Science & Technology Journal 29 24 May 2006

'kw
Yd m0ef ta&;ok;H yg;
jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;
wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'kdYta&;
pnf;urf;vkdufem ab;uif;uGm
&yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&; 0kdif;0ef;ulnD apmifhxdef;ay;
pnf;rsOf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf
]EkdifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vkH;\ wm0efjzpfonf}
jynfoo
Yl abmxm;
Ä jynfytm;udk;ykqdef½kd; tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/

'
Ä EkdifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufa&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
Ä EkdifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
Ä jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bkH&efoltjzpf owfrSwf acsrIef;Mu/
Ekid if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;
Ä trsKd;om; jyefvnf pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;
Ä ckdifrmonfh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;
Ä jzpfay:vmonfh zGUJ pnf;ykH tajccHOya'opfEiS t
hf nD acwfrD zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom Ekid if aH wmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;
pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä pkdufysKd;a&;udk tajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udkvnf; bufpkHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;
Ä aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;
Ä jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;
Ä Ekid if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&; wpf&yfv;Hk udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Ekid if aH wmfEiS hf wkid ;f &if;om;jynfow
l Ydk \ vuf0,fwiG &f adS &;
vlraI &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä wpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwå jrifhrm;a&;
Ä trsK;d *kP?f Zmwd*P
k jf rifrh m;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; trsK;d om;a&;vu©Pmrsm; raysmufysuaf tmif xde;f odr;f
apmifha&Smufa&;
Ä rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;
Ä wpfrsKd;om;vkH; usef;rmBuHhckdifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;
trSwf 29? 2006 ckESpf? arv 24 &uf
rsuEf mS zH;k aqmif;yg;

2 >> tPkjrLAHk;ESifh tMurf;zufrnfhtEÅ&m,fudk [efYwm;a&;
10 >> EsLuvD;,m; pGefYypftnpftaMu;rsm; yg;eyfpGm toHk;ûyjcif;
14 >> EsLuvD;,m;"mwfaygif;zkd trsKd;tpm;opf
16 >> EsLuvD;,m;avmifpm jyefvnftoHk;jyKjcif; enf;vrf;opf
odyeHÜ nf;ynm taxGaxG

20
2 22
>> taphryg tom;xl t&nf&Trf;wJh toD;tESHawG&JU
vQKdU0Sufcsuf
>> cE¨mudk,fBuD; rysufpD;&avatmif
26 >> tydkif;vdkuf aqmuf,lEdkifaom aetdrfrsm;
28 >> NyD;jynfhpHkrIt&SdqHk; NydKifum;
30 >> ajcmufaoGUaeaomN*dK[f
38 >> ouf&Sdrsm;
50 >> Google u uRer
f orD;av; rsupf u
d ef;r,ft
h a&;u umuG,f
u,fr ay;EdkifcJhw,f
urÇmausmw
f x
D iG zf efw;D &Sirf sm;
38 44 >> *suf0Jvfcsf
pDrHcefYcGJrIudk jzefYjzL;ay;ol
odyÜHESifhenf;ynm*sme,f 46
trSwf 197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf;? &efuek /f
orkdif;xJu aeY&ufrsm;
zke;f -387305/ e-mail - heritage@ct.com.mm
t,f'w D mcsKyf
armifjrifhMuG,f
wm0efctH ,f'w
D m
armifarmifMuD; 54
wpfacwfwpfcguwDxiG rf rI sm;
t,f'DwmtzGJY
ukdoefYZif? OD;aX;Munf? vJh,Of0if;
xkwfa0ol- OD;jrifhMuG,f (,m,D-942)? 197 (c)? 33 vrf;? &efukef/
yHkESdyfol- OD;armifvGif (02413) aevif;ykHESdyfwkduf? 56
'*kHawmifpufrIZkef/ apmifa&- 500? wefzkd;- 300 usyf
46 56
odaumif;p&m tar;tajz
24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 1

tPkjrLAHk;ESifh
tMurf;zufrnfh tEÅ&m,fudk [efw
Y m;a&;
okawoevkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufaeaom t&yfbuf "mwfaygif;zdk trsm;tjym;wGif
xl;uJpGm tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rfrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ tqdkyg ,la&eD,rfrsm;udk
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u tPk jrLAH;k jyKvyk &f mwGif toH;k jyKEidk f onf/
'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;qHk;cgeD; 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 6 &ufaeYu *syefEkdifiH? [D½dk&SD;rm;NrdKUay:wGif

tPkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;azmufcGJí wpfNrdKUvHk;udk rD;avmifwkdufoGif;cJh\/ tqdkyg tPkjrLAHk;wGif
csdwfquf "mwfjyK NydKuGJapaom ,la&eD,rf (chain-reacting Uranium) tav;csdef
60 uDvdk*&rf yg&SdcJh\/ xdktPkjrLAHk;udk tar&duefwdkYu ]]csmwdwfuav;}} Little Boy [k
trnfay;xm;cJh\/ xdkAHk;ukd azmufcGJyHkrSm aoewfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKonfh azmufcGJenf;twkdif;
,la&eD,rf 235 "mwfowåKukd xdkAHk;\ peufwHtydkif;ESifh ypfazmufí azmufcGJvdkufjcif; jzpf\/
þwGif ,la&eD,rf 235 onf wDtifwD (Trinitrotoluene) ,rf;bDvl; 15 wefudk
azmufcGJvdkufonhf pGrf;tm;jzifh aygufuGJoGm;avawmhonf/ aemufxyf (3) &ufMumaomtcg?
em*gquDNrdKUay:ü tPkjrLAHk; aemufwpfvHk;udk xyfrHazmufcGJvkdufjyef\/ tqdkyg 'kwd,
tPkjrLAHk;wGif ,la&eD,rftpm; yvlwdkeD,rfudk toHk;jyKxm;yg\/ azmufcGJonfh
enf;ynmrSmvnf; yxrAHk;udk azmufcGJcJhonfhenf;ESifhrwl/ ydkí½IyfaxG;\/
aemufxyf ESpfaygif; 60 tawmtwGif; urÇmay:&Sd EkdifiHtcsKdUu tPkjrLAHk;wyfqifxm;aom
vufeufaygif; wpfodef; (100,000) ausmfudk xkwfvkyfcJhMu\/ xdkumvtwGif;
tPkjrLppfyGJBuD; jzpfyGm;awmhrnfhqJqJü vufrwifuav; vGJcJh&onfh jzpf&yftcsKdUvnf;
jzpfyGm;cJhav\/ odkY&mwGif tPkjrLAHk;aMumifh tvm;wlysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIrsKd;ESifh ,cktcsdeftxd
xyfrHí rBuHKawGY&ao;acs/ odkYaomf ,aeYtcsdeftcgü aMumufrufzG,faumif;vSonfh
tEÅ&m,fwpfrsKd; aemufxyf ay:aygufvmcJhjyefyg\/ EkdifiHwpfEdkifiH\tqifhodkY ra&mufao;
aom t,fvfcdkif;'g;(al Queda) vdk tMurf;zuf tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ vufxJodkY xl;uJpGm
tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rf (highly enriched uranium -twdkaumuf HEU ) rsm;
a&muf&Sd? &&SdoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaeMu&\/
tqdkyg HEU rsm;ESifh tPkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;udk jzpfuwwfqef; jyKvkyfEkdifMu\/
2 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

tPkjrLAHk;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrnfh
tEÅ&m,ftm;
[efw Y m;umuG,&f ef taumif;
qHk;enf;vrf;rSm jzpfEkdifonfh
ae&mwkid ;f ü HEU rsm;tm;
toH;k jyKru I kd vH;k 0&yfqikd ;f ypf
&efEiS hf pk yHak eaom HEU rsm;udk
z,f&mS ;ypfa&;yif jzpfawmh onf/
AH;k wpfv;kH twGuf yHpk jH ym
xkdYaemuf ]csmwdwfuav;} [k
trnfay;cJhaom tPkjrLAHk;udk
azmufcGJonfhenf;ESifh azmufcGJ
tu,fí tMurf;zufolrsm;onf xl;uJpGm tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rf (HEU) 60
NyD; NrdKUwpfNrdKUNrdKUtm; tEÅ&m,f
uDvkd*&rfudkom &&SdoGm;rnf qdkygu 'kwd,urÇmppf twGif;u *syefEkdifiHrS [D½dk&SD;rm;
jyKrnfukd pdk;&drfaejcif;jzpf\/
NrdKUtm; uGif;jyifBuD;ozG,f jzpfoGm;apcJhaom ]]csmwdwfuav;}} (Little Boy) [k trnfay;
HEU qdkonfrSm EsLuvd,
xm;onfh tPkjrLAHk; (yHkudk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onf/) rsKd;udk jyKvkyfEkdifzG,f&Sdaeayonf/
uGJyGm;rI (fission) udk tquf
rjywfjzpfay:apEkdifaom tkdif
qdkwkyf (,la&eD,rf 235) tm;
tav;csd e f t & 20 &mcd k i f
EIef;txd ydkí pkpnf;rd (con-
centrate) atmif jyKjyifxm;
onfh ,la&eD,rfudk qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfonf/
tPk j rLAH k ; ud k aoewf
wGif toH;k jyKaom azmufceJG nf;
ESifh wnfaqmufygu tif*sif
eD,mydkif;qkdif&m vkyfief;pOfrSm
tvG e f y if vG , f u l o G m ;ap
onf/ xkdYaMumifh csmwdwf odkY tPkjrLAHk;onfvnf; w uRrf;usifolrsm;u vufcH,Hk xd k Y a emuf jzpf u wwf q ef ;
uav; tPkjrLAHk;udk yHkpHxkwf xpfcs aygufuGJvdrfhrnfom Munfxm;Muonf/ tcsKdUurl jyKvkyzf efw;D xm;aom tPkjrL
cJah om ½lyaA'ynm&Sirf sm;onf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh &efyHkaiG xdx
k ufyrkd í
kd pd;k &drpf w AH;k udk vHNk cHKa&;tapmift
d f uJcMhJ u h a&Smuf
aygufuGJjcif; &Sd r&Sd BudKwifí awmifhwif;aom tMurf;zuf \/ taocHtMurf;zuform; rsm;u wHkYjyefvIyf&Sm;rI rjyKEkdif
prf;oyfrIrsm; rjyKvkyfcJhacs/ tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onf xdkuJhodkY wpfpok nfHEU rsm; odak vSmif cif azmufcyJG pfEidk o f nf[k awG;
aoewfwGif rvGJraoG usnf aom tPkjrLAHk;rsKd;udk wnf xm;onfh wpfae&m&mudk 0if awmí ylyifaeMuavonf/
qefonf aygufurJG nfjzpfouJh aqmufEkdifpGrf;&SdMuvdrhfrnf[k a&muf pD ; eif ; Ek d i f M uonf / EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ tqifhü
r&Sdao;aom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
t&yfbufo;kH ,la&eD,rf 235 vHNk cKH a&; onf HEU rsm; jzpfvmatmif
xkwv f yk Ef idk pf rG ;f &SMd urnf r[kwf
À tMurf;zufolrsm;onf xl;uJpGm tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rf (HEU) uDvdk*&rf 100 yg/
eD;yg;udk &&SdoGm;Murnfqdkygu vuf&mMurf;aomfvnf; tvGefxda&mufrI&Sdaom tPkjrLAHk; odkY&mwGif xkdtzGJYtpnf;
wpfv;kH udk tvGev f , G u
f pl mG wnfaqmufNyD; azmufcEJG idk pf rG ;f &Srd nfjzpfonf/ tPkjrLvufeufrsm; rsm;onf cdk;,lvmolrsm;xHrS
udk vQKUd 0Supf mG wnfaqmufvMkd uaomEkid if rH sm;uvnf; HEU udk txl;wvnf vdck siMf uayvdrhf
rnf/ HEU udk toHk;jyKygu xkdAkH;ukd BudKwifprf;oyf&ef rvdktyfaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ 0,f,jcl if;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;?
À uHq;kd pGmESiyhf if HEU tajrmuftjrm;onf urÇmt&yf&yf&dS EsLuvd,okawoe vkyif ef;Xmersm; arSmifckdaps;uGufrS 0,f,lí
H iG f vHNk cHKrIenf;onf/ apmifMh uyfrI tenf;i,f aomfvnf;aumif; &&SdEkdifMu
wGif ysUH ESYHpmG wnf&adS eonf/ txl;ojzifh ½k&mS ;Ekid if w
rQESifh &SdaeMuonf/ rnfomjzpfonf/
À tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm;u vHkNcHKa&;pDrHcsufrsm;udk wdk;jr§ifh&ef "mwfaygif;zdk þurÇmBuD;ay:wGifvnf;
rsm;tm; tenf;i,f tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rfukd avmifpmtjzpf ajymif;vJoHk;pGJap&ef
ppfat;wkdufyGJumvu
(xdk,la&eD,rfudk vufeufwGif toHk;jyK&ef r&Ekdifacs/) ESifh urÇm t&yf&yf&Sd "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;rS
HEU rsm;ukd jyefvnf&,l&ef tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif tEÅ&m,f txl;ojzifh tar&duefESifh
BuD;rm;vSonfh [muGufrsm; &Sdaeao;onf/ qdAk , D uf,el , D w H Ykdu xkwv f yk f
À tpdk;&\ tqifhjrifhydkif;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tav;xm; aqmif&GufrIESifh aiGtiftm; tenf;i,f cJhMuaom ,la&eD,rf wefcsdef
pdkufxkwfí ajz&Sif;rnfqkdygu xkdjyóemudk ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfom jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif;rSm 1800 wefcefY

