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government through various social 2. Gen-II: These were computers
networking services.
dependent on transistor and
ICT in Education semiconductor devices. They were used
as a calculating or reading
Education is one major sector which has
undergone the influence of innovations instrument.eg. The present day
in ICT. calculators.
Starting from providing online content
service, platform for organizing learning 3. Gen-III Computers: These are simple
experiences to managing learning and analog machines based on transistors,
assessment has been changed greatly by
ICT developments. which generate logics from logic gates
as an exited and no exited sets of
EVOLUTION OF ICT
electrons hence use binary digits for
ICT is evolving in a very fast pace. We computing.
can identify five phases of ICT 4. Gen-IV: Cluster computers or super
evolution.
They are evolution in computer, PC, computers. They are a cluster of binary
microprocessor, internet and wireless digit computers over a series and
links.
parallel collection machine. They work
COMPUTERS over multiple input multiple output
A computer is a device that can be patterns hence multiple flowing
instructed to carry out arbitrary operations are created. Hence there
sequences of arithmetic or logical processing is over flops.
operations automatically. 1012 flops – tera flop
The ability of computers to follow 1015 flops – peta flop
generalized sets of operations, called 1018 flops – exa flop
programs, enables them to perform an Top 500list of super computers yearly defines
extremely wide range of tasks. the fastest 500 super computers in the world.
1. Sunway taihu light – (China) – 98 peta
Types of computers: flop
1. First generations computers: These 2. Taiwan 2A (China) – 33 peta flops
were based on vaccum tubes or an 3. Titah (USA) – 17.59 peta flops
electrical relay which were used as a 4. Sequoia (IBM) – 17.2 peta flops
reading device. The initial devices were 5. K-computer (Japan) – 10.5 P flops
also used for general purpose 98. Saharsh (IBM+HP) – (India) – 901 tera
calculation. flops
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National Supercomputing mission (2015): or quantum interface. Such computers derive
(Initiated by Ministry of Telecom Information logics from quantum properties of particle.
&Broadcasting with the Dept. of Electrical and 3 out of 4 quantum properties can be used to
Electronic Development). With a target of generate logics corresponding to 0, 1 and
developing the fastest super computer in India as any integral number between 0 and 1. which
well as improving the manufacturing of will form the basis of computing or quantum
electrical and electronic component required for bits qubits.
cluster computing in India. Generation of infinite logics increases the
Advantages and disadvantages of super processing abilities of a computer, which
computer: can some complex equation like Einstein's
Advantages Disadvantages calculations, state of matter complexities,
They work over wide spread size astronomical and cosmological prediction.
floating point The first quantum computer of the world is kept
operations so can online by IBM in 2016.
achieve multiple Gen-VI computers:
inputs multiple outputs 1. Organic computers:
Help in e-gov. large amount of These are computers dependent on an interface
navigation, tele energy required developed by organic molecules majorly DNA
education, or protein. Bio molecules can be kept at -20ºC
telemedicine, citizen for many years and nucleotide code A,T,G,C can
based services, search be used for logic creating and computing.
&resque, disaster Organic molecules of nano size nano
prediction and material etc. can also be used development
mitigation, metrology of special. Semiconductor device like
etc. fluorine based transistor which will also help
They can be helpful in large amount of heat in computing
generating servers for produced 2. Optical computers:
multipoint operations Those computers in which an interaction b/w
photons and particles can create multiple logics
based on which computing can be developed
Gen-V become the basis of photonics.
Quantum computers : These are computers Others tools dependent on optical computing are
which are dependent on quantum complexities (a) Compact disc
(b) Lifi
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(c) Laser interface etc. CRT as well as TFT act as input as well
Inputs devices as output device.
1. Keypad – used in ATM and EPOS – As well Sensors acts as a butter to convert
as personal identification. analog signals into digital signals.
