𝑣2
∑𝐹 = (4𝑓 + 𝐾𝑒𝑥 + 𝐾𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 )
𝐷 2

2.10H Entrance Section of a Pipe

𝐿𝑒
𝐷
= 0.0575 𝑁𝑅𝐸

2.11B Isothermal Compressible Flow

4𝑓 ∆𝐿𝐺 2 𝐺2 𝑝
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 𝑓 = + ln 1
2𝐷𝜌𝑎𝑣 𝜌𝑎𝑣 𝑝2

CHAPTER 3
3.7A Derivation of Equations of Momentum Transfer
*Equations of motions for x, y, and z component
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑡𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
) = −[ 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
]+ 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑡𝑦 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
) = −[ 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
] + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑡𝑧 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
) = −[ 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
]+ 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧

3.7B Equations for motion for Newtonian Fluids with Varying Density and Viscosity
1. Shear-stress components for Newtonian fluids in rectangular coordinates
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
(∇∙v)= ( 𝜕𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
)

2. Shear-stress components for Newtonian fluids in cylindrical coordinates

1 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑧
(∇ ∙ 𝑣) =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜃 + 𝜕𝑧

3. Shear-stress components for Newtonian fluids in cylindrical coordinates

 1 𝜕(𝑟 2 𝑣𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(𝑣𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1 𝜕𝑣∅
(∇ ∙ 𝑣) = + [𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ]
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕∅

4. Equations for motion for Newtonian Fluids with Varying Density and Viscosity
𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝜌
𝜌 𝐷𝑡
= 𝜕𝑥
[2𝜇 𝜕𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝜇(∇ ∙ 𝑣)] + 𝜕𝑦 [𝜇 ( 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥
)] + 𝜕𝑧 [𝜇 ( 𝜕𝑦𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧
)] − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜌𝑔𝑥

3.7C Equations for motion for Newtonian Fluids with Constant Density and Viscosity
Navier – Stokes Equations
1. Equation of motion for rectangular coordinates
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑡𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
) = 𝜇 ( 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2
) − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜌𝑔𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑝

𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
) = 𝜇 ( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2
) − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜇( + + )− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥

2. Equation of motion for cylindrical coordinates

𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + − + 𝑣𝑧 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟
=− +𝜇[ ( )+ 2 − + ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) 1 𝜕2 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + − + 𝑣𝑧 ) =− +𝜇[ ( ) + 2 2𝜃 + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃
𝜕𝑧 2
]+ 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) =− +𝜇[ ( r 𝑧) + 2 2𝑧 + ]+ 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 2