txd &SdaecJhNyDjzpfonf/ ,aeY buf tPkjrL "mwfaygif;zdk zdkrsm;yif jzpfMu\/ ¤if;wdkY urÇmt&yf&yf&dS t&yfbuf
tcsdeftcgwGif HEU rsm;udk aygif; 140 cefY&Sdae\/ xdk onf urÇmhpkpkaygif; ta& tPkjrL "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;ü
ppfbufESifh t&yfbuf "mwf "mwfaygif;zdrk sm;tm; odyyHÜ nm twGuf\ oHk;yHk wpfyHkcefY&Sdae HEU rsm; ,ckuJhodkY rsm;jym;
aygif;zdkrsm;ü awGY&SdEdkifMuay &yfqkdif&m odkYr[kwf pufrI onf o mru t&yf b uf u ae&jcif;rSm 1950 q,fpkESpf
onf/ odYk&mwGif þaqmif;yg; vufrq I idk &f mokawoevkyif ef; oHk;pGJaeaom HEU xuf0uf ESihf 1960 q,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f
ü t&yfbufrS HEU rsm;udk rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f ef odYkr[kwf
ausmfudk toHk;jyKaeMujcif; u ]]Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tPk
avmifpmtjzpf toHk;jyKaeMu aq;ukorIwGif toHk;jyK&ef aMumifhyif jzpfay\/ jrL}} (Atoms for Peace)
onfh okawoe tPkjrL "mwf twG u f "mwf a &mif j cnf < u vHkNcHKa&; wdk;wufaumif; qdkaom aqmifyk'fESifh tar&d
aygif;zdrk sm;udo
k m tm½Hpk ;l pdu
k í
f tkdifqdkwkyf (Radio active rGefvmatmif jyKvkyfa&;rSm uefESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,HwdkY
azmf j yoG m ;rnf jzpf o nf / Isotopes) rsm;udk xkwv f yk &f ef
tvGefta&;BuD;\/ odkY&mwGif tNydKiftqkdif BudK;pm;rIrS ay:
uREfyk w
f Ydk u t&yfbufrS toH;k toH k ; jyKaeMujcif ; jzpf \ / a&&Snt f aeESirhf l tPkjrLAH;k ESihf xG u f v maom &v'f y if j zpf
jyKaeMuaom HEU rsm;tay: ¤if;wdkYxHwGif HEU wefaygif; Ncdrf;ajcmufrnfh tEÅ&m,ftm; onf/ ppfat;wku d yf w
JG iG yf g0if
waMumifhMu &SdaeMu&jcif;rSm 50 ausmf&SdaeMu\/ [efYwm;umuG,&f ef taumif; cJhMuaom r[mtiftm;BuD;
t&yfbuf"mwfaygif;zdrk sm;wGif ¤if;wkdY teuf "mwfaygif;zdk qHk;enf;vrf;rSm jzpfEkdifonfh EkdifiH ESpfEkdifiHonf ¤if;wkdYEkdifiH
ppfbufrS pwkrd sm;xuf vHNk cHKrI ae&mwkdif;ü HEU rsm;tm; rsm;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom
tcsKdUonf vlaersm;jym;
avsm&h pJ mG apmifMh uyfaeMuaom toHk;jyKrIudk vHk;0&yfqdkif;ypf okawoe"mwfaygif;zdkrsm;udk
aMumifhyif jzpfyg\/ «tPkjrL xlxyfaom &yfuu G rf sm;xw
J iG f &efEiS hf pkyakH eaom HEU rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhMu\/ wpfcsdef
pGrf;tifjzifh vQyfppf"mwftm; &SdaeMu\/ tenf;i,frQaom z,f&Sm;ypfa&;yif jzpfawmh wnf;rSmyif Ekid if aH &;t& tom
xkwfvkyfay;onfh puf½Hkrsm;ü tapmifh tMuyfrsm; vHkNcHKa&; onf/ xdkYaemuf jyefvnf&&Sd pD;&apa&;ESifh ¤if;wkdY\ tPk
avmifpmtjzpf toHk;jyKonfh tpDtrHrsm;ESifh apmifhMuyf vmaom HEU rsm;tm; pGrf; jrLqdkif&m enf;ynmrsm;onf
,la&eD,rfrSm tav;csdeftm; aeMu\/ txl;ojzifh tifavsmeh nf;oGm;atmif ,la& jynfyEkdifiHrsm;ü &Sdaeapa&;wkdY
jzifh 3 &mcdkifEIef;rS 5 &mcdkifEIef; eD,rf 238 ESifh a&mpyfypf&ef twGuf Ekid if aH ygif; 50 cefYtm;
txdtenf;i,frQom tiftm;
aomujzpfp&m yifjzpfonf/ ,la&eD,rf 238 tqdkyg udpEö Sifh oufqkdifaom
jr§ifhxm;aom ,la&eD,rf 235 taumif;qHk;rSm ½k&Sm;rSm onf awGY&avh&Sdaom ,la&eD ypönf;ypö,rsm;udk axmufyHhcJh
rsm;om jzpfMu\/» HEU rsm;udk avmifpmtjzpf ,rf tdkifqdkwkyfjzpfNyD; EsLuvd Mu\/
urÇmt&yf&yfwGif t&yf toH;k jyKaeMuaom "mwfaygif; , uGjJ ym;rIukd xde;f xm;Ekid pf rG ;f
aemufydkif;wGif oufwrf;
r&Sdacs/ xkd,la&eD,rfudk uRrf;
usifolrsm;u tenf;i,ftm;
ydk&Snfaom
jznf h x m;aom ,l a &eD , rf tPkjrLavmifpmrsm;udk
(Lowenriched uranium awmif;cHvmrIrsm;tm;
twkad umuf LEU) [kac:a0: vdkufavsmonfhtaeESifh
Mu\/¤if;wGif ,la&eD,rf235 wif; usyfxm;aom
jzpfvmapaom 20 &mcdkifEIef;
xuf rsm;pGmavsmhenf;í yg0if
ydkYukefpnf;rsOf; rsm;tm;
ojzifh tPkjrLvufeuf jyKvkyf avQmhayghay;cJhMu\/
í r&Ekdifacs/ &v'ftaeESihf ppfat;wku
d yf \
JG
udkifwG,f& vG,fulonfh 'pfjym;rsm;

'pfjym;wdik ;f wGif vufeuftjzpf xkwv f yk Ef ikd o
f nfh ,la&eD,rf
tenf;i,f yg0ifonf/ tqdyk g 'pftajrmuftjrm;udk tPkjrLAH;k
xkwv f yk &f mwGif oH;k onf/ 'pfjym;rsm;onf tdwu f yfxJ
xnf, h El ikd af vmufatmif ao;i,faomaMumifh vHjk cKH rt I wGuf
txl;owdxm;ae&ygonf/

NydKifbufrsm;u tPkjrLvuf rsm; tm; LEU avmifpmESifh
eufrsm; jyKvkyf&ef xkwfvkyf ajymif;vJ vnfywfEkdifa&;udk
aeaom HEU rsm;onf okaw pwif aqmif&GufcJh\/ tqdkyg
oe"mwfaygif;zdt k rsm;tjym;ü tpDtpOfukd Reduced En-
avmifpmtjzpf toHk;jyK&ef richment for Research and
a&muf&SdoGm;Muav\/ tqdk Test Reactors (RERTR)
yg HEU avmifpmypönf;rsm; Program [kac:\/ 2005 ck
wGif ,la&eD,rf 235? 90 ESpf tukefodkY a&mufaomtcg
&mcdkifEIef;txd yg0ifaeMu\/ "mwfaygif;zdk 41 ckudk jyef
2005 ckESpf ESpfukefwGif jynfy vnf jyKjyifNyD; jzpfaeavNyD/
odkY wifydkYxm;cJhaom tPkjrL xkduJhodkY ajymif;vJjyKjyifxm;
AHk; jyKvkyfEkdifonfh tqifh&Sd aom "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;onf
onfh HEU rufx&pfwef 10 tPkjrLAH;k jyKvkyEf idk o
f nft
h qifh
wefonf tPkjrLvufeuf &Sdaom HEU topfusyfcRwf
rsm;udk ydkifqkdifjcif; r&Sdao; uDvkd*&rf 250 ukd tar&duef
onfhEkdifiHrsm;\ vufxJü &Sd jynfaxmifpkrS ESpfpOf&&SdaecJh
aeqJyifjzpf\/ wpfenf;ajym Mu\/
&aomf xdk HEU 10 wefonf HEU avmif p mrsm;ud k
aoewfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKaom toHk;jyKaecJhMuonfh aemuf
azmufcGJenf;jzifh wnfaqmuf xyf "mwfaygif;zdk 42 ckudk
xm;onfh tPkjrLAHk; tvHk; vnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJay;&ef
150 rS 200 txd jyKvkyf&ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyaf eNyDjzpfyg
vHkavmufaom yrmPyif jzpf \/
aeay\/
tPkjrLvufeuf
"mwfaygi;f zdrk sm;tm; jyKvyk Ef idk rf nfh avmifpmrsm;udk
jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; jyefvnf odr;f qnf;a&;
tar&duef tpkd;&onf 1990 q,f p k E S p f w G i f
1970 q,fpEk pS o f Ykd a&mufaom tar&dueftpdk;&onf ½k&Sm;
tcgusrS vGecf ahJ om q,fpEk pS f EkdifiHESifh yl;aygif;í HEU rsm;
ESpfcktwGif;u jynfyodkY tm;od r;f qnf;a&;ESihf zsufq;D
ypfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif pwif NyD;awmh jynfwGif;ü aexkdifol buf "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;ü ydkvQH
okawoe"mwfaygif;zdkrsm;\ í yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJh\/ rsm;onfyifvQif HEU rnfrQ aeaom HEU 17 wefukd &,l
avmifpmtjzpf ay;ydkYcJhaom þvkyfief;udk ½k&Sm;EdkifiHESifh cdk;,lcH&onfudk odEkdifMurnf í tqifhedrfh ,la&eD,rftjzpf
ypönf;rsm;ukd tPkjrL ,cif qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü yg0if r[kwfacs/ ajymif ; vJ a y;&ef jzpf o nf /
vufeufrsm;tjzpf cJhaom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ü HEU ½k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif t&yfbuf2005 ckESpf ESpfukefwGif ckepf
rsm;udk cd;k ,lrrI sm; jzpfay:vmcJh "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;ü HEU rsm; wefcefYudk ajymif;vJay;cJhNyD;
ajymif;vJoGm;rnfh ta&;tm; rIrsm;u aphaqmf wdkufwGef;cJh tm; tuefYtowfEiS hf toH;k jyK jzpfonf/
umuG,o f nft h pDtpOfrsm;udk jcif;jzpf\/ tqdkyg ypönf;rsm; apa&;twGuf tar&dueftpd;k & aemufxyfBudK;yrf;csuf
pwif í aqmif & G u f c J h a v\/ tm; cdk;,lvk,ufrIrsm;udk xdk onf 1999 ckESpfwGif Mate- wpf&yfrSm "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;u
1978 ckEpS w f iG f pGr;f tif0efBuD; ypönf;rsm;tm; jyefvnf&&Sd rial Consolidation and oHk;pGJNyD;jzpfaom HEU rsm;
Xme (Department of En- onft h cgwGirf S wm0ef&o dS rl sm; Conversion Program ud k tay:wGif tm½Hkpdkufí aqmif
ergy) u tar&duefEkdifiHu u owif ; xk w f j yef c J h M u\/ G cf jhJ yef\/ tqdk &Gufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ "mwf
pwif aqmif&u
yHpk x
H w h nfh "mwfaygif;zdk ½k&mS ;Ekid if H jyifyü aexkid o
k af y;cJo f rl sm; yg tpDtpOft& ½k&Sm; t&yf aygif;zdkxJwGif avmifpmtjzpf

urÇmt&yf&yf&dS t&yfbuf EsLuvd,okawoe "mwfaygi;f zdk 140 ü
txl; tm;jznfhxm;aom ,la&eD,rf (HEU) rufx&pfwef 50
(uDvkd*&rf 50ç000) udk odrf; qnf;xm;&Sdvsuf&SdaeMuonf/
vHkNcHKa&;tm;enf;aom ae&mrsm;rS ,la&eD,rfrsm;tm; tckd;cH&rnfh
tEÅ&m,fonf Ekid if H wumESiq
hf idk af om ta&;tcif; yif jzpfawmhonf/
toHk;jyKcJh&aom ,la&eD,rf centration ESifhtwlwlyif jzpf

235 \ xuf0ufonf toHk; onf/
jyKNyD;csdefwGif ukefcef;oGm;av "mwfaygif;zdkxJü oHk;pGJcJh
onf/ NyD;aemuf jyefvnfxw k ,f x
l m;
"mwfaygif;zdkü toHk;jyK aom ,la&eD,rfonf oH;k av;
NyD;jzpfaom tqkyd gavmifpmudk ESpMf umonfwh idk af tmif olc;kd wdYk
jyefxkwf,lcsdefü usefaeaom \ ab;&ef r S ol Y tvk d v k d
,la&eD,rfxJwGif ,la&eD,rf umuG,fxm;NyD; jzpfaeav
235 onf 80 &mcdkifEIef;cefY onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm xkdypönf;
txd usef&SdaeqJyifjzpfonf/ \ "mwfa&mifjcnf<urIonf aoqHk;oGm;Murnfjzpfonf/ tumt&HaemufbufrS ta0;
xdkyrmPonf [D½dk&SD;rm;NrdKU jyif;xefaeqJjzpfaomaMumifh "mwfaygif;zdük tvkyv f yk af eMu xdef;ypönf;rsm;ESifhom ukdif
ay:ü azmufcGJcJhonfh AHk;wGif ¤if;tm; ukdifwG,f&ef BudK;yrf; aom tPkjrLvkyfom;rsm;url wG,af vh&MdS u\/ odYkwidk af tmif
yg0ifaom ,la&eD,rf\ Con- olrsm;onf em&Dydkif;twGif; xk d y pö n f ; rsm;ud k xl x J a om tPkjrL"mwf<urIonf tcsdef

MumonfESifhtrQ avsmhenf; vnf &&Sad o;onf/ aemufxyf
oG m ;avonf / 25 ES p f c ef Y 10 wef jynfyü usef&Sdaeao;
MumjrifhaomtcgwGif "mwf onf/ ½k&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;uvnf;
a&mifjcnf<uonfh tiftm; roH;k &ao;aom HEU wpfwef
onf ododomom avsmhenf; \10 yHw k pfyu kH o
kd m jyef&&Sad o;
oGm;avawmhonf/ Ekid if w H um onf/ roHk;&ao;aom HEU
tPk j rL pG r f ; tif at*sif p D ESifh oHk;pGJNyD; wef 20 cefY jynfy
(IAEA) rS uRrf;usifolrsm;\ EkdifiHrsm;ü usef&Sdaeao;onf/
tqdt k & xdt k csdewf iG f olYtvdk
tar&duefu
vdk umuG,af omypön;f [k rqdk
Ekid af wmhaMumif; od&avonf/ jyefvnfvufcH&&Sdaom
ydkíyif ta&;BuD;vmavNyD/ oH;k pGNJ yD; avmifpmypön;f rsm;udk
urÇmwpf0ef;vHk;&Sd tPk
jrL"mwfaygif;zdkrsm;ü toHk;jyK
awmifu,f½dkvkdif;em;
,cif qdkAD,uf,leD,H twGif;&Sd EsLuvd,okawoe
"mwfaygi;f zdt k rsm;tjym;wGif xl;uJpmG tm;jznfx h m;aom NyD;jzpfaom ,la&eD,rfrsm; jynfe,fESifh tkdif'g[dk
,la&eD,rf (HEU) rsm;tm; ck;d ,lc&H jcif;rS umuG,Ef idk rf nfh &SdaeMu\/ xdk,la&eD,rfrsm; jynfe,frsm;&Sd
vHNk cKH rt I pDtrHrsm; vHak vmuf pGm r&SMd uacs/ tar&duefEiS hf onf tcsed Mf umjrifv h monfEiS hf
trQ ud, k uhf ,dk u pGrf;tif0efBuD; Xme
f dk umuG,Ef idk f
½k&mS ;0efxrf;rsm;u tvGef ta&; Bu;D onfh vHNk cKH rI tpDtrHrsm;udk
wd;k jri§ ahf qmif&uG f Ekid &f ef yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G vf suf&Sad eMuonf/ pGrf;r&Sd jzpfvmaeMu\/ xdk taqmufttHkrsm;wGif
NcpH nf;½d;k rsm;? *dww f cH g;rsm;ESihf Nc0H if;ywf ywfvnf&dS ta&;ygaom ,la&eD,rfrsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS odkavSmifxm;&Sdonf/
ae&mtcsK\ Ud vHNk cKH a&;tpD trHrsm;rSm rvHak vmufonft h jyif ysupf ;D
,dk ,Gi;f aerIukd yif awG&Y adS e&onf/ umuG,f&ef 1996 ckESpfwGif ½k&Sm; EkdifiHurl
tar&duef tpdk;&u ¤if;xHrS toHk;jyKNyD;aom avmifpmrsm;
xJ r S HEU ud k qG J xkwfNyD;
HEU avmifpmrsm;udk &&Sd EsLuvD;,m;"mwftm;ay;puf½kH
xm;cJhMuaom EkdifiHrsm; rsm;twGuf tqifhedrfh ,la&
eD,rftjzpf ajymif;vJay;vsuf
taeESifh oHk;pGJNyD; avmifpm &Sdonf/
ESpfrsKd;udk jyefydkYay; Mu&ef 2001 ckESpf pufwifbm
11 &uf jzpf&yfaemufydkif;wGif
arwåm&yfcHcJhonf/
tpd;k & r[kwaf om tzGYJ tpnf;
aemufxyf 6 ESpMf umaomtcg rsm;ESifh uGefu&ufvTwfawmf
tar&duef? ½k&Sm;ESifh tkdifat trwfrsm;u urÇmt&yf&yfü
tD;atwkdY yl;aygif;í toHk;jyK &Sdaeaom odkavSmifxm;onfh
NyD;jzpfaom ,la&eD,rfavmif t&yfbuf HEU rsm;\ vHkNcHK
pmrsm;udk ½k&Sm;odkY jyefydkYay;Mu pdwfcs&rIudk aqmif&Gufay;zdkY
&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhMuonf/ odkY pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xmeudk zdtm;
wkdifatmif ,cktcsdeftxd xdk ay;cJhMuonf/ xdkawmif;qdk
BudK;yrf;rIrsm;\ &v'frmS awmf csufudk wkHYjyefonfhtaeESifh
tqdyk g taqmufttkH rsm;\ vHNk cKH rt I qifu h kd wd;k jri§ hf ½H k o ih f ½Hk r Qom &S d a o;onf / pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xmeu Global
vkud of nfEiS thf rQ taqmuf ttHw k pfc\k ywfywfvnfü tar&duef jynfyodkY ay;ydkYcJh Threat Reduction Initiative
,ckvkd &Si;f vif;aeonfh Zkef e,fajr (clear zone) udk pOfu HEU wpfwefESifh nDrQ Program udk pwifaqmif&uG cf hJ
pDpOf xm;&Srd u
I taqmufttHx k J odYk usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvo dk l aom ,la&eD,rf\ oHk;pGJNyD; onf/ xkdtpDtpOft& ½k&Sm;
rsm;twGuf ydík cufcaJ om t[eft Y wm;yif jzpfawmh onf/ om; ,la&eD,rfrsm;udo k m jyef EkdifiHrS jynfyodkY ay;ydkYxm;cJh