2. Touch pad – Pressure dependent Output devices
3. Tracker ball – used in mouse Displays - CRT, LCD, LED, OLED,
4. Joystick – Gaming consoles interactive tools plasma, HD
5. Remote controls – work over infrared red Luminousence – absorbs lights and then
6. Magnetic strip reader (MSR) – Used in reflect (like moon)
identification in credit cards, debit card or (Methods)
EPOS. Flurosence – atomic phenomena –
higher orbit to lower orbit and emit
Smart card reader – Based on a light.
microchip, helps in general Phosphorosusence (metaloids) – real
identification. time phenomena – phosphorous
Chip and PIN reader and touch screen – Actuator – (Output device)
Developed over CRT (Cathode Ray
Digital to analog signal conversion.
Tube) the TFT (LCD based)
Motor, Buzzers, light, heaters, etc. work
Scanners : Image replication, OMR
over the input of actuator.
(Optical mark reader) (recognizes the
Microphone – input
mark over an image)
Headphone – Output (generally both as
OCR(Optical character recognisition)
built incomplete
Conversion of image into text.
Speakers – Output – digital to analogue.
Webcam analog to digital conversion.
Multimedia projector – output
Digital camera – input as well as output
Memory
device. (analog to digital)
Terms related to memory
Barcode reader – input device helps in
Resistors:
EPOS can also be linked with RFID
They can be program counter, instruction
(Radio frequency identification) resistors memory address resistors. Memory
buffer resistors and accumulators.
MICR (Magnetic ink character
Cache Memory
recognition) Used in banking cheques
It is a high speed highly volatile buffer memory
drafts for identification.
which upholds the data or instruction
Graphics pad, graphics tablet- help in
temporarily during processing. It acts below the
writing over the display developed over
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resistors and helps in reduction of congestion of as in the case of EPROM, EEROM,
the data just above the CPU. EAROM, EEPROM, flash EEPROM.
RAM : Random access memory. External memory:
They hold the data temporarily for a programe. 1. HDD [0,1] – Hard drive disc works over
Instruction or a pre and post processing magnetic polarization and depolarization in
completion three different types of Ram are storage of the data. It stores the data in the layers
defined. of ferromagnetic materials as different bits
1.Static Ram – stores data over electrical created by an oscillator.
signals. Data is lost once electric current is lost.
2. Dynamic Ram – stores data over charged USB pen drives USB 2.0 USB 3.0
capacitors Data remains even if electrical current
is cut down.
SATA
3. Synchronous Dynamic Ram – SD ram it is Four Services
Storage in
the dynamic ram synchronysed over the clock USB wire
transistor base
Connection
speed of the processor. based connecti
4. Static Ram or S Ram is very fast but is connecti on
costly dynamic ram has higher capacity but vity develope
requires continuous refreshing. SD Ram is 2. data d
commonly used in high end data processing transfer 2. data
system. in single transfer
ROM : (Read only memory) direction in both
It acts as the primary memory which is 60mb/se direction
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or 3D occupancies. Using such disc the 200km2 wired
dimensions of the disc can be reduced. Copper wire based – existing telephone
Such disc can store data upto terra bites lines
or hypothetically between 100 GB to 10 Optical fibre based
TB. This disc can have dia in the range Optical fibres:
of 90 to 100 mm. Long tubes of glass, inner surfaces can
Two diff. lasers are used in reading the be polished.
data from these disc (Red and Green) Light waves used in signal transmission.
Green laser help in reading the data Light falls at critical angle – Total
while red laser helps as fixing the internal reflections.
position of the data. Signal augmentation can be done.
Protein coated disc : Networking of
These are optical disc which can be National Optical FiberNetwork (NOFN) –
coated with a device layer of Connectivity by Optical Fibers
bioluminating proteins which are Digital India programme
extracted as photosynthetically active It is the flagship scheme of Govt. of India
pigments derived from genetically conceptualize in 2014, initiated in 2015. It is
altered bacteria. headed over by the PM of India and the nodal
Data can be stored in multiple optical ministry is Ministry of Information Broadcasting
wavelengths produced by these proteins. and Telecommunication.
Such disc can have a theoretical storage
The target of the programme is to create optical
upto 50TB.
fibre based network upto the Gram panchayat
Networking
level to avail broad band internet services at the
Connection inside the computer or computer
rural levels.
ports.
Wifi – wireless frequency interface DiGi- locker :
Lifi –
It is a 20MB virtual space provided by
Li-Fi is a bidirectional, high-speed and
fully networked wireless communication GOI to every citizen to store documents
technology similar to Wi-Fi. related to identity of Government.
Developed over blue, green or red
Service transactions in soft copies.
waves.
It will be protected by an authenticated
Not only LAN but also in MAN/WAN
number which also helps in rapid
Long distance wireless connectivity.
sharing of the information to avail
MAN – Metropolitan area network government services.
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Wimax: (Wireless micro based connectivity) There are multiple restrictions or
It is a pattern through which authorizations, which are created for
metropolitan area network can be identification or data sharing at any
created with a range of 20 kms point.
maximum linear distance. It helps in
VPN: (Core banking)
creation of MAN as well as WAN so
Virtual private network act as a wide
termed as world wide inter operatability
area network in which the enterprise
for microwave access.
which lay down the network has the
Wimax work over radio waves and
exclusivity over the network as well as
microwaves in a range of 2 to 6 GHz
the data available over the network.
and near microwaves at 7 to 8.1 GHz.
In this network the remote user can also
It helps in connection across mobile
be included through the layers of
tower or dedicated transmission hubs,
internets connectivity in an authorized
which can connect infinite devices at a
sharing of the data.
time. Maximum level distance
In this network the remote user also has
achievable is 20 km a range of 40 km
the authorization to access as well as to
diameter.
modify the data but exclusivity
It helps in relay of wireless broad band
pertinacity to the user only.
internet.
In this way the enterprise has exclusive
Private network right over the data but remote user can
o EPN (Enterprise Pvt. Network) also use a part of that data.
o VPN (Virtual Pvt. Network) Courier services:
o Value added Network) VAN (Value added network)
EPN: It is a type of EPN or a WAN which is
It is an exclusive network created by any developed by more than one enterprise
enterprise or private organization. This for sharing the data but is maintained by
network is created outside the domains any 3rdpact.
of interval and the enterprise holds the
This type of network is seen in courier
exclusive rights of the data stored over
services.
EPN.
MHSBRP
The stored information can be shared
Modem: It act as a modulating and
partially at exclusive open points which
demodulating device which helps as
are also under the control of enterprise.
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conversion of digital signals into analog storing it. Switches usually help in
signals or vice/versa. connecting many devices in a LAN.
It allow computers or devices to connect 6. Bridges: Bridges connect any LAN to
to any network, hence act as device another LAN.
network interface. Modems can be 7. Router: It helps to connect a GAN
following types : across a LAN or even to assemble many
Analog (Modulation) LANs together.
1. Dial up modem: They use the existing 8. Proxy server: Acts as a buffer between
telephone line to connect or dial over the GAN and WAN or LAN. It also creates
network. Such lines are used to slow modes to transfer the data in the form of
data transfer. web pages or any user friendly formal.
2. DLS: (Digital subscribers line) Internet
Dedicated lines to provide internet It acts as network of the network. The
connectivity through copper lines or first developed was ARPANET in 1983
optical fibers. In many cases a network which was used for strategic purposes
line is also supported in conjunction by US dept of defense.
with either many other line or a The pattern is now evolved into a
telephone line – such modem becomes common network over a network hub,
ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber which is www, which eventually is
line) developed by IETF.
3. Cable model: They help in relay of IETF: Internet engineering task force
internet services using the existing TV I. It is a non government nonprofit
cable networks. organisation which is developed by an
4. Network Hub: It acts as common association of computer scientist,
connection points between computers organization institutes and private bodies.
where data can be stand and shared II. It helps in defining and developing the
between the computers. Usually network required for global network, behaviour
hubs have a disadvantage when many pattern and functioning of the internet.
devices are connected over the hub, as it III. It also helps to co-ordinate amongst various
slows down the data transfer rate. organization internet agencies, national
5. Switch: It also acts as a hub or common group, institutes and government.
connection point but is only used in IV. It controls the type of content and data as
transferring the data forward and not well as the pattern of network across the
internet.