aom toH k ; rjyK&ao;onf h tu,fí tar&duefjynf avmifpmtjzpf oHk;pGJaerIonf ta&; ay;xm;onfESifh wlae
HEU rsm;ESifh toHk;jyKNyD;jzpf axmifpkESifh r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm; ig;ESpfrS &SpfESpftwGif; aysmuf rnfjzpfygaMumif; wifjyvkduf
aom HEU wdkYudk 2006 ckESpf u tPkjrLAHk;ESifh tMurf;zuf uG,foGm;zG,f&m &Sdonf/ þ &ayawmhonf/
ESihf 2010 ckEpS rf sm;wGifjyefvnf rnfhtEÅ&m,ftm; wm;qD;um ud p ö u d k tNyD ; owf a tmif pmnTe;f THWARTING
&,la&;ESihf tar&duefu wifyYkd uG,f&ef av;av;eufeufESifh aqmif & G u f & ef quf v uf í NUCLEAR TERRORISM
xm;cJo h nfh toH;k jyKNyD;jzpfaom pdefac:vkdpdwf&Sdonfqkdygu av;uefzifhETJaernfqkdygu by Alexander Glaser and
HEU rsm;udk 2019 ckESpfwGif urÇ m t&yf & yf & S d t&yf b uf tPkjrLAkH;ESifh tMurf;zufvkd Frank N.VON HIPPEL
jyefvnf&,l&ef tpDtpOfcsrw S f "mwfaygif;zdkrsm;ü HEU tm; olrsm;tm; qufvufí tcGifh
xm;onf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k dS t&yf
buf okawoe "mwfaygif;zdk EsLuvD;,m; "mwfaygif;zdk xdcdkufrIrsm;
tm;vHk;udk 2014 ckESpfwGif
LEU avmifpmudk toH;k jyKaom yxrqHk; EsLuvD;,m; pGrf;tifoHk;
"mwfaygif;zdkrsm;tjzpf tNyD; "mwfaygif;zdk odkYr[kwf puf½HkxdcdkufrIudk
ajymif;vJay;rnf jzpfonf/ ½k&Sm;EdkifiH puf½Hk 'Mayak' rS pcJhonf/ ¤if;onf
1957 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &ufwGif
tajzay:xu G v
f ma&;odYk jzpfonf/ tat;ay;pepf csKdU,Gif;onfrS
HEU avmifpmrsm;tm; EsLuvD;,m; ,dkzdwfrI jzpfcJhygonf/
toHk;jyKonfh "mwfaygif;zdkrsm; ¤if;aMumifh vl 200 cefY aoqHk;cJh&NyD; vlaygif;
udk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörSm 470ç000 onf a&'D,dk"mwf ysHUvGifhrIudk
25 ESpfausmf MumjrifhcJhNyDjzpf cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ rnfonfh a&m*ga0'em[lí trnfwyf&efyif rjzpfEdkifonfh
onf/ HEU tm; avmifpm 'ku©qdk;usKd;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ tom;ta&rsm; ysufpD;um cE¨mudk,f
tjzpf qufvuftoHk;jyKae tpdwftydkif;rsm; qHk;½HI;Mu&onf/
jcif;onf enf;ynm&yfqkdif&m 1957 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &ufwGif 'kwd, jzpf&yf ay:aygufcJhonf/ ¤if;onf
udpö&yfrsm;ESifh rywfoufacs/ jAdwdefEdkifiH urfb&D,mt&yf&dS ]0if;pau;} "mwfaygif;zdkwGifjzpfí rD;avmifuRrf;jcif;
þudpö ratmifjrif&jcif;rSm jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfvnf; qdk;0g;aom jzpf&yfwpfck jzpfcJhonf/
wwd, jzpf&yfrSm 'Three Mile Island' jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf yifq,fvfaA;eD;,m;jynfe,f
tpdk;&Xmersm;\ axmufcHrI qyfuDG;[efemjrpf&dS uRef;wpfuRef;wGifjzpfí tcsdeftm;jzifh 1979 ckESpf rwfv 28 &ufwGif
rsm;udk vHkavmufpGm r&&SdrI jzpfonf/
½k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh &SmEdkbdkif;jzpf&yfudk pmzwfol trsm;odxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/
¤if;onf 1986 ckESpf {NyDv 26 &ufwGifjzpfí vlodrsm;avmufatmifvnf; qdk;&Gm;cJhonf/
"mwfaygif; zdkrsm;wGif vuf&Sd ¤if;rS a&'D,dk"mwfowåd<urI jzpfaeonfh
aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;uvnf; "mwfaiGUrsm;onf wdrfwdkufBuD;ozG,f
¤if;wkdY\ "mwfaygif;zdk ½k&Sm;EdkifiHrSonf Oa&my? NAdwdefuRef;pkrsm;ESifh
ajrmuftar&duwdkuf wdkifatmif ysHUvGifhcJhonf/
twGuf vkdifpiftopf a'otoD;oD;rS vlaygif; 6.6 oef;ausmfonf
jyKvkyf&rnfhudpö? odkYwnf; tqdkyg a&'D,dk"mwfowåK<urIudk
cHpm;cJhMu&ygonf/ tqdkyg jzpf&yftpwGif
r[kw"f mwfaygi;f zdtk m; aoqHk;ol tenf;i,fom &dScJhaomfvnf; 2004
tydwfcH&rnf ponfwdkYudk ckESpfwdkif taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh qufpyf
aMumufvefYaeMuaomaMumifh aoqHk;&ol 2 odef;cefY &dSrnf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/
c&D;rwGifEkdifjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdif
ayonf/

EsLuvD;,m;
EsLx&Gef tjrefudkoHk;whJ
"mwfaygi;f zkad wGu wpfausmh jyefo;kH whJ
EsLuvD;,m; avmif pmawGrS
pGr;f tifawG trsm;Bu;D ydík
xkwEf w k ,f al y;Ekid w f ,f/
vufeufjyefYyGm;rItEÅ&m,fudk
avQmhcsay;w,f/ EsLuvD;,m; trsm;jynfolawGrSm EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tif&JU ab;uif;
vHjk cHKrItay: ylyefraI wG tjrpfw,G af eayr,fh ¤if;[m ywf0ef;usif
pGefYypf tnpftaMu;rsm; eJY tqifajyrIt&Sq d ;kH qdw
k m oabmaygufwv Jh al wG rsm;vmMuNyD/
b&mZD;? w½kwf? tD*spf? zifvef? tdE´d,? *syef? ygupöwefeJY
oD; jcm;cGx J m;Ekid &f ef tcsed u
f kd AD,uferfEidk if aH wGrmS EsLuvD;,m;puf½akH wG aqmufaeMuw,f/
odYkr[kwf pDrx H m;Muw,f/ vGecf w Jh Jh tESpo
f ;kH q,fu 'Dvdk aqmuf
vkyfrIrsKd; aemufqHk;jzpfchJwhJ tar&duefEkdifiHrSmawmh 'DurÇmvHk;
odod omomBu;D avQmch say;Ekid yf g w,f/ qkdif&m tvm;tvm[m jzefYMuufa&muf&SdrvmchJbl;/

pGeyYf pf tnpftaMu;rsm;
yg;eyfpmG toH;k jyKjcif;
xkwf,lEkdifr,fh wpfurÇmvHk;rSm &SdorQ ,la&eD,rfrsm; ukefqHk;

oGm;rI ponfwkdYtay: ylyefae&jcif;rsm; raumif;usKd;rsm; jzpfyg
w,f/
'D EsLuvD;,m;avmifpmpuf0ef;udk qef;opf azmufxGufrI
ESpcf ek YJ aygif;pyfxm;wmyg/ wpfcu k awmh tylcsdejf rifh enf;vrf;eJY
"mwfaygif;zkd pGefYypfypön;f awGukd avmifpmtjzpf wpfausmhjyef
oH;k aom pyrometallurgical vkyif ef;pOf jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck
u ¤if;avmifpmrsm; avmifuRrf;oHk;pGJEkdifr,fh tqifhjrifhEsLx&Gef
tjrefo;kH "mwfaygif;zkd jzpfygw,f/ 'DcsO;f uyfenf;eJY qk&d if pGeYf ypf
ypönf;rS a&'D,dkowåd<urIudk ab;uif;whJ tqifhokdY ESpf &maygif;
rsm;pGmtwGif; usoGm;apEkdifygw,f/ pGefYypftnpftaMu;awGudk
ESpfaygif; aomif;ESifhcsDí oD;jcm;cGJxm;&rI vkdtyfcsufudk azsmuf
ay;ygvdrfhr,f/
EsLx&Geaf wG[m EsLuvD;,m;uGjJ cif;udk xda&mufpmG jzpfapzkYd
aES;auG;pGm aomfvnf;aumif;? tvGev f sijf refpmG aomfvnf;aumif;
oGm;vm&ygr,f/ &SdNyD; EsLuvD;,m;puf½Hk trsm;pk[m EsLx&Gef
taES;eJY armif;ESifaom thermal reactors vdkY ac:MuwhJ trsKd;
oifhavsmfusepGm azmfxkwf,lr,fqkd&if EsLuvD;,m; tpm;awG jzpfygw,f/ Thermal reactors awGu tyleYJ vQypf pfukd
pGr;f tm;u tppftrSeu f kd a&&Snw f nfjrJw,f/ &moDOwk ajymif;vJ tawmfav; xda&mufpGm xkwfay;ayr,fh a&'D,kdowdå<u tnpf
rIukd rjzpfapbJ rukeEf idk rf cef;Ekid f oH;k Ekid pf &m&Syd gw,f/ txl;ojzifh taMu;awG tenf;qH;k jzpfatmif vkyfray;ygbl;/
topfvjdk zpfaewhJ EsLuvD;,m;enf;ynmu vuf&edS nf;vrf;rsm; "mwfaygif;zktd m;vH;k [m ,la&eD,rf okYd r[kwf ,la&eD,rfrS
&JU yifr raumif;usKd;rsm;udk ausmfoGm;EkdifwhJtcg jzpfygw,f/ qif;oufvmaom j'yfpifrsm;&JU av;vHaom tufwrf EsLuvD;
rawmfwqjzpfrI? EsLuvD;,m; avmifpmrsm;rS zsuftm;BuD; ,yfpfrsm; cGJjcrf;ypfjcif;eJY pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfygw,f/ obm0
vufeufrsm; jzpfoGm;EkdifrI? oufwrf;&SnfMumonfh a&'D,kd twkdif;qkd&if ,la&eD,rfrSm tkdifqkdwkyfESpfrsKd; a&maew,f/
owåd<u pGefYypfypönf; xdef;odrf;pDrHrI? pD;yGm;a&;wGufajcukduf vG,fulpGm uGJxGufEkdifwhJ ('gaMumifh 'fissile' vkdY ajymMuw,f/)
,la&eD,rf 235 eJY reaction ukd xde;f xm;Edi
kw
f ,f/ trsm;pk ukefqHk;oGm;w,f/ ief;pOfeJY avmifpmtjzpfokdY
trsm;BuD; ydkíwnfNidrfaom oH k ; ES p f a vmuf wm0ef x rf ; uRrf;usifynm&Sifu tm;ukef ajymif;,lygw,f/ (,la&eD,rf
,la&eD,rf 238 jzpfygw,f/ aqmifNyD;vkdY jzmxGufrIaMumifh cef;aeaom avmifpmudk z,f 235 yg0ifrIEIef;xm; tawmf
"mwfaygif;zkdxJu ,la& tqifhedrfhusapjcif;? ,la&eD xkwf,lwhJtcg ¤if;rSmyg0ifwhJ BuD; jr§ifhwif,ljcif; jzpfyg
eD,rf rD;awmufudk pwifpGJNidzkdY ,rf 235 ukefqHk;oGm;jcif;wkdY uGJxGufzkdY tvm;tvm&Sdaom w,f/) 'gaMumifh ,aeY EsL
a&m qufvufavmifNrdKufap aMumif h uRrf ; usif o l a wG u tufwrfrsm;&JU (,la&eD,rf uvD;,m;puf½HkawG[m owåK
zkYd &m EsLx&Geaf wGuyJ jzpfapyg "mwfaygif;zkx d uJ oH;k NyD;avmif 235, yvlwedk , D rfeYJ ,al &eD,rf ½kid ;f \ pkpak ygif; pGr;f tif yg0if
w,f / uG J x G u f v G , f a om pmawG z,f&Sm;vkdufwhJtcg 238) tyHkESpfq,fyHk wpfyHkom rIrS wpf&myHw k pfyxkH uf enf;yg;
fissile atoms &JU EsLuvD;,yfpf puf½Hku xkwfvkyfwhJpGrf;tm; oHk;&ao;w,f/ 'gaMumifhrkdY pGmyJ oH;k pGaJ eMuygw,f/
udk EsLx&GefwpfckeJY ½kdufcwfrd wpf0ufudk yvlwkdeD,rfuyJ oHk;NyD;avmifpmvkdY ac:MuwhJ 'gu vuf&Sd thermal
whJtcg (txl;ojzifh aES;auG; xrf;aqmifaeygawmhw,f/ ¤if;t&mawGrSm olY&JU rlvpGrf; reactors awGu toHk;jyKNyD;
pG m a&G U vsm;aewh J wpf c k ) Thermal reactor awGrmS tif 95 &mckid Ef eI ;f yg&Sad eqJyg/ avmifpmawGrSm EsLuvD;,m;
uGJxGufoGm;Ekdifajc&SdNyD; BuD; vsifjrefpGm arG;zGm;jzpfay:vm 'ghtjyif ,la&eD,rf owåK½idk ;f rS rD;zkrd sm;pGm awmufavmifx;dk qG
rm;whJ pGrf;tifeJY tjcm; EsLx whJ EsLx&GefawGudk teD;tem; xkwf,lorQ&JU q,fyHk wpfyHk ay;zkdY tvm;tvm &Sdaeao;
&Gefrsm;pGm xkwfay;ygw,f/ u tufwrftav;qedrfhwhJ avmufom jynhf0apjcif; vkyf aMumif; qkdvkdygw,f/ urÇmh
tJ'DxJu tcsKdU EsLx&Gef[m atom awGeJY ckdufrdapNyD; aES;
tem;u tjcm; fissile atoms apw,f/ "mwfaygif;zkd yifrtl
awGukd xyfr½H u dk cf wfrjd yefw,f/ wkdifxJ pD;qif;vnfywfaewhJ
EsLuvD;,m;avmifpm wpfausmh jyef oHk;jcif;?
olwYdk ud, k v
f nf; xyfru H x
JG u
G f a&xJu [kduf'½kd*sifvdkrsKd; jzpf jcHKiHkMunhf½IrI
apí tqufrjywf EsLuvD; ygw,f/ vkyif ef;oH;k vnfywf
,m; chain reaction udk jzpf aewhJ EsLuvD;,m; "mwfaygif; Ä urÇmvH;k qkid &f m ylaEG;vmrIukd tenf;qH;k jzpfap&ef vlom;rsK;d
apygw,f/ jzpfay:vmwhJ tyl zkd tck 440 xJrSm ESpfckuvGJ EG,f[m olwkdY&JU tem*wf pGrf;tif rsm;pGmudk umAGef'kdif
awGukd "mwfaygif;zkx d u J xkwf &if usefwmtm;vHk; thermal atmufqu dk f xkwv f yk rf I vH;k 0r&Sw
d Jh EsLuvD;,m;pGr;f tm;oH;k
,l í a&aEG ; aiG U ok d Y ajymif ; trsKd;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ enf;ynmawGoHk;zkdY vkdEkdifygw,f/
w,f/ wmbkdifudk vnfapNyD; tar&duef"mwfaygif;zkd Ä ,aeY (EsLx&GeftaES;) thermal-nuclear puf½HkawG quf
vQyf p pf *sif e a&wmawG u d k 103 ck tygt0if ¤if;wkYd trsm; aqmufaer,fq&dk if urÇmay:u ay:p&dwef nf;enf;eJY xkwf
armif;ygw,f/ pk[m a&udk EsLx&Geaf ES;apzkYda&m Ekid rf ,fh ,la&eD,rf owåKwGi;f awG[m q,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f
,l a &eD , rf 238 u fission u zefwD;whJ tylukd ukefoGm;EkdifzG,f &Sdw,f/ 'ghtjyif US wGif xGuf&SdaewhJ
vG , f v G , f e J Y a wmh ruG J b l ; / o,faqmif&myg oH;k Muygw,f/ ajrmufjrm;vSpmG aom a&'D,o kd wå<d urIjrifrh m;whJ pGeYfypfypön;f
fissile rjzpfbl;/ 'gayr,fh 'D thermal pepftrsm;pk[m awG u dk ES
p a
f ygif
; tenf ; qH ;
k wpfaomif; ab;uif;atmif okd
vsifjrefwhJ EsLx&GefeJY ½kdufcwf tif * sif e D , mawG u a&aygh avSmifxm;&r,f/ eDAm;'g;oJuEÅm&rS ,yfum;awmifwef;
rd w h J t cg uG J x G u f w wf v k d Y "mwf a ygif ; zk d light-water xde;f odr;f pcef; vufcEH idk w f mxuf trsm;BuD; ydv k mEkid w f ,f/
fissionable vdkY ac:Muw,f/ reactors vkdYac:MuwhJ trsKd; tqkd;qHk;u rlv,la&eD,rf owåK½kdif;rS xkwfEkwf,lEkdifr,fh
¤if;udk 'fertile' jzpfw,f/ ajr tpm;awG jzpfygw,f/ pGrf;tiftrsm;pk[m xkdpGefYypfypönf;rSm jrKyf0ifqHk;½HI;oGm;
qD MoZm <u,f0 rsK;d atmifw,f b,fEsLuvD;,m; pGrf;tm; r,f/
vdYk vnf; ajymMuw,f/ ,la&eD Ä ydrk x dk ad &mufrt I rsm;BuD;&Sw d Jh enf;opfukd toH;k jyKjcif;u urÇm
puf½HkrSmrqkd av;vHwhJ
,rf 238 tufwrfu EsLx&Gef ay:rS &&SNd yD; ,la&eD,rfowåKrsm;jzifyh if BuD;rm;vSwJh pGr;f tif
wpfckudk pkyf,lNyD; ruGJbJ&SdwhJ owåKtufwrfawG[m awG ydkíxkwf,lcGifhjyKygw,f/ EsLx&Geftjref fast-neutron
tcg yvl w k d e D , rf 238 avmif pmtjzpf avmifuRrf; reactors rsm;ESifh oHk;NyD; avmifpmudk pyrome tallurgical
tufwrfu EsLx&Gefwpfckudk ukefqHk;oGm;Muw,f/ vkyfief;pOfjzifh wpfausmhjyef recycle vkyfjcif;rsm;tay:
pkyf,lNyD; ruGJbJ&SdwhJtcg yvl puf½u kH ,la&eD,rf 235 yg0if tajcjyKxm;wheJ nf;vrf; jzpfygw,f/ þuhJokdYaom oHo&m
wkdeD,rf 239 okdY ajymif;oGm; rI<u,f0whJ avmifpmeJY pwif puf0ef;u oufwrf;&Snf 'kua© y;onfh EsLuvD;,m; pGefYypf
w,f/ ¤if;u ,la&eD,rf 238 &ifawmifo;kH ESpt f wGi;f tvG,f tnpftaMu;jzpfay:rI avQmhcsay;NyD; EsLuvD;,m; pGr;f tm;
udk vG,fulpGm uGJEkdifNyD; chain wul uGx J u
G Ef idk w
f Jh ,la&eD,rf xkwfvkyfrIudk tvGef&SnfMumpGm axmufyhHygvdrhfr,f/