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Internet society: files and ensures
It helps to coordinate with IETF in the uplink and
developments of multiple codes and downlink delivery
protocol in long term evolution pattern of data without
of the internet. getting corrupted
ICANN: International coordinate for User datagram UDP Coordination,
accredited/assign names and numbers. protocol Audio help in
If is a govt organization developed in defining control
co-ordination with scientist, engineers, over audio
local groups, Govt. in internet signals.
participating countries. It help in
defining protocol related with Internet protocol
recognition and registry of the internet It is the principle communication
users. protocol which helps in establishing the
ICANN defines IP (Internet protocols) internet enables internet working as well
IEEE (institute of electrical and as helps in establishment of recognition
electronic engineers) It is a non govt. protocol across the internet.
organization which develop set slots and The commonly used recognition
codes for the development of electrical protocol is IPVy-2011, IETF and
and electronic devices, multiple codes of ICANN developed the new version or
IEEE are defined like 802.11 for wifi. IPV6.
802.16 for wimax
4 (Generation) LTE (long term evolution)
IPV4 IPV6
Protocol Acronym Purpose
It is a 32 bit naming 128 bit naming system
Internet IP Physical
system. contains 8 sub names
protocol network/registry
each of 16 bits which
and recognition of
are device using semi
user
columns.
Internet control ICMP Status messaging
Each character defines 47.6 trillion name can
message end to end status
G.A., W.A., be developed each
protocol recognition.
metropolitan area and upto a singular device.
Transmission TCP Guaranteed
the LAN.
control delivery (Helps in
Address are sufficient Advantage of IPV6
protocol sending Layer
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for 4.7 billion users. help in recognizing the 5. ATMA – Automated Tillage
mobile devices Management Agency
4 characters are used Point to point device 6. Soil, Seed, New varieties
between 0 to 255. connectivity as well as TKDL – Traditional knowledge digital
recognition over a library.
LAN. VSAT: Very small aperture terminal
Web page: Used for teleducation teleconference,
It is a pattern through which data is Availability of educational lectures,
related across internet reader. It is Smart Education: Samsung and Jawahar
developed using hyper text transfer Navodaya Vidyalaya
protocol. E-Governance Advantage of ICT
The major languages that can be used (1) Accountability / Transparency
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wireless internet services in the of cost and create a charge for the
areas.
content available over the networks.
Internal is the remote areas can be
(i) Initiatives like Airtel zero,
received using transponders and
receives over a balloon. facebook free basics India
This decreases the cost of service triggered a revolution for
relay as well as the three spent in neutralisation and use of
erecting the infrastructure can also
be reduced. internet based services
Microsoft – white-fi which became net
neutrality.
It is proposal given by Microsoft to It is dependent over two concepts:
keep in relay of internet services in (ii) Network or internet based
the rural areas. services are develop by the
Spectrum of radio waves b/w 200 to Government for the
600 MHz or microwaves b/w 6 to 9 common benefit of the
GHz are used in the relay of TV people and must always
signals. remain in the hand of
Majority of this spectrum is government or government
transmitted but is not used in relay organization.