,la&eD,rfaxmufyrHh u I tuefY w,f / 'D t &mu ¤if ; wk d Y & J U
towfjzifhom&SdNyD; BuD;xGm; ,l a &eD , rf 235 trsm;pk
vmaewhJ thermal reactors qHk;½HI;oGm;NyD; obm0 ,la&eD
ta&twGufu ukefusp&dwf ,rf (fissile ,la&eD,rf 235,
enf;pGm &Ekdifr,fh ,la&eD,rf 0.71 &mckdifEIef;omygaom)
vufuserf sm; q,fpEk pS t f enf; ESifhqifwlwhJ uGJrxGufbJ usef
i,ftwGif; ukefcef;oGm;ap &Sdaeonfh ,la&eD,rfxkxnf
EkdifwmaMumifh 'D oHk;NyD;avmif jzpfygw,f/
pmrsm; okdYr[kwf jynhf0rI vkyf
'Dtpdwftykdif;u
ief;pOfü usefchJonfrsm;udk
pGefYypfzkdY&m t"dyÜm,f r&Sdyg/ a&'D,kdowåd<urItm;aysmhNyD;
oH;k NyD;avmifpmrSm ½ky0f w¬K fission products awGeJY
ypönf; trsKd;tpm;oHk;ck yg0if usefwhJypönf;awGu
ygw,f/ toHk;jyKavmifpm&JU
ig;&mckid Ef eI ;f rQjzpfaom uGx
J u
G f
oD;jcm;cGJxkwf Ny;D wht
J cg
jcif;rS xkwfukef&v'f fission ayghayghyg;yg;
products awG[m tppftrSef tumtuG,feJYwif
pGefYypf&r,fht&m jzpfygw,f/ xdef;odrf;uGyfuJrIawG vkdtyf orm;rsm; vuf0,fodkYawmif
tem*wfrSmoHk;zkdY vHkjcHKpGm usa&mufoGm;EdkifwhJ tvm;
wpfenf; fission rD;awmufu vmygw,f/
jymawG jzpfygw,f/ odrf;xm;Ekdifygw,f/ tvmawG ylyefae&w,f/
wu,f jyóem&S d w h J acwfaemufusaewhJ AsL[m EsLuvD;,m; rjyefyY mG ;a&;
av;vHwhJ tufwrfawG tapmykdif; EsLuvD;,m;
tykdif;u ,la&eD,rfxuf ykd
uGJxGufwhJtcg jzpfvmaom pmcsKyfu 'Djyóemudk
av;aom j'yfpifrsm; jzpfwhJ tif*sifeD,mawGu thermal
ayghwhJj'yfpifrsm; ta&mtaESm transuranic component awG reactor &JU oHk;NyD;avmifpm 1968 rSm wpfpdwfwpfykdif;
jzpfygw,f/ ¤if;wkdY[m jzpfygw,f/ avmifpm&JU 'D twGif;rS yvlwkdeD,rfudk z,f ajz&Sif;ay; chJw,f/
tpdwt f ydik ;f [m t"dutm;jzifh xk w f , l N yD ; fast breeders EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tm;
yxrESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; yvlwkdeD,rfeJY odomrsm;jym; tjrefrsKd;yGm; "mwfaygif;zkdvkdY
enf;ynmrS tusKd;tjrwf
a&'D,dk owå<d urI jrifrh m;w,f/ pGm yg0ifaom americium ac:whJ fast neutrons reac-
q,fpEk pS f wpfcak vmuftNyD;rSm ta&mtpyfwkdY jzpfygw,f/ tors awGrSmoHk;zkdY arQmfrSef;xm; &,lvkdwhJEkdifiHawG[m
¤if;x<urIudk cesium 137 eJY Transuranic j'yf p if a wG u chJMuw,f/ ¤if;wkdY[m yvlwkd EsLuvD;,m;vufeufawG rjyK
strontium 90 tki dq
f w dk yk Ef pS rf sK;d oHk;NyD;avmifpm&JU wpf &mckdif eD,rfawGudk pm;oHk;ypfzkdYxuf vkyfygbl;vkdY uwdjyKí pmcsKyf
u vTrf;rkd;xm;w,f/ ESpfck EIef;om ygayr,fh olwkdY[m ydkrdkxkwf,lzkdYyJ 'DZkdif;jyKxm;yg rSmvufrw S x
f ;dk &r,f/ vufeuf
pvH;k a&rSmaysm0f ifEidk wf maMumifh ,aeY EsLuvD;,m;pGeYfypfypön;f w,f/ EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tm; ykdifqkdifwhJ EkdifiHawGuvnf;
tvGev f jkH cHKpGm odr;f qnf;xm; jyóemt&if;jrpfyJ jzpfygw,f/ pOD; MuHaqmifolrsm;[m yvl tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm Nidrf;csrf;whJ
&ygw,f/ ESpfaygif; oHk;&m 'D t uf w rf a wG & J U (a&'D , k d wked ,D rfawG vGwv f yfpmG a&mif; toH;k csrt I wGuyf J ulnaD xmuf
avmufMumwhJtcg 'D tkdifqkd owåd<urI wpf0uf avsmhoGm; 0,fazmufum;whJ pGrf;tifaps; yhHzkdY oabmwlygw,f/ tjynf
wkyfawG&JU a&'D,dkowåd<urIu r,fh umv) half-life u ESpf uGufrsKd; BudKawG;ajrmfjrifchJMu jynfqidk &f m pHpk rf;ppfaq;olrsm;
tqwpfaxmif xkd;usoGm;NyD; aygif; aomif;eJYcsDNyD; &Sdw,f/ w,f/ 'gayr,fh yvlwkdeD,rf u tzG J U 0if r sm; pmcsKyf o d k Y
tEÅ&m,fr&SdwhJ taetxm; tar&dueftpkd;&[m oHk;NyD; u AH;k awGvyk zf Ydk&m oH;k Ekid w
f ,f/ vkdufemrIudk apmihfMuyfMunhf½I
a&mufvmygw,f/ avmifpmawGudk eDAm;'g;u EsLuvD ; ,m; enf ; ynmu aeayr,fh xda&mufrIu tm;
oH k ; NyD ; EsLuvD ; ,m; ,yfum;awmifwef;&Sd tqifh t"du r[mtiftm;BuD;EkdifiH enf;aew,f/ ¤if;wkdYrSm xd
avmifpm&JU xkvkdufxnfvkduf jrifh EsLuvD;,m; pGefYypf xdef; awG ausmfvGefNyD; ysHUESHYaewhJ a&mufwJh MoZmtmPmeJY vdu k f
udk (94 &mckdifEIef;0ef;usif) odrf;a&; ae&mrSm ESpfaygif; tcgrSm tPkjrLvufeufawG em aqmif&GufapwhJ enf;vrf;
,la&eD,rfu ae&m,lxm;yg aomif;ESichf sND yD; cGx
J w
k x f m;zkYd&m tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;? tMurf;zuf csKdUwhJaevkdYygyJ/

EsLuvD ; ,m;vuf e uf
'DZidk ;f jyKolawG[m yvlwedk , D rf EsLuvD;,m; "mwfaygi;f zdk trsK;d tpm;opf
239 tkdifqkdwkyfyg0ifrI tcsKd;
tpm;jrifw h Jh yvlwedk , D rfvt dk yf
w,f/ vkyfief;oHk; vQyfppfpGrf; 1980 jynfhESpfwGif Ar- aom qk'd , D rft&nf (1) udo k ;kH okdY tylawG xda&mufpGm o,f
gonne National Laboratory w,f/ qkd'D,rfu EsLx&Gef ay;EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
tm; puf½HkawGu yvlwkdeD,rf
awGrSm tjcm;yvlwkdeD,rf tkdif rS okawoeynm&Sirf sm; 'DZidk ;f awGukd aES;rypfapwhtJ jyif tyl Fast reactors EsLx&Gef
qkw d yk f trsm;tjym; yg0ifaevkYd jyK azmfxkwfchJwhJ advanced vnf; aumif;pGm pD;ul;wm tjref o H k ; wh J "mwf a ygif ; zk d
liquid metal reactor (ALMR) aMumifh tif*sie f ,
D mawGu a&G; tvkyfvkyfyHku 'Dvkdyg/ tlwkdif
AH k ; vk y f z k d Y & m cuf c J a pw,f /
udk tajcjyKí ykdí ab;uif;NyD; cs,&f jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tylp;D ul;
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf oHk;NyD;avmif
a&&Snw f nfjrJwJh EsLuvD;,m; rI aumif;rS vQyfppf*sifea&wm
pmrS yvlwkdeD,rfudk vufeuf
pGrf;tm;puf0dkif; oHo&mudk
rSm oHk;zkdYu pdwful;í r&Ekdif
azmfxkwfEkdifygw,f/ tPkjrL
avmufwmawmh r[kwfbl;/
pGrf;tm;puf½Hkrsm;tm;vHk;uhJokdY
1972 rSm or®w *sifrDumwm
ALMR tajcjyKpepf[m vQyf
u tar&duefEidk if t H wGi;f t&yf
ppfxkwfzkdY vkdtyfwhJ tyludk
bufrS EsLuvD;,m;avmifpm
yifr tlwkdifu EsLuvD;,m;
jyefvnfudkifwG,fpDrHjcif;udk
chain reactions udk oHk;NyD;
wm;jrpf v k d u f w ,f / oH k ; NyD ;
xkwf,lygw,f/
avmifpmrS yvl w k d e D , rf u k d
vuf&dS EsLuvD;,m; puf
jyefvnf&,lzkdY rvkyfaqmif
½HkawG[m ,la&eD,rfeJY yvlwkd
bl;qkd&if AHk;awGvkyfzkdY roHk;Ekdif
eD,rf avmifpmawG EdI;qGí
awmhbl;vkdY olu usKd;aMumif;
chain reactions jzpfapzkdY&m
xk w f j yygw,f / umwmu
EsLx&GeftaES;oHk; thermal
'gudk usefwhJurÇmhEkdifiHrsm;
reactors awG jzpf y gw,f /
twk,lp&merlemtjzpf csrSwf
ALMR tajcjyKpepfrSmawmh
jzpfay:apvkdchJw,f/ jyifopf?
vsifjrefpGm a&GUvsm;aewhJ pGrf;
*syef? ½k&Sm;eJY ,laurSmawmh
tifjrifh EsLx&Geaf wGo;kH ygw,f/
'Dtwkdif; vkdufrvkyfMubl;/
'Denf;pOfrmS ,la&eD,rfeYJ av;
'gaMumifh vQypf pfprG ;f tm; puf½kH
vHwJh tufwrfawGtm;vH;k pm;
awGrSmoHk;zkdY yvlwkdeD,rf jyef
oHk; avmifuRrf;apzkdY cGifhjyKí
vnf jyKjyif ukdifwG,fjcif;
avmifpmrS ydkrdkrsm;jym;whJ pGrf;
vkyfaqmifwhJEkdifiHawG &Sdae
tif &,l o H k ; pG J E k d i f a pw,f /
ygw,f/
"mwfaygif; topfu thermal
reactors awGu oHk;NyD; avmif
tjcm;a&G;cs,pf &m
pmrS wpfausmhjyefxkwf,lxm;
csO;f uyfa&; enf;vrf;
whJ avmifpmawG avmifuRrf;
wm;jrpfcsufudk xkwfjyef
ay;ygvdrhfr,f/
awmh 'reprocessing' qkdwm
Thermal-reactor 'DZdkif;
PUREX (plutonium urarni-
trsm;pkrmS a&u tlwidk t f wGi;f
um extraction) enf;vrf;eJY
jynhfvQHaeNyD; EsLx&GefawGudk
t"dyÜm,fwlygw,f/ tPkjrL
aES;apum at;atmifvnf;
vufeufawGtwGuf "mwkenf;
vkyaf y;w,f/ ALMR rSmawmh
pepfjzpfygw,f/ tqifhjrifh
tat;ay;tjzpf vnfywfae
EsLx&GeftjrefoHk; fast-neu-
tron reactor enf;ynmuawmh fast reactor awG r S m qk d & if
b,ftqihfrSmrqkd ,la&eD,rf 235 eJY yvlwedk , D rf
239 awGomrubJ ydí k av;vH
yvlwkdeD,rf oefo Y efaY v; aom transuranic tufwrf
twGif; EsLuvD;,m;rD;zkdu ul;ajymif;ay;w,f/ (3) tJ'gu rygapwhJ wpfausmh jyef awG&JU odomwhJtykdif;rSmvnf;
¤if;wkdYtMum; pD;qif;aewhJ 'kwd,wpfqifhcH qkd'D,rfywf
xkw, f jl cif; tjcm;wpfenf; uGJxGufvmEdkifw,f/
a&'D,o kd wå<d u qk'd ,
D rfawGukd vrf;jzpfygw,f/ 'Da&'D,o kd wåd
udkcGifhjyKygw,f/ 'Denf;eJY fast Fast reactor awG r S m
tylay;w,f/ ylvmwhq J 'dk ,
D rf <urI r&SdwhJ qkd'D,rfu aemuf
tlwidk rf t S ylukd o,f,zl Ydk a&udk
tcsKdUudk Mum;cHtylzvS,fud&d qHk; tylzvS,fud&d,m? a&aEG; reactors awGu pGrf;tif
oHk;vkdYr&bl;? tJ'gu EsLx&Gef
,mokdY yefYeJYarmif;ydkYw,f/ (2) aiGU*sifea&wm (jyorxm;) xkwfvkyfa&;rS oHk;NyD; udk aES;ypfapvdrrhf ,f/ 'gaMumifh
tJ'DrSm uyfvsuf&Sdayr,fh oD; udk tylay;NyD; a&aEG;aiGUudk
avmifpmawG vufeuf xkwf tif*sifeD,mawGu yHkrSeftm;
jcm;jzpfwhJydkufrSm pD;qif;ae uyfvsuaf &eJYjynfah om ykud rf mS
vkyfa&;okdY a&mufoGm;Ekdifr,fh jzifh tat;ay;ESifh tylo,f
aom a&'D,dkowåd<urIr&SdwhJ jzpfapw,f/ ylí zdtm;jrifah om
tEÅ&m,ftm; tenf;qH;k jzpfap aqmif&mtjzpf qkd'D,rfuhJokdY
qkd'D,rft&nfokdY tylpGrf;tif a&aEG;aiGU[m a&aEG;aiGU wm
ygw,f/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSm owåKt&nfudk oHk; yg w,f/
bk d i f u d k vnf a pí vQyf p pf
EsLuvD;,m;avmifpmrS tjrifh owåKt&nfu
xkwfay;r,fh *sifea&wmudk
rm;qHk; pGrf;tif xkwf,lEkdifzkdY
armif;&ygw,f/ a&xufBuD;rm;vSaom
wpf r l xl ; jcm;wh J pG r f ; &nf
axmufyhHay;ygw,f/ xkduhJokdY tus Kd;aus;Zl;wpfck
aom "mwf a ygif ; zk d r sm;rS m &Sdao;w,f/
"mw faygif;zkdab;tEÅ&m,f jyifopf? *syef? ½k&Sm;? ,laueJY a&tat;ay;pepfawGu
vHjk cKH apa&; ,ltufpw f YdkrmS aqmufvyk cf NJh yD; tvGefzdtm;jrifhwhJ
Ä vnfywfpOfrmS pGr;f tm;aumif; vQyfppf"mwftm;xkwfzkdY oHk;yg tajctae rSm
whJ yefYu qkd'D,rftat;ay;udk w,f/
vnfywf&w,f/ 'gaMumifh
tlwidk w
f pfavQmuf wGe;f tm;ay; Fast reactors awG u
vnfywfapw,f/ yefYysuf&if thermal reactors awG xuf ao;i,fvSwhJ ,kdpdrfhrIav;u
tat;ay; t&nfukd j'yfqt JG m; EsLuvD;,m;avmifpmrS pGrf; awmif BuD;rm;whJ a&aEG;aiGU
eJY vSnfhapr,f/ tifydkí xkwf,lay;Ekdifw,f/ vTwfxkwfrIokdY vsifjrefpGm jzpf
Ä tat;ay;yef Y &yf q k d i f ; &if ? bmjzpfvYdkvq J adk wmh vsijf refpmG vmapNyD; ydkufawG tpOfvkduf
aumif;aumif; tvkyfrvkyf&if a&GUvsm;aewhJ (pGrf;tifjrifh) uGJxGufukefum "mwfaygif;zkd
txl;vHkjcHKa&;ud&d,mu tydk EsLx&GefawG[m aES;auG;aom tat;ay;rI tvsif t jref
EsLx&Gefrsm;pGmudk tlwkdifrS pdrfh thermal EsLx&G e f a wG x uf qH;k ½H;I oGm;apEki d yf gw,f/ owåK
xGufcGifhjyKNyD; tylcsdefudk avQmh tufwrfawG ydkíxda&mufpGm &nf p epf r S m awmh avxkzdtm;
csay;w,f/ uGxJ u G af pvkYdygyJ/ xkd xda&muf 0ef;usif vnfywfwmaMumifh
Ä ta&;ay: tajctaeMuHKvmwhJ rIu oabmobm0 ESpfckrS ,kdpdrfhaygufxGufrI tEÅ&m,f
tcg EsLx&Gefpkyf,lwhJ txdef; oufqif;vmw,f/ t&SdefaES; enf;yg;w,f/ okdYaomfvnf;yJ
wHu tlwkdifatmuftxd xkd; whJtcg EsLx&Gefrsm;pGm[m uGJ qk'd , D rfua&eJYawGU&if tvG,f
qif;NyD; csufcsif;ydwaf y;w,f/ rxGuEf idk w f Jh reactions awGrmS rD ; avmif EkdifwmaMumifh owd
Ä Chain reaction xyf j zpf pkyf,lcH&NyD; qHk;½HI;oGm;w,f/ BuD;pGm udkiw f , G pf rD &H ygw,f/
aeOD;r,fqkd&if EsLx&Gefpkyf 'kwd,tcsuf - ydkí pGrf;&nf 'D
y pön f
; ud k udki fwG,fzkdY&m vkyf
,laom bkd&Gefumbkduf tvHk; jrifhrm;aom jrefqefwhJ EsLx ief; vnfywfrI tawGUtMuHK
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk tlwidk x f J &GefawG[m omreftm;jzifhqkd rsm;pGm&SdchJNyDjzpfvkdY enf;vrf;
vTwfcsí ydwfcszkdY aocsmap &if acgif;rmwhJ ,la&eD,rf awGu pdwfcs&ygNyD/ 'gayr,fh
w,f/ 238 vkd tufwrfawG uGJxGuf qkd'D,rfaMumifh rD;avmifrIawG
apEkid wf ,f/ 'Dtcsuaf wGaMumifh jzpfzl;w,f/
*syef r S rG e f * sL fast "mwfa&mifjcnf oihfrIvnf; owåK&nf"mwfaygif;zkd ad- owåK,la&eD,rf odkYr[kwf
ractor rSm 1995 ü qkd'D,rfrS r&SdchJbl;/ tif*sifeD,mawGu vanced liquid metal reactor, yvlwekd ,D rfavmifpmudk avmif
rD;avmifchJzl;w,f/ qkd'D,rf&JU rD;avmifv,
G rf u
I kd ALMR [k trnf&onf/) okYd uRrf;apw,f? tjcm;olawGu
t"dujyóemtjzpf pOf;pm; OD;wnf a&muf&SdapchJw,f/ oxide atmufqkduf avmifpm
"mwfaygif;zkd
p&m rvdkygbl;/ wpfausmjh yef recycle vkyzf Ydk&m oHk;Muw,f/
taqmufttHkrSm Argonne National eJY avmifpmjyefvnfjznhw f if;zkYd tat;ay;tjzpf cJt&nf
½IyfyGoGm;ap chJayr,fh Laboratory okawoeynm&Sif &m tylcsdefjrifh pyrometal- okdYr[kwf cJ-Apfprwfof aysmf
awG[m 1950 rS pwifí fast- lurgical processing ,lepfeJY &nfawG oH;k chMJ uw,f/ ALMR
"mwfaygif;zkd&JU pkpnf; reator enf;ynm azmfxw k f MuH aygif ; pyf j yKvk y f x m;w,f / rSmoH;k whJ metallic avmifpmu
zGJUwnfrIudk Ncdrf;ajcmufrI aqmifaechJMuw,f/ 1980 rSm EsLuvD ; ,m; tif * sif e D , m taMumif;rsm;pGmaMumifh oxide
'DokawoerS owåK&nfjzifh awGu tjcm; fast-reactor awGxufykdNyD; ESpfoufp&m&Sd
tEÅ&m,f ray;EkdifchJbl;/
tat;ay;aom owåKavmifpm oabmt,lrsm;pGmudv k nf; pl; w,f/ ¤if;u ab;uif;vHkjcHKrI
xdckduf 'Pf&m&rI r&Sdovkd jzifh fast-reactor (tqifhjrifh prf; &SmazGchJMuw,f/ tcsKdUu tusKd;tjrwf&Sdw,f/ ¤if;u
EsLuvD;,m;avmifpm jyefvnf toHk;jyKjcif; enf;vrf;opf

Pyrometallurgical enf ; jzif h EsLuvD ; ,m;avmif p m wGJ qufxm;whJ tykd"mwfacgif; anode udk "mwfaq;&nfxJrSm
wpfausmhjyefxkwfjcif;&JU ta&;ygwhJt&mu vQyfppfenf;jzifh pdrxf m;&w,f/ 'Daemuf vQypf ;D u ,la&eD,rfeYJ tjcm;tufweD u d f
oefYpifrI vkyif ef;pOf jzpfygw,f/ 'Denf;pOfrmS wu,fhpeG Yfypfypön;f awGukd tr"mwfacgif; cathode rSm pkyv kH mapw,f/ xkwEf w k &f &Sd
fission products awGudk ,la&eD,rf? yvlwkdeD,rf? tufwDedwf whJ j'yfpifawGudk cathode processor okdYydkYum t<uif;tusef
(av;vHaom a&'D,dkowåd<u j'yfpifrsm;) wkdYrS z,f&Sm;ay;yg qm;eJY uuf'rD,rfawG z,f&Sm;í oefYpifapw,f/
w,f/ tufweD u d af wGu yvlwedk ,D rfeYJ a&maevkYd vufeuftjzpf aemufqHk;rSm usef&SdwhJ ,la&eD,rfeJY tufwDedufawGudk
wkduf½kdufroHk;Ekdifyg/ topfjzpfvmaom avmifpmacsmif;rsm;tjzpf yHkoGef;NyD; qm;eJY
,aeY thermal reactors awGrS oHk;NyD;avmifpm (,la&eD uuf'rD,rfudkvnf; wpfausmjh yefo;kH ygw,f/ Pyroprocessing
,rfeJY yvlwkdeD,rfatmufqkduf) awGudk owåKokdY ajymif;,l&ef vkyfief;pOftwGif; toHk;jyKNyD; thermal-reactor avmifpmawGudk
"mwfavQmhjcif; oxide reduction vkyf&w,f/ fast reactors electrorefiner u cathode "mwfacgif;rSm ,la&eD,rfeJY tufwD
awGrSoHk;NyD; owåKtoGif ,la&eD,rfeJY yvlwkdeD,rfawGuawmh eduf j'yfpifawG xkwEf w
k pf ak qmif;,lw,f/ aemufxyf jyKjyifprD NH yD;
vQyfppfoefYpifpufokdY wkduf½kdufoGm;w,f/ Electro refining u awmh owåKavmifpmudk fast-neutron reactors awGrSm jyefoHk;
vQyfppfenf;jzifh owåK&nfpdrfjcif;eJY wlw,f/ oHk;NyD;avmifpm Ekdifygw,f/