of digital signals. (iii) The private enterprises act
This spectrum is under spectrum as helping hand to the
which can be used in the relay of Government and must never
internet signals. be given a chance to control
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They can travel very long distances on the earth (v) 400 to 480 MHz – TV, ultra
surface. Hence are useful in amateur radio high frequency band
communication. (vi) 400 to 2600 MHz – Mobile
Uses: phone technology
Defense radio, Naval radio, pirate ratio, long Wireless communication
distance alternative modulation, international (1) Mobile phone communication
ammeter radio. 1983 1 G Mobile phone — 350
Disadvantages: MHz (USA, JAPAN)
Sky waves : 3 to 30 MHz Bidirectional voice over
These waves are easily projected across the communication
curvature of the earth as they are reflected back Geographical limit 35 Sqkm
from the lower layers of ionosphere. Hence help TDMA : Time division mobile access
in long distance communication. Restriction over the use of infrastructure
Use – Am radio broad casting (show distance), dependent over the time allotted to use in the
special frequency bands in local defence infrastructure GSM General Service mobile
communication etc campus radio. 850 < 1850 MHz radio wave spectrum
(1) Line of signal waves/space waves : CDMA Code Division Multiple Access use of
These waves are so protected that they the infrastructure dependent over the multiple
can either travel across in a storage line sub division codes over the channel. 400 MHz
using multiple antenna path, hence are ratio based spectrum.
line of straight waves or they can be FDMA frequency division access 2G
received beyond the curvature of the Europe Japan
earth by an international satellite bond Difference B/W CDMA – GSM:
communication are space waves. CDMA GSM
frequency of space wave (1) It is (1) It is
communication development of communicati
(i) 54 to 78 MHz ( TV) technology a on across a
low frequency band, communication channel for
(ii) 89 to 110Mz – frequency in multiple fixed
modulation, (FM radio) codes of a duration of
(iii) 110 to 158 MHz – TV, low signals channel. the time
frequency band, short distance (2) The (2) The use of
(iv) 198 to 236 MHz – TV, High communication the channel
frequency band
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is faster is exclusive, Sri Lanka South East Asia
(3) The code can Hence Voice – 2400 MHz
remain useful communicati Internet – Wimax – 21 Mb/s static 3
for long on is faster moving device
duration, hence (3) There are no Difference between 3G and 4G
the cost per unit sub codes so 3G 4G
time is low noise is (1) It works over (1) It work over
(4) The minimum. 2100 to 2400 2600 MHz
disadvantage is (4) Since MHz spectrum R.W spectrum
the continuous services can for voice (2) In this channel
noise created be used for communicatio connecting the
because of near limited to n spectrum is
by used hence it is (2) The channel further divided
(5) Frequency is much costly. connectivity into sub
400 MHz the spectrum is channels codes
divided into and sub codes
multiple sub (3) In 4G
GPRS (Global Packet Radio Services)
channels simultaneous
GPRS 64 kb/s to 128 kb/s hence multiple
2.75 G connectivity connected be
2G voice + Edge 256 Kb/s can be faster divided ie in
5G Communication:
3.75 – G (4G LTE)
2012 onwards Þ Europe, Germany, USA, China
4 G (China)
2016
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(1) Multi device connectivity to a web or a Satellite Communication:
hotspot. Keplers law:
(2) every device has connectivity at 1 Gb/s, (1) elliptical orbit
CDMA in India — 2016 Reliance (2) equal time equal area
withdrawn (voice) (3) t2 a3
(3) Internet relay, WCDMA, WDCDMA, Mechanics:
CDMA 2000 Circular e < 1
1. Eccentricity Eliptical e = 1
Call drops : coefficient
hyperbolic e > 1
It is a pattern of premature termination
shape of orbit
of a call are a frequency due to technical
2. Inclination or orbit
glitches or microwave or radiowave
<d = 0 w E
interferences cheated during
on equatorial plane
communication.
Mobile phone companies enforce these
< I = 180 E W
glitches or premature termination to
< 90 N S
extract money or monitoring benefits
Polar orbit
from the consumers.
< 270 S N
Much of the loss is seen over fixed plan
On the basis of centre of orbit
connection where every call has a fixed
Sun – Heliocentric
pulse of money.
Earth – Geocentric
This is called as call drop or enforced
Moon – Luna centric
can drop.
Mans – Areocentric
TRAI has regulated the telecoms in
Jupiter – Juno centric
2015 to cut down the channel of call
Transfer orbits or the defined path
drops and said that the maximum
which help in establish any satellite in
frequency of call drop in 24 hours must
the higher orbit altitude. These are
number of more then 3 per customer. If
concentric path location.
it goes beyond 3 then the telecoms is
The most common transfer orbit is
liable to pay 3 times the money that the
Hohmann's transfer orbit
customer has lost.
Space waste – e-waste accumulation:
In 2016 Honorable SC has stayed the
Kessler's syndrome Hindrance
TRAI regulations and call regulations
remain unanswered till date.
Junkyard orbit space waste accumulated
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Satellite Communication This help in better understanding of the
Satellite communication
surrounding. Locates the precise
Remote sensing
sensing location as well as defines the shape of
Remote sensing Tele communication Rador
Observation Point + Point sonar any object.
connectivity Lidar
Sudor It increases the maneuverability of the
Application :
SAR
(1) Warehousing. Doppler's Radar :
(2) Radio taging (wild life conservation It works over Doppler's principle and can define
(3) Local banking transaction (Mobile the precisions of motion of any object against a
Banking) moving body using Doppler's correction.
(4) M-pesa
(5) SAR (search and rescue) 2. SONAR (Sound Navigation amplification
and ranging)
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radars) :
These are radar systems which can help In this sound waves are used for detection and
ranging of objects under water.
in development of 3D holographic
projection of any geographical area.
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Applications: Geo synchronous satellites were placed
communication with under water The images were then joined together
LIDAR is useful in
20 mQ
location
(a) Forestry to define green cover
(b) Geology to define nutrients and moisture in
Std. positioning : 6 to 8 satellite
soil
20m precision : normal what we set in
(c) Geography to define structures boundaries
mobile
with precision
Precise positioning : 24 to 32 satellite
Urban planning to define the planned
Global navigation satellite
construction of urban streets etc. system (GNSS)
GIS (Geographical information system)
10 cm precision
GIS is a pattern of geographical imaging
Regional navigation satellite system (RNSS)
using a satellite consultation of
LANDSAT. 1. GPS – US
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2. GLONASS – Russia (7 geosynchronous satellite) (Aircraft
3. Galileo – EU navigation channel)
4. IRNSS-India
G20NASS
Galleleo – EU – 16 Beidou
GPS JNS
Beidou – China – 8 GAGAN
ANS
Brazil
NAVIC – Navigation in Indian constellation (7) future
4 Geo synchronous (till 1500 km away from France used to measure water vapour in the
boundary) atmosphere.
SARAL – Used for oceanic studies
Advantage of NAVIC:
IRNSS – Navigation
IRSS – Remote sensing
Geosynchronous GSAT 6 – Satellite to mark re launch of
Geostationary
GSLV.
Sputnik-I (Russia)
i. Navigation and transport First satellite in the world
ii. Civilian utilities Echo-I (USA)
iii. Urban planning and development First successful remote sensing satellite
iv. Precise positioning aided by GPS First Indian satellite Aryabhatta-I
for strategic purposes First Indian remote sensing satellite –
v. Search and rescue Rohini-I
First Indian telecom satellite – INSAT-I
GAGAN (GPS aided GEO augmentation
First Indian meteorlogicalsatellite Kalpana
and navigation):
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Astrosat – 1st astronomical satellite of India- etc.
2016, Cartosat, Cartosat-II-Remote sensing and K-Band 18-26 GHz Radar and
oceanic monitoring. Astronomical
observations
KU-Band 12-18 GHz Very long distance
Microwave propagation: satellite
Name of Frequency of Uses communication
the wave the wave KA-Band 26-40 GHz Satellite
band communication,
L-Band 1-2 GHz Military telemetry, and the band of
GPS, GSM based NATO
phones, amateur communication
ratio
S-Band 2-4 GHz Weather Radar,
Surface and ship E-Governance
radar, microwave Government
PSU Pinates
ovens, wireless
Citizens
LAN or wifi,
Bluetooth, GPS PI PPP P4
long distance
Governance e-gov.
radio,
Rapid ICT+governance+
Communication, Citizen Citizen
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e-Kranti (2015/16) bank.