avmifpmtopf ydkí jrefjref tjynfht0 pkaqmif;NyD;wmeJY
yGm;rsm;jzpfay:apw,f/ NyD;awmh operator u vQyf a cgif ; ud k
¤if;u pyrometallurgical z,f&Sm;xkwf,lvkdufygw,f/
recycling eJY wGoJ ;kH Ekid yf gw,f/ aemuf vQyfacgif;rSm pkyHkvmwhJ
0w¬ K ypö n f ; awG jcpf c s,l N yD ;
Pyroprocessing t&nfaysmfapw,f/ twHk;tcJ
Pyrometallurgical vkyf tjzpf oGef;avmif;um jyef
ief;pOfrSm PUREX enf;vrf; vnfjyKjyifa&; vkyfief;pOfokdY
rSmuhJokdY oHk;NyD;avmifpmrS yvl ydkYNyD; fast-reactor avmifpm
wkdeD,rf oefYoefYtpm; tran- tjzpf ajymif;,lygw,f/ "mwf
suranic j'yf p if r sm; ta&m aq;&nfxJrSm fission pro-
taESmudkom xkwf,lygw,f/ ducts awG jynhf0whJtcg enf;
¤if;u owåK&nfpdrfjcif; ele- ynm&Siu f azsm&f nfukd oefY&iS ;f
ctroplating tay: tajcjyKyg apum xkwf,l&&SdwhJ fission
w,f/ vQypf ;D udk "mwkaq;&nf products awG tNyD; pGefYypf&
xJ pdrx f m;whJ vQyaf cgif;awGrmS w,f/
pD;qif;apí tkid , f eG ;f jzpfay:ap 'gaMumifh vuf&dS PUREX
NyD; owåKudk pkaqmif;,lyg enf;vrf;eJY rwlwmu pyro-
w,f/ ¤if;&JUtrnf[m xkv d yk f process rSm (yvlwe dk ,
D rftyg
ief;pOftwGif; owåKrsm; tyl t0if) transuranic j'yfpif
csed f jrifrh m;pGm usa&mufae&rIrS tm;vH k ; eD ; yg; pk a qmif ; ay;
qif;oufvmygw,f/ tvm; w,f/ Transuranic tykdif;&JU
wl csOf;uyfa&;enf;vrf;ESpfck enf;yg;vSaom tcsKd;tpm;
udk tar&duefeJY ½k&Sm;rSm azmf om aemufqHk; pGefYypf&mtjzpf
xkwfchJw,f/ t"du uGmjcm; okdY a&muf&Sdí vkdtyfonfh oD;
csuf r S m ½k & S m ;u ceramic jcm; cGJxkwfxm;&rnhftcsdef
(oxide) avmifpmudk udi k w
f ,G f tvG e f t rif ; avQmh c say;yg xkwEf w k xf m;aom ,la& eD,rfEiS hf tyl"mwfay;í "mwfjyKxm;jcif;rS
NyD; ALMR u avmifpmu w,f/ Fission products eJY xGuv f maom a&'D,o kd wå<d u j'yfaygi;f rsm;onf tqdyk g
awmh metallic jzpfygw,f/ transuranic aygif ; pyf r I u "mwfjyKvyk if ef; pOfrsm;twGi;f tDvufx&Gef oefpY ifcsyrf sm;\
tar&duef&JU pyropro- vufeuftwGufa&m thermal uufow k f jym;rsm;ay:wiG f uyfaeMuonf/
cess rSm uRrf;usifynm&Sifu reactor avmif p mtwG u f y g qifuh vJ yk if ef;pOfrsm;tNy;D wGif owåKavmifpmrsm;onf
oHk;NyD; metallic avmifpmudk oHk;vkdYr&ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh 'D EsLx&Ge"f mwfaygi;f zdt k wGi;f avmifuRr;f ukeEf ikd yf gonf/
"mwkaq;&nfxJrSm aysmf0ifap j'yfaESmu vufoifhcHEkdifwhJ
w,f/ NyD;awmh vQyfacgif;awG taetxm;&S d o vd k fast-
rSm jyif;xefwhJ vQyfpD; pD;qif; reactors twGuf avmifpm "mwftm;puf½Hkrsm; vnfywf aqmif&nf enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJY qif
apí yvlwkdeD,rfeJY tjcm; tjzpf tusKd;tjrwf &&Sdyg ap&mü tBudKa&SUajy;tjzpf wlrIrsm; &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
transuranic j'yfpifawG a&G; w,f/ atmifjrifpGm o½kyfjychJNyD;ygNyD/ tjcm;wpfzufrSm uGmjcm;csuf
cs,f pkaqmif;,lw,f/ Fission Pyrometallurgical re- tjynfht0 xkwfvkyfrI pau; awGu BuD;rm;w,f/ vQyfppf
Products tcsKdUeJY ,la&eD,rf cycling enf;ynmu pD;yGm; tjzpfawmh rvkyfaqmifEkdif "mwftm; rD*g0yfwpfaxmif
rsm;pGmvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ jzpf wkduf½kdufoHk;zkdY&m toifh ao;ygbl;/ xk w f w h J thermal reactor
Fission products trsm;pkeJY rjzpfao;ayr,fh okawoe puf½Hk[m wpfESpfukd oHk;NyD;
,l a &eD , rf tcsKd ; uawmh ynm&Sifrsm;u ¤if;&JU tajccH puf0ikd ;f rsm; EdiI ;f ,SOjf cif; avmifpmwefwpf&mausmf xGuf
"mwfqm;&nfxJrSmyJ usefchJ ed,mrudk o½kyfjychJNyD;ygNyD/ Thermal eJY Fast reac- vmapw,f/ wlnDwhJ vQyfppf
w,f / tok w f w pf o k w f r S m tar&duefeJY ½k&Sm;rSm vQyfppf tors awGrSm vnfywfrI pGrf; yrmPüyJ fast reactor &JU

ESpfpOf pGefYypfypönf; EsLuvD;,m; avmifpmpuf0ef; oHk;ckudk EdIif;,SOfjcif;
txGufEIef; xm;rS m fission
products taygif; transura-
nic t&dyftaiGUwkdY\ wpfwef wpfvrf;oGm; yvlwedk , D rfwpfausmjh yefo;kH jcif; avmifpmwpfausmh jyefo;kH jcif;
yrmPyJ &Sdw,f/ avmif p muk d thermal avmif p mud k thermal Pyrometallurgical enf;
ALMR cycle oH k ; NyD ; reactors twGif; avmifuRrf; reactors twGif; avmifuRrf; pOfjzifh wpfausmhjyefxkwf,l
pGefYypfypönf; pDrHukdifwG,frIrSm apNyD; process jyefvkyfjcif; apNy;D PUREX [kac:aomenf; aom avmifpmudk tqifhjrifh
trsm;BuD; ½kd;pif;oGm;apw,f/ r&Sdyg/ US wdkif; xkdtwkdif; pOfjzifh yvlwedk ,
D rfukd xkwEf w k f fast neutron reactors rsm;
Fast reactor &JU pGefYypfypönf; vkyfaqmifonf/ ,lonf/ tjcm;zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiH wGif avmifuRrf;apEkdifonf/
rSm umv&SnfMumpGm "mwf rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ yHkwl a&SUajy;enf;ynmtqifh
ouf&SdwhJ transuranics awG om &Sdao;onf/
trsm;BuD; rygbl;/ "mwfa&mif
jcnf o if h r I u ES p f & maygif ;
tenf;i,fMumwhJtcg ¤if;
vma&mufchJ&m owåKwGif;u
tqihfokdY avQmusoGm;r,f/
ESpfaygif;aomif;csDí Mump&m
rvkdawmhyg/
Fast reactors awG y J avmifpm\ pGrf;tif ig;&mckdif avmifpm\ pGrf;tif ajcmuf oH;k NyD; thermal-reactor avmif
oD;oefYoHk;r,fqkd&if a&'D,dk EI e f ; omoH k ; NyD ; ,l a &eD , rf &mckid Ef eI ;f omoH;k NyD; ,la&eD,rf pm\ 99 &mckdifEIef;aom pGrf;
owå<d urI jrifrh m;vGe;f whyJ pön;f owåK½kid ;f pGr;f tif&UJ wpf &mckid f owåK½kdif;rS pGrf;tif&JU wpf&m tifudk jyefvnf&,lEkdifonf/
awG o,f,lykdYaqmifzkdY&mu EIef;xuf avsmhenf;pGmyJ oHk; ckdifEIef;xuf avsmhenf;pGmyJ oH;k NyD; thermal-reactor avmif
tajctaeESpfrsKd;üyJ MuHKawGU& onf/ oHk;onf/ pm ukeq f ;kH oGm;NyD;aemuf ,la&
p&m &Sdawmhw,f/ Fission tm;ukefcef;NyD; ,la&eD,rf tm;ukefcef;NyD; ,la&eD,rf eD,rf owåK½kdif;rS usefonfh
product pGefYypfypönf;udk ,yf (owåK½kdif;udk jynfh0apNyD; z,f okdYr[kwf oHk;NyD;avmifpmrS 99 &mckdifEIef;aom pGrf;tifudk
um; awmifwef; odkYr[kwf &Sm; cH&onfh tpdwftykdif;) ,la&eD,rfukd ravmifuRrf;Ekid f jyef&&ef tm;ukefNyD; ,la&eD
tjcm;pGefYypfp&m ae&mokdY ykdY okdYr[kwf oHk;NyD; avmifpmrS yg/ ,rfrsm; avmifuRrf;Ekdifonf/
aqmifjcif;eJY pOD;avmifpmudk ,la&eD,rfukd ravmifuRrf;Ekid f
"mwfaygif;zkt d opfoYdk ydYk aqmif yg/
jcif;rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f/ yvlwkd
eD,rf a&mif;0,fazmufum;rI
udk xda&mufpmG y,fazsmufay; vufeufjzpfoGm;EkdifwhJ t&m ,la&eD,rf 235 rsm; z,f&Sm; 'gayr,fh trSefwu,fü pepf
ygvdrhfr,f/ rsm; pm;oHk;ypfw,f/ vHk;0 NyD; ,la&eD,rf) aygif;xnhf &JU pD;yGm;jzpf&&SdEkdifrI o½kyfjyrI
Pyroprocessing wGJyg xkwfvkyfoltaejzifhqkdvQif ay;½HkygyJ/ r&Sdrcsif; rodEkdifbl;/
whJ fast reactor pepfu rSwf tjcm; fast-reactor puf½HkawG pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tjrif b,f p G r f ; tif &if ; jrpf
om;avmufzG,fudk bufpHkoHk; twGuf pOD;0w¬Kypönf;rsm; jzifh avhvmcsufrsm;u 'Denf; twGurf qkd tvH;k pHak om pD;yGm;
vkYd &w,f/ ¤if;u yvlwedk , D rf axmufyhHay;Ekdifw,f/ nDwl ynm[m &SdNyD; EsLuvD;,m; a&; wGufcsufrIu wkduf½kduf
udk vHk;0pm;oHk;oltjzpf vnf; nDrQenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fr,f pGrf;tm; enf;ynmawGeJY wGuf ukefusp&dwfomrubJ pD;yGm;
aumif;? vH;k 0xkwv f yk o f t l jzpf qkd&if EsLuvD;,m;puf½HkrS ajcudkufrIrSm ,SOfEkdifaMumif; a&; ynm&SifawGu ]jyifyokdY
vnf;aumif; oHk;Ekdifygw,f/ xyfrHí vkdtyforQ avmifpm nTejf yaeygw,f/ pyrometal- oufa&mufrIrsm;} vkdYac:whJ
nDwlrQwl yHkpHtaejzifhvnf; [m fission jzpfyGm;NyD;aom lurgical recycling u PUREX t&mtay:vnf; rDSwnfaeyg
vnfywfapEkdifygw,f/ vHk;0 av;vHwhJ owåKtufwrfrsm; reprocessing xuf trsm; ao;w,f/ enf;ynmudk toH;k
pm;oHk;oltaejzifhqkdvQif ydkvQH tpm;xk;d &ef tcsderf eS f tm;ukef BuD; ukefusp&dwf oufomrSm jyKjcif;jzihf jyifyokYd oufa&muf
aewh J yvl w k d e D , rf a wG e J Y NyD; ,la&eD,rf (uGJvG,faom jzpfaMumif; aocsmygw,f/ apNyD; jzpfvmwhJ p&dwfjzpfNyD;

wGufcsufzkdYcufw,f/ Oyrm Thermal-reactor rS oHk;NyD; "mwfaygif;zko d Ydk vufvJT ykYdaqmif olwkdY&JU fast reactors awG
vQyfppftwGuf ausmufr;D aoG; avmifpmawGudk pyroproces- ygw,f/ wnfaqmufjcif;tm;jzifh pGrf;
okdYr[kwf a&eHudk avmifuRrf; sing enf;eJY jyefvnfxkwf,l wwd,wpfrsKd;rSm ther- tif &if;jrpfukd wk;d csUJ zkYd pDrx
H m;
apwhJtcg uRefawmfwkdY vlrI ay;wm jzpfygw,f/ xkdpGefYypf mal-reactor eJYo;kH NyD; avmifpm aMumif; rMumao;rDu aMunm
tokid ;f t0kid ;f [m ¤if;wkYdaMumifh
ypönf;awGudk ,m,D okdavSmif 92 &mckdifEIef; yrmPjzpfNyD; xm;ygw,f/ olwYdk&UJ yxrqH;k
jzpfapwhJ usef;rma&;? ywf0ef; &m ae&mrS txGuo f ;kH rsKd;tjzpf tm;ukecf ef;NyD; tajc&Sw d Jh ,la& fast reactors awG[m metal
usifp&dwfrsm; cHpm;&w,f/ jyKjyifay;Ekdifr,fh puf½HkokdY ydkY eD,rfxk jzpfygw,f/ tem*wf oufoufxuf oxide odYrk [kwf
'gaMumifh ½kyf<uif;avmifpmrS aqmifay;&w,f/ yxrqHk; rS m fast-reactor avmif p m carbide avmifpmyJ oHk;r,fhyHk
vQyfppfxkwfjcif;[m tydkukef wpfrsKd;u fission products tjzpfo;kH zkYd okad vSmiford ;f qnf; ay:w,f/ tJ'gu optimum
usp&dwrf sm;udk vlYtodik ;f t0dik ;f
trsm;pkeJY a&SmifvkdYr&aom xm;Ekdifygw,f/ taumif;qH;k vrf;aMumif;awmh
wpfckvHk;rS wkduf½dkuf jzpfap? transuranic j'yf p if t <uif ; 'DvdkZmwfvrf; jzpfpOfrsKd; r[kwfbl;ayghav/ PUREX
oG,f0kdufaomtm;jzifh jzpfap tuserf sm;ygaom a&'D,o dk wåd u aeYcsif;ncsif; jzpfvmr,f reprocessing enf ; ynmu
uscHapygw,f/ ¤if;wkYd ukd rSwf <urI jrifrh m;whJ t&mrsm; jzpfyg vkdYawmh rSef;ír&yg/ 'Dtcsdef &ifhusufNyD;whJtcsdefrSm pyro-
om;wkdif;wmzkdY cufcJayr,fh w,f/ ¤if;wkdYudk ½kyf0w¬Kt& u p,vkyfr,fqkd&if yxrqHk; processing u pD ; yG m ;jzpf
pD;yGm;a&;EdIif;,SOf wGufcsufrI wnfNidrfr,fhtoGifrsKd; ajymif; aom fast reactor awG aemuf o½kyjf y rvkyEf idk af o;wmvnf;
jyKvkyfwhJtcg 'Djyifytcsuf ay;í zefvkdypönf;rsKd; jzpfcsif 15 ESpaf vmufrmS vnfywfvm ygygw,f/
awG xnhfoGif; rpOf;pm;&if jzpfr,f/ ,yfum;awmifwef; Ekdifp&m &Sdw,f/ rSwfom;xkduf tar&dum;rSmawmh me-
obm0rus? wvGJodkY qGJac: odkYr[kwf tjcm; tjrJpGefYypf&m wmu 'Dtcsed Zf ,m;[m oH;k NyD; tallic avmifpmoHk;r,fh fast
oGm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/ae&mokdY ydkYr,f/ thermal-reactor avmifpmawG reactor/ pyroprocessing
'kwd,wpfrsKd;rSm tran- ,yfum;awmifwef;okdY ykdYr,fh system tajccH a zmf x k w f r I
"mwfaygif;zkd trsKd;tpm;rsm; suranic tm;vHk;eD;yg; zrf;qkyf tcsdefZ,m;eJY usKd;aMumif;qD tjynhftpHk NyD;pD;zkdY odyfrMum
,SOfwGJjcif; xm;NyD ; ,l a &eD , rf t csKd U eJ Y avsmfpGm o[Zmw jzpfjcif;yg awmhyg/ vSrf;MunhfvkdY jrifEkdif
tqifhjrifh fast reactors fission products awG wGJyg yJ/ tJ'Dtpm; ¤if;wkdYudk fast- orQ tem*wfrSm &ifqkdifzkdY
awG oH;k pGv
J mMuwht
J cg ¤if;wkYd r,f/ ¤if;wkYd ukd metallic fast- reactor avmifpmtjzpf wpf cufcw J Jh trSewf &m;u 'Dvydk g/
[m yxrqHk; recycle avmif reactor avmif p mtjzpf o k d Y ausmhjyefoHk;zkdY ykdYaqmifay;Ekdif EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tm;onfom
pmawG avmifuRrf;&ygr,f/ ajymif;NyD; ALMR trsKd;tpm; ygw,f/ vQif ywf0ef;usifukd xde;f odr;f
,aeY thermal-reactors apmihaf &Smuf&if;eJY vlom;awG&UJ
awG olwYdk &UJ oufwrf;tqH;k odYk a&&SnfpGrf;tifvkdtyfcsufudk
a&muf&SdoGm;whJtcg olwkdYudk jznhfqnf;ay;Ekdifygvdrhfr,f/
fast reactors awGeJY tpm;xkd; BuD;rm;whJtwkdif;twmeJY a&
Ekid rf ,f/ 'Dvjdk zpfvmch&J if jynf0h &SnfwnfjrJr,fh EsLuvD;,m;
,la&eD,rfaemufxyf vkdtyf pGrf;tif qufíxkwfvkyfzkdYqkd
csuf&SdawmhrSm r[kwfovdk &m &if EsLuvD ; ,m;avmif p m
pkEpS f rsm;pGm owåKrikd ;f wGi;f awGrS taxmuftyhu H tMumBuD;cH&
,la&eD,rfawG xyfrHxkwf,l r,f/ EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tm;oHk;
p&m vkad wmhrnf r[kwyf g/ a& puf0ef;rSm ALMR eJY Pyro-
&SnfrSm fast reactors awG&JU processing vP©Pm&yfawG
avmifpm recycle jyKvkyfjcif; &S&d r,fvYdk qkv
d ydk gw,f/ avsmf
[m odyfudk xda&mufvmNyD; uefoifhjrwfwhJ pGrf;tifazmf
vuf & S d & Ek d i f w h J ,l a &eD , rf xkwfa&;vrf;aMumif;opfokdY
taxmuftyh[ H m rarQmrf eS ;f Ekid f avQmuf v S r f ; &ef tcsd e f u s
avmufatmif a&&Sncf rH ,f jzpf a&mufNyDvYdk xifp&m &Syd gw,f/
ygw,f/ Ref : Scientific American
td E ´ d , a&m w½k w f y g Dec, 2005