Computer, Mobile + Megh Raj First dedicated cloud
Internet based service computing of the country.
DBT by internet and WAN WAN
associated tools
WW
Development of e-
commerce WAN WAN
Governance via social
Advantage
media tools
Secure
More responsive
Disadvantage
government
Kills long amount of
Initiatives
memories over the grid.
e-post Initiated by department of
2nd gigantic system, - cost of
post, where works done are
operation /system is high.
automated with the help of
internet – used for retail and
corporate customers.
Cloud computing:
eIPO Helps in transfer of money
It is a dedicated open source connection
(electronics through electronic channels
channel created across, multi device
Indian postal developed by India post.
connection platforms through which any
order) (Started 2014)
data can be read modified and saved in
e-district Started in 2011, to provide
an open source of any device which
citizen based services at the
helps in reducing the memory
block level, managed and
dependence for computing, is cost
supervised at district level,
effective, connectivity is faster and is
with the help of common
more flexible.
service centres developed for
NOFN (National optical fibre
service delivery.
network): A dedicated optic fibre
e-Bharat It is a project to develop e-
connect village CGP’s for the
gov. in the country and
transmission of Broadband Internet.
involve the financial support
Dial Govt.: A govt. based interface to
for the task which is also
host all the information related to
aided by loans from world
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eligibility for attaining benefits from Pragati (Proactive governance and
government based schemes. timely implementation): It is an
e-Taal: Electronic transactions initiative of govt. of India where PMO,
aggregation and analysis layer. Used to Union Secretaries and chief secretaries
take a track of all the payments or of state would be linked through a
transactions done under central & state common network to take a feedback of
government schemes and projects. works and services provided by
National Knowledge Network (NKN): government on monthly basis.
An interconnection of all the institutes, Every last Wednesday of the month
organisation, agencies and universities. after 3:30 PM would be pragati day in
Where the knowledge or the resource the govt.
person can be made all over the network (National e-authentication service
to share the content or the ideas. offered by deity) intended to built trust
NIC (National informatics Centre) and confidence across online
(1976): Helps development of ICT transactions through this a persons
infrastructure for e-gov. as well as identity can be verified based on UID
central state govt. and the local govt. and authentication channels and
together. certificates can be developed to access
NIC net: Dedicated platform created by any e-gov. service.
NIC to link the educational institutes at e-gov. in education purposes:
central state level with the respective o NPTEL (national program on
departments and ministries. technology enhanced learning)
Digital India: Provision of broadband joint initiative of IIT’S and IISC
internet and e-gov India services as well to provide, e-learning across
as ensuring the delivery of citizen based web portals and v-sat based tele
services and provision of IT based jobs conferencing to link
through a network of broadband internet academicians from MIT (UK)
provided upto GPS level. and share the knowledge
Data govt. in: Initiative of GoI and regarding science, tech,
USGovt helps in publishing data, management and Humanity etc.
documents and creating a common presently 125 web 35 video
platform for service delivery and its based comes.
information to the general public from o Gyan-darshan (2001)
different ministries and departments.
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o Gyandarshan and gyanvani – Initiative regarding admission and
initiative of HRD to relay quality of education in any college
education based programs over E-pathshala: Initiative of Mo HRD to
doordarshan and aakashvani, bring the NCERT books over internet
with the content hosted by platforms.
IGNOU. Shaala siddhi: Initiative to know
Contain: 4 major digital channel, GD-1, regarding the performance of the school
GD-2, GD-3 (EKlanya), 4D-4 (Vyas) as well as to provide feed backs.
EDUSAT: Saransh: Initiative to identify the areas
First dedicated satellite for development of improvement in the schools related to
of education in the country. curriculum syllabus etc.