taphryg tom;xl t&nf&Trf;wJh
toD;tESHawG&JU vQKdU0Sufcsuf
pdkufysKd;a&;vkdY qdkvdkufuwnf;u
vltawmfrsm;rsm;&JU awG;xifcsufrSm rsKd;aphBuJNyD;
oD;ESHawGudk &dwfodrf;wmvdkY
txif&SdMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'DuaeY awGYae&wJh
oD;ESHtawmfrsm; rsm;[m taphu ysKd;BuJNyD;
pdkufysKd;vdkY &&Sdvmwm
r[kwyf g bl;/
'D u aeY awG Y ae&wJ h tzl;av;udk scion vdkY ac:yg
opfyifBuD;awGeYJ pdu k yf iftawmf w,f/ tJ'D tzl;av; a&TUuyf
rsm;rsm;[m rlvtyif&UJ tpdwf wmudk vufcHwJh atmufcHyif
tykid ;f wpfcu k kd jzwfawmuf ,l ud k root stock vd k Y ac:yg
iifNyD; pdkufysKd;xm;Muwmyg/ w,f/
tJovdk jzwfawmuf,liifjcif; tJ'D ukdif;ul;a&TUuyfxm;
udk udik ;f ul;jcif; (grafting) vdYk wJh tyiftrsKd;tpm;ESpfck[m
ac:ygw,f/ twl,SOfwGJ BuD;jyif;NyD; umv
O,smOfpkdufysKd;olawG[m twkdif;twmwpfcka&mufwJh
rdrdtvkd&Sd&m tyifwpfyifu tcg udkif;ul;wJh tay:yif
Ekyk&pfa0pnfxGufay:vmwJh scion rSm tzl;t&GufawGxGuf
tzl;tpdkYae&muav;udk jzwf vmNyD; atmufcyH if roof stock
awmufNyD; rsKd;EG,fwl tyif rS m awmh bmtzl ; t&G u f r Q
wpfckqDudk a&TUuyf,lygw,f/ rxGufawmhygbl;/
tJ'D udik ;f ul; a&TUuyfjcif;cH&wJh ukdif;ul;rsKd;wpfckudk enf;

O,smOf N cH p d k u f y sKd ; rI [ m ysm; vdar®mf (navel oranges)?
'Dvdk udkif;ul;rsKd;pyfenf;om taph r ygz&J o D ; (seedless
r&Scd v
hJ Ykd uawmh rsKd;okO;f aysmuf watermelon) wdYk[m 'Dvu dk ikd ;f
uG,foGm;cJhwm Mumavmufyg ul;enf;eJY ysKd;axmifazmfxkwf
NyD/ 'Duikd ;f ul;rsKd;pyfenf;eJY opf &mu &&SdvmwJh t&mawGyg/
oD;opfEHS tawmfrsm;rsm;udk rsK;d aps;uGufrSm topf0if
aumif;oxuf aumif; atmif vmwJh taphryg t&omxl;
jyKjyifcJhMu&wmyg/ wJh opfoD;opfESHawGudk b,f
tar&duefrSm vlBudKuf vdkrsm; pdkufysKd;zefwD;ygovJ
rsm;wJh taphryg tom;xl vdkY tHhMocsD;usL;raeeJY/ 'Denf;
t&nf&Trf;wJh sweet cherries udk oHk;xm;wm/
wdkY? Macintosh yef;oD;wdkY?
yif*iG ;f iSufwYkd urÇm usOf;ajrmif;vm

Penguin vdkYac:MuwJh rysHoef;EdkifwJh yifv,fiSufrsKd;udk
vrf;rsKd;pHkeJY jzwfawmuf,lEkdif tat;ydkif; a&cJjyifa'orsm;rSm awGU&ygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
ygw,f/ tzl;tan§mifhawG awmif0if½dk;pGef; t&yfrsm;rSm taersm;Muygw,f/ cE¨mudk,f
trsm;BuD;ygatmif jzwfawmuf t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh 16 vufrtjrifh (tav;csdef 2.4 aygif) u
,lwmudk cleft graft vdkYac: ae tjrifh 45 vufr (tav;csdef 66 aygif) txd&dSMuNyD;
w,f/ rsKd;,ltay:yif scion awmfovdk a&G;cs,fuyfay;vdkY tcsKdUyif*Gif;rsm;[m vlwpfa,mufeD;yg;txd BuD;rm;Muygw,f/
&J U jzwf p atmuf y k d i f ; ud k &ygw,f/ rsKd;&,lvdkcsifwJh rsKd;pdwfaygif; 17 pdwf&dSNyD; olwdkY&JU tawmifyHrsm;[m
t*Fvdyftu©&m (V) yHk ayguf oufwrf;&ifh opfyifwpfyifu ysHoef;zdkYxuf a&ul;&mrSm vsifjrefzdkY zefwD;xm;w,fvdkY
atmif vkyfay;&r,f/ vufcH tzl; scion ukd a&m*g'Pf? qdkEdkifygw,f/ olwdkY&JU t½dk;rsm;[m tjcm;iSufrsm;vdk
yif root stock rSm tJ'D (V) tif;qufydk;rTm;'Pf BuHhBuHhcH acgif;yGoP²mefrsKd;r[kwfbJ tydwfjzpfvdkY a&rSm Mum&Snf arsmae
yHkpHeJY tH0ifcGifusjzpfatmif EkdifwJh vufcHyif oufwrf;EkEk Edkifjcif; jzpfygw,f/ tpm pm;aomufzdkYeJY om;aygufzdkY&m
jzwfawmufay;&r,f/ tay: uav;awGeJY rsKd;pyfudkif;ul; ukef;ay:odkY wufa&muf aeMuaomfvnf; tcsdeftm;vHk;&JU 80
rsKd;yif scion ukdyJ tJ'DvufcH ay;avh&Sdygw,f/ &mcdkifEIef;udk a&xJrSmom ukefvGefapygw,f/ yif*Gif;iSuf
yif root stock tay: pa&G; ta&mif? tqif;? teHY? trsm;tjym; &dSaeao;w,fqdkayr,fh rsKd;pdwfpHkvifpGm r&dSawmhbl;
ud k u f aocsmpG y f a y;vk d u f & t&om xl;uJaumif;rGefwJh vdkY qdkygw,f/ ¤if;onf urÇmh&moDOwk rrSefuefjcif;onf
r,f/tJ'Dtvufrsm; Growth toD ; tES H w pf c k u d k ,ck v d k t"dujzpfNyD; tat;ydkif;a'orsm; enf;yg;vmjcif;aMumifhvnf;
medium ac:wJh BuD;xGm;zGHYNzdK; udkif;ul;rsKd;pyfenf;eJY jyKjyif jzpfygw,f/ vuf&dStm;jzifh a&cJaewJh tefwmwdwf (Antarctic)
rIudk tm;ay;r,fh ypönf;awG pDrHvkdY topfjzpfxGef;vmwJh a'orsm;rSm Adelie penguin eJY emperor penguin rsKd;wdkY
xnfhay;&w,f/ tJ'grS tpdk tyifopf[m a&m*gb,eJY aexdkifMuNyD; tjcm; yif*Gif;rsKd;pdwfrsm;[m
"mwfvnf;xdef;r,f/ BuD;xGm; tif;qufydk;rTm;'Pfudk BuHhBuHh e,l;ZDvefawmifydkif;?
zGHYNzdK;rIvnf; tm;ay;r,f/ cHEkdifpGrf; &Sdavawmhum; ydk; azmufuvefuRef;?
Grafting ac:wJh uki d ;f ul; owfaq; (pesticides) awG tefwmwdwfuRef;qG,f
rsKd;pyfjcif;rSm scions ac:wJh toHk;jyK&rItawmfhudk avsmhyg; a'orsm;eJY tDauG;'dk;
rsKd ; ,l y if u k d rd r d E S p f o uf & m oGm;apw,fvdkY tar&duef awmifydkif; a'orsm;rSm
a&m*geJY tif;qufydk;rTm;rsm; ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; aexdkifMuygw,f/
'PfcHEkdif&nf&SdwJh vufcHyif at*sifpD (E.P.A) u qkdyg
root stock wpfrsKd;rsKd;rSm oifh w,f/

cE¨mudk,fBuD;
rysupf ;D &avatmif
jrefrmvdak wmh cE¨mtdrv f Ykd Edkifw,fqdkwm OD;aESmuf oef avmufaomuf&if yguifqef
qdkw,fr[kwfvm;? wu,fh pGr;f rI vu©Pmwpfcyk gyJ/ bm qdkwJh ajcwkefvufwkefa&m*g?
udk,fcE¨mBuD;udk tdrfvdkY ,lq 0dwrf Q rygbJ cE¨mud, k f [efcsuf t,fvfZdkif;rm;qdkwJh touf
Munf h & atmif / t½d k ; awG u nDatmif 'Dtwdik f; tvGwaf vh BuD;vdkY owdarhwwfwJh a&m*g
trmcH w d k i f a wG ? wef ; awG ? usiv hf YkdvJ &ygw,f/ prf;Munfh awG rjzpfatmif wm;qD;Edkif
tqkwfu av0ifavxGuf ygvm;/ ajcaxmuf wpfzuf ygowhJ/ bmaMumifh b,fvdk
pepf? OD;aESmufu jzL;pfabmuf? wnf;&yf? rsufpdrSdwfvdkuf/ qdkwm b,folrQ aocsm
tlodrftlrawGu rdv’mydkuf rvJbJ MumMum &yfEdkifav rajymEdik af yr,fh aumfz?D
vdik ;f ? yg;pyfu csuw f hJ jyKwfwhJ aumif;avyJ/ touf 45 ESpf vufzuf&nfeJY wcsKdU
ae&m? ESvHk;uawmh a&wdkifuD? txuf vlwpfa,muftaeeJY tcsKd & nf a wG r S m ygwJ h
qHyifawG? tarG;trifawGu puúefY 20 avmuf Mumatmif uzdef;"mwfu 'DtusKd;
jrufcif;? (wcsKdUuawmh awm &yfEikd &f if AJ&;D *G'v
f Ykd ajym&r,f/ tmedoif ay;wmvdkY qkd
xlwmaygh)? tqDawGuawmh 'rfb,fvdkY ac:wJh vufwpf Muw,f/ owday;
tdrf&Sifru oGm;ypfacsvdkY ylnH zufeYJ rvdYk&wJh trJ½;kd yHk 0dww f ;kH csif w mu uzd e f ;
ylnH vkyfaewJh trIdufxkyfawG udk rNyD; usifh&ifawmh ydkaumif; "mwf trsm;BuD ;
qdkygawmh/ cifAsm;u rD;vHk; wmaygh/ vufwpfzufeJY wpf qdk&ifawmh usef;rm
av; uRrf;wmavmufeJYawmh zuf tav;csed rf wlwm ESpcf u k kd a&; xdcdkufvdrfhr,f/
rD;jyiform; rac:ovdk aemuf r&if [efcsufnDzdkY OD;aESmufu
az;ydkufav; enf;enf;ydwf&if tvkyfvkyfNyD; xdef;n§d&w,f
av/ tv,fu tacsmif;BuD;
3 oufoufom
vJ udk,fhbmomudk,f Munfh
vkyfvdkufwm r[kwfvm;? tJ eJY [dkbuf 'Dbuf 0dwfjym;awG om vSJaerS cg;emwm jref
wu,f y suf N yD qd k & if a wmh xnfhrwJh 0dwfrenf;eJYawmh jref aysmuf rnf
OD;aESmufajcmufNyD? rcufyg rwlbl;/ tJ'gu [efcsufnD
rSm;onf/ cg;u awmf
bl;Asm/ 'gudzk wfMunf?h cifAsm; atmif xde;f wJh udprö [kwaf wmh
awmf emaeawmh vrf;avQmuf
cE¨mtdrfBuD;taMumif; cifAsm; OD;aESmufroefbJ vufarmif;
&wmcuf ? xd k i f r &? xr&?
od&if awmfwef½Hk jyóem r&Sd BuD;yJ wkwfvmvdrfhr,f/
bmrQ rvkyfcsif rudkifcsif?
ygbl;/ tdyf&may:yJ vSJaecsifawmh
2 OD;aESmuf aumif;zdkY w,f/ wDAGDa&SU tdyf&mav;cif;
1 OD;aESmufoefpGrf;zdkY aumfzaD omufyg acgif;tHk;av; tHk;NyD; rvIyf
0dwf r&rnf rSefonf/ okawoejyK r,Sufae? rdef;ru b,fawmh
a&cJtdwfuav;uyfay;rvJ?
rSefonf/ pdwf½IyfroGm; csufawGt& wpfaeYudk aumfzD
tudkuftcJ aysmufaq;av;
ygeJY/ [efcsufnDatmif xdef; vDwm0uf(a&oefYb;l wpf0uf)
wdkufygOD;? *sme,fav; vSrf;
vdu k pf rf;ygOD;eJY emwmu awmf
awmf Zdrf,lcsifwmrsm;rsm; jzpf
aeovm;yJ? tem;u jyKpkae
wJh ZeD;r,m;qdkwm olemjyK
q&mr r[kwfbl;av? bmjzpf
vdkYvJ? cspfol qdkwmrsKd;u
wu,fvkyfoifhwmudk pdwfxJ
uodaeOD;awmh wu,f vuf
awGUrSm rvkyfoifhwmbJ vkyf
wwf M uw,f / Munf h a v
tdy&f mxJrmS tJ'v D akd v;yJ vSaJ e
cdkif;w,f/ 'DrSmAs ESpf&uf? oHk;
&uf qufwdkuf tdyf&mxJvSJ
ae&if aemufaMum<uufom;
awG aysmhNyD; xlx l al xmifaxmif
emvefxzdYk MumoGm;r,f? od&UJ
vm;/ emwmjrefjrefaysmufzYkd u
aemufaMum<uufom;awG oef
pGrf;NyD; vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;av;
jzpfaezdkY vdkw,fav/ tJ'Dvdk
jzpfatmif vkyfenf;uawmh
working qdkwJh [dkvIyfvIyf
'DvIyfvIyf tvkyfvkyfzdkY? tJvdk
vkyfzkdYcufaeovm;/ 'gqdk&if
walking qdkwJh vrf;avQmuf
jcif;udkvkyf/
4 [wftwufcf jzpf vQif

odonf
aocsmayguf odrnf rqdk
Edkif/ jzpfzl;ol wpf0ufeD;yg;u
ododomom rcHpm;&? trIrJh
trSwfrJhygyJvdkY ajzMuygw,f/
a,bk,svu©PmawGuawmh-
Ä &ifxJrSm aerxd xkdifrom
jzpfw,f (zdxm;ovdk? <u
wufvmovd?k qGn J p§ x
f m;
ovdkrsKd;BuD;)
Ä udk,ftxufydkif; aevdkY
raumif;wm (vufarmif;?
aemufaMum? vnfyif;? ar;
½dk;? ycHk;awGrSm)

Ä touf½ªwm wdkwdk jywf 5 toufBuD;vmvdkY vJjrnf? ajcqpfvufqpfawG? 8 tdrfomwufNyD; tdk;
jywf jzpfaer,f 'l;qpfawGqDu emw,fqdk&if
Ä acR;ap;jyefNyD; at;puf
roefprG ;f wm "r®wmyg awmh q&m0efqD oGm;jy&rSm
xJrSm aoG;pawG awGUwm
pufeJY rSm;onf/ a,mufsm;awG aygh/ u uifqm jzpfaewJh
Ä 0rf;AdkufxJrSm rtDrv,feJY rSm ud,k yhf pön;f av;use;f rma&;
t"dymÜ ,f yJ
7 a,mufsm;awGu rdef;r
tefcsifaer,f udk *½kpdkufw,fqdkwm touf
&Snf&SnfaeEdkifa&;omru b0 rjzpfEdkifyg/ eDeD&J&JaoG;
Ä tdyfa&;ysufvdkYvJ r[kwf tpte enf;enf;av; awGU
bJ ½kwfw&ufBuD; t½kyf BuD; pdkjynf½Tifvef;zdkYyJ jzpfyg awGxuf ydkaomufEdkif
w,f/ ta&;BuD;wmu udk,fh wmeJY vefYzsyo
f mG ;zdYk rvdyk gbl;/
BudK;jywfovdk EGrf;&doGm; w,f 'gu vdyaf cgif;jzpfwv hJ u©Pm
r,f aoG;aMumydkufvdkif;awG tdkrif; rS e f o nf / 'gayr,f h jzpfEdkifygw,f/ aoG;uav;
b,fvjkd zpfr,fqwkd m BudK vmwmudk avsmah tmif aewwf cifAsm;xifovdk a,mufsm;rme wpfpuf ESpfpufuvnf; tdk;
NyD; twwfrajymEdkifygbl;/ zdkYyg/ b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdk&if eJYawmh rqkid yf gbl;/ a,mufsm; wpf c k v H k ; jcif ; jcif ; eD a tmif
Oyrm-tifwmAsL; rif;om;BuD; use;f rmoefprG ;f apr,fh tpmudk awGrSm tifZdkif;wpfrsKd;&SdNyD; ta&mifqdk;Edkifygw,f/ pdwfcs
v,f&Duif;qdk&if nmbuf pm;? avhusifhcef;vkyf? aoG;zd aomufvu kd w
f hJ t,fvu f akd [m &atmif q&m0efeJY jyvdkufyg/
vufarmif;rSm pl;pl;&S&S atmifh tm;eJY udkvufpxa&m tajc udk aoG;aMumxJra&mufcif
w,fwJh/ ESvHk;&Sd&m b,fbuf taeudk rjywfowdxm;zdYk ygyJ/ acszsuyf pfvu kd Ef ikd w
f ,f/ rde;f r
ydkufvdkif;&Sif;&Sif;rSm aumif; awG&JU tpmvrf;aMumif;eH&HrSm
9 ae&muGufNyD; 0dwf
aumif;pD;qif;Edik wf ,f tJ'D tifZdkif;rsKd;u a,mufsm; avQmv h Ykd&w,f
qd&k if cifAsm; cE¨m awG a vmuf ryg0if b l ; / rSm;onf/ AdkufBuD; ylae
ud k , f xJ u 'ghtjyif rdef;rawG&JU udk,fcE¨m ovm;/ aygifrSm tqDydkawGeJY
b,f a e&mud k rSmyg0ifwJh a&tcsKd;tq[m wkwfwkwfBuD; jzpfaeovm;/
rqdk aoG;awG a,mufsm;awGxuf enf;w,f/ Adkufudkusyfusyfpnf;? Adkufydef
a&muf r,f ? tJ'Dawmh t&ufeJY aoG; tcsKd; oGm;r,f/ aeYwdkif; xdkifxvkyf?
awmifhwif;r,f tqrSm t&ufu ydkrsm;vm&if
ayghAsm/ ydrk ;l vG,w f maygh? odyrf aomuf
Edkifbl;aygh/
6 txdkiftx vIyf&Sm;
&mrSm ajcqpf vufqpf
jcrf;eJY bmrQ rqdkifovdkygyJ/
bmaMumifhvJ/ ESvHk;&JU emAf
awGu csK;d csK;d cRwcf Rwf jrnf
aMumawGu emusifrIudk wdkuf &if a*guaf &m*g jzpfEikd w
f ,f
½dkuf cHpm;Edkifjcif; r&Sdbl;wJh/ rSm;onf/ xrif;tdk;xJrSm
wpfckckrSm;NyDqdkwmeJY tJ'D yvHkpDyGufaewmrsKd;vdk toH
ESvHk;tm½HkaMumawGu wnf xGufaeawmh bk&m;roGm;Edkif?
wnfNidrfNidrf r&SdawmhbJ udk,f ausmif;roGm;Edkif jzpf&owJh/
wGif;vQyfppf"mwfawGu cg;½dk; ab;em;u Mum;&wJv h tl wGuf
emAfaMumuwpfqifh wjcm; roufrom jzpfayr,fh cifAsm;
emAfaMumawGukd a&Smjh zpfuek af p ud,
k w
f ikd u
f emusifwm rcHpm;
w,f/ tJ't D cgrSm vufarmif;? &&if bmrQ jyóemr&Sdygbl;?
&ifbwfxJ? 'grSr[kwf ar;½dk; toHjrnfwmuawmh vIyf&Sm;
rSmawmif jyif;jyif;xefxef vdu
k v
f Ykd tqpfawG uGu J mG oGm;
cHpm;apEdkifw,f/ 'Dvdk odod &if udk,fwGif;"mwfaiGUawGu
omomBuD; rcH&bJvJ jzpfEdkif zdtm;rsm;rsm;eJY ae&m0if,l
ygowJh/ MuvdkYyg/ wu,fvdkY toH
qm;"mwfawGudk jyefjznfhay; pdwfxJrSm rGef;usyfNyDqdkwmeJY
zdkYvdkygw,f/ "mwfqm;&nf rG e f ; usyf w J h zd p D ; rI a [mf r k e f ;
vnf; aomuf&ygr,f/ 'grS awGu [pfydkurf;ywfpf vdkY
0rf;oGm;NyD; aemufqufwGJjzpf ac:wJ h od r S w f w wf r I e J Y
r,fh a&"mwf cef;ajcmufw,f rSwfÓPfydkif;udk xdcdkufysufpD;
qdkwmudk umuG,fEdkifygvdrfh apygw,f/
r,f/
vdw 12
k hJADwmrifukd aq;
11 a[mfrek ;f "mwfawGu aomufNy;D ,l? tpm; tpmeJY
pdwfcHpm;rIawGudk zefwD; vkyrf aeeJY
aew,f wpfcgwpf&H rSefonf/
rSm;zdkYrsm;ygonf/ udk,f Oyrm- u,fvfqD,rf"mwf
0efaqmifawGu oabmwlrSm vd k t yf a evQif AD w mrif - 'D
r[k w f b l ; / wu,f v nf ; yg0ifaom aq;udk aomuf&yg
oabmrwlavmufp&m &Sdyg r,f/ 'DvdkajymvdkY ADwmrif
w,f/ pdwfcHpm;rIawGu OD; "mwfawGyg0ifwhJ [if;oD; [if;
aESmufwGif;rSm ZD0"mwkjzpfpOf &Guf? toD;tESHawGudk ypfy,f
aygifuav;awG oG,fvsoGm; awGudk jzpfapNyD; a[mfrkef;awG NyD; aq;vHk;awGcsnf; aomuf
r,f/ [kwfyghrvm; udk,fhvl udk zefwD;ay;ygw,f/ Oyrm- r,f pdwfrul;ygeJY/ vdar®mfoD;
10 0rf;avQmae&if &SdorQ
a&/ cE¨mudk,fqdkwm 'Dvdkvkyf aMumuf w ,f qd k y gawmh ? udk n§pfNyD;aomufwmu ADwm
vdkY&wJh trsKd;r[kwfbl;/ 0dwf ukef oGm;atmif apmifyh g aMumuf p d w f a y:vmwmeJ Y rif-pD aq;vHk; rsKdwmxuf
usoGm;w,fqdkwJh vlawGudk rS m ;onf / td r f o mrS m OD;aESmufwpfae&mrSm ZD0"mwk ydkjynfh0ygw,f/ tpm;tpm
awGUw,fr[kwv f m;/ b,fae pcef;csNyD; wa0ga0g wAspfAspf jzpfpOfay:NyD; wpfudk,fvHk;udk qdkwmu ZD0"mwk"mwfawG
&mu todomqHk;vJ/ rsufESm uk e f p if o G m ;atmif vk y f w m ckczH Ykd? xGuaf jy;zdYk? vIYHaqmfvu
kd f jznfhay;wmwif ruygbl;/
aygh/ tm;upm;cef;rawGrSm taumif;qHk;qdkwm r[kwf wmjzpf y gowJ h / om,m cE¨muk, d t f wGuf vdw
k t
hJ m;tif
upm;aeMuwJ h vl a wG [ m ygbl;/ Muufom; qefjyKwf MunfEl;w,fqdkwmvnf; 'Dvdk ud k v nf ; jzpf a pw,f v d k Y
rsufESmacsmifusaewmMunfh av; aomufyg/ qm;av; cwf ygyJ / rsKd ; rwl w J h ZD 0 "mwk oabmayguf&ygr,f/
&if tqDydkawG avmifuRrf;ae aomuf/ cE¨mukd,ftwGif; qHk; ypönf;awGu Nidrfouf,pfrl; uifqma&m*g umuG,zf Ykd? ESv;kH
w,f v d k Y od E d k i f y gw,f / ½I;H oGm;wJh tcsK"d mwf? upD"mwf? atmif zef w D ; vd k u f w myg/ a&m*grjzpfatmifvdkY qdkwmrsKd;
tm;upm;vkyf&if <uufom; [m aq;csnf;aomufae½HkeJY
awG uspfvspfoefrmvmovdk r&ygbl;/ pm;aomufaewm
oG,fvsNyD; tqDydkawG r&SdvdkY eJYvnf; qkdifygw,f/ obm0
i,f&G,f EkysKdaeygvdrfhr,f/ w&m;BuD;u vlawG pm;vdkY
'gaMumifh b,fae&mu tqD aumif;r,ft h pmawG trsm;BuD;
ydkawG cscsif cscsif at½dk;Apf zefwD;ay;xm;ygw,f/ aq;
avh u sif h c ef ; vk y f ? wG e f ; xd k ; 0g; okawoejyKolawG vkyfzkdY
rwif tm;pdkuf&wJh avhusifh aumif;wmuawmh b,ftpm
cef;awGvkyf? tqDwdk;apwJh u aq;vJqdkwm azmfxkwfay;
tpmawG rpm;eJ Y ? 'gqd k & if a&;ygyJ/
ar;atmufu tdwGJwGJBuD;vJ
aysmuf? Adkufuav;vJ csyfcsyf Ref : Reader's Digest
February, 2006.
&yf&yf jzpfvmr,f/

tydik ;f vku
d f aqmuf,El idk af om aetdrrf sm;
uae'gEkid if H Aefu;l rm;NrdKU

teD;rSm&SdwJh Britco puf½HkrSm
aetdrfawGudk tenf;i,f rwl
uGjJ ym;pGmjzifh aqmufvyk w f ,f/
ydu
k q f uform;? rD;qiform;eJY
trdk; rdk;olawGu tdrfaqmuf
r,fh ae&modkY rvmMubl;/
tdrfu tqifAvDvkdif;ay:u
ae olwkdYqD vdrhfxGufvmyg
w,f/
vdPk *f el YJ ww l hJ ½HBk uD;xJrmS
avtm;oH;k oH½u kd af oewfawG
u wkwf? wkwf? wkwf? wkwf
jrnfo[ H m vT0ikd ;f w';D';D jrnfoH
awGeYJ a&maESmaew,f/ Britco
puf½Hku tpdwftydkif; tykdif;
vkud jf zpfaom modular struc-
tures awGudk wpfESpfrSm 600 Michelle Kaufmann yHpk x
H w
k f wJh Breeze house u tv,frSm
txd xkwfw,f/ yGiahf ewJh ae&mygvYkd avat;ay;puf rygbJ at;ap w,f/
aetdrfrsm;? bPfrsm;ESifh
pmoifcef;rsm;rSonf rufa':
e,f pm;aomuf q k d i f t xd apmifhMunfh&if; 23 &xm;eJY EkdifiH t,fvfbmwmt&yfodkY &Gufaejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ¤if;
taqmuf t tH k yH k p H a ygif ; pH k ydYkaqmif&rnfh vkyif ef;xnfawG jzpfygw,f/ aetdrf[m acwfrD acsmarGYí
twGuf jzpfygw,f/ ukrP Ü u
D [m tvkyform; 49 a,muf aetdrftaqmufttHku owåKum? 0g;Murf;cif;? a&SUrSm
¤if;wdkYudk ]]puf½HkujyKvkyfay; pm qHhr,fh tcef; &Spfcef;yg &xm;ay: vkdufygoGm;jcif;udk rSefumxm;NyD; twGif;ydkif; a&TU
aom taqmufttHkrsm;}} vdkY taqmufttHktwGuf twGJ twlvkdufMunfholu qefz&ef ajymif; ae&mcsvG,fwJh tcef;
ac:w,f/ vufurf;aMumfjim vkduf ypönf;awGjzpfaMumif; ppöurkd S Adou
k m Michelle Ka- vGwfudk avQmwHcg;awGeJY um
awGrSm yDZmrkefYvkyfief;yHkpHu ta&mif;'g½du
k w f m Mike Rid- ufmann jzpfygw,f/ BudKwif xm;aom pGrf;tif pGrf;aqmif
aqmufvyk af &;odYk csO;f uyfvm ley u &Sif;jyw,f/ ydkYaqmif jyKvkyx f m;aom pefab rsm;jzifh &nfjr§ifhwJhtykdif;vkduf aqmuf
wJhtoGif aygufaeapw,f/ &r,fhae&mu a&eHwGif;wl; aetdrfaqmufjcif; vIyf&Sm;rIrS aom aetdrfjzpfygw,f/
]]aep&m jrefjrefvkdcsifovm;/ orm;awG þaps;aygí o,f OD;aqmifvrf;jy jzpfygw,f/ Britco puf½HkMurf;cif;rSm
b,fae&mrqdk ydkYay;r,f/}} aqmifEkdifaom taqmufttHk olr&JU Glide house xkwf avQmufoGm;ae&if; 0efcsDpuf
tqufawGMum; tvkyf rSm aemuftvkyw f pfco k Ykd vla&m vkyfrIudk wdk;jr§ifh aqmif&Guf&ef u camp taqmufttkHxdyf
orm;awGu tyltat;um taqmufttHkyg a&TU,lroGm; Britco wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifhtwl rSm csDr ae&mcsaewJh tom;
ypönf;awG n§yf xnfh ae wm cif vaygif;rsm;pGmaezdYk uae'g AsL[majrmuf yl;aygif; aqmif jym;udk nTejf yaew,f/ ]]Munf/h

'Dem;av;rSm rsufESmMuufvm r[k w f y g/ 1906 ck E S p f r S m
vdrhfr,f/}} olrtoH[m odod Aladdin ukrP Ü uD puf½x kH w k f
omomudk pdwfvIyf&Sm; &TifjrL; Readi-Cut tdrfaqmufypönf;
aeygw,f/ awGukd US pmydYkvyk if ef;rS ydYkay;
tpdwftydkif;rsm; BudKwif w,f/
jyKvkyfwnfaqmufjcif; pre-
aemufESpfwpf&mMumwJhtcg
fabricated construction [m
acgif r d k ; tpd w f t yk d i f ; rsm;rS enf;ynmu AdokumawGudk
tcef;rsm;