SWAYAM (study webs for active TKDL:
learning for young aspring minds) Recent trends in ICT:
MOOC – Massive open online courses. 1. Smart cities: (Using ICT in Development and
Project to provide online courses Urbanisation)
through webbased format or video based Urban development + ICT
format for students at 9th to 12th level, Smart cities
graduate &PG etc. Energy Env. Transpo Resourc
2000 comes, across grid and cloud developme Manageme rt e
computing channels. nt nt & utilizatio
NMEICT: P-156 conservatio n
SAKSHAT: Initiatives of KVS, NVS, n
NCERT, IGNOU and NIOS. With a Citizen
target of making knowledgeover ICT services
platforms free of cost.
Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2014 – smart cities (100)
Initiative of IIT’s &NIT’s and other 2016 – phase-I (20)
leading Engg. Bodies to adopt atleast 5 Internet of things:
villages each and provide imovations 1. Using things for relay of internet
and knowledge to fill the technology 2. Influencing things by the relay of internet
gap which is created in the Urban and 3. Creation of a sync. of things
Rural areas. Internet of things:
KYC (Know your college)
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Water Worms:
motor Over
Consumer They are infected programs, which
end
Application target and infect the network across a
Influence
computer.
Geyser Trojan Horse: They are rapid moving
Washing
machine malicious programmes developed to
Cyber security and computer viruses hack into a computer through email or
Cyber security is a pattern of creating a social media access which can gain
secure network over internet tools. unauthorized access and initiate data
Cyber crime: It involves methods like theft or modification. Loss of data.
malrious programmes, viruses, insecure Formatting the disc spying and
transactions, monetary frauds, data theft, surveillance.
social kiosk etc. Ransomeware: They are unauthorized
If in any case cyber crime involves any security files which are once
act of blood shed it becomes cyber downloaded restrict the entry into the
terrorism. system or its use until a payment being
Malware: They are the malicious done.
programmes developed to disrupt Spyware:
programming, gather information, gain Used in spying and surveillance:
access, extort payment, sabotage or any Adware:
act of computer linked activities which Which run unauthorized advertisement
is malice. over the system.
Malwares are of following types: Scare ware:
1. Computer viruses: These are self Gray ware:
replicating infections programmes Authorised prog which slows down the
which can infect (effect) files, system programe.
servers, CPU, Hard disc or corrupt Cyber security policy- 2016
the data or may promote the display IT ACT sec 66 A
of illicit content, political humour or
may promote over the web or 3D-printing:
internet. It is a tool of printing 3D-objects using a
They are of following types self replicating laserjet printer and its raw material. A
codes, read request intercepts, encrypted codes 3D virtual model can be created upto
and programmes, polymorphic codes etc. micro level special. The laserjet printer
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then fills the composite material in the technical assistance. A unique ID
model forms the object. It can be used in number can be given to every citizen
1. Manufacturing of new materials, nano based on their biometric profile.
materials or even complex giant. It can be linked to identification of any
2. It can help in reducing the labour time individual for many governance based
and cost spent during construction. citizen services like transfer of subsides
3. It can help in education by creating to DBT, wages allotment in
3D-models. MGNREGA minimum support price for
4. Bio printing – 3D printers can print agri etc.
human or animal organs which can be In 2015 GoI has initiated JAM trinity to
used in drug testing and pharmacology links JAN DHAN YOJANA, Aadhar to
(development of new pharmaceutical Mobile banking together for DBT of
materials, organ transplant etc) subsidies.
5. 3D printing can be used in food and UAN
nutrition by developing desired nutritive It is the unique account number given to
food using simple 3D-models. employees under the new pension
Biometric : scheme for their PF operations.
It is a pattern of identification of any The nodal agency involved is EPFO
individual based on its biological under MOF.
identifying factors like physical and Using UAN, employees can operate
behaviouristic patterns. Physiological their PF account independent of the
patterns or genetical patterns. interference created by the employer.
It may include the following – finger
print or thump imprint/cornea scan,
heart beat, DNA codes, Gait, voice,
walking patterns, typing pattern speed
etc.
UID : Unique identification
It is a flagship scheme started by GoI in
2010 for identification based on
biometrics to the citizens. It is headed
over by the PM and the nodal ministry is
Ministry of information and
Broadcasting for supervision and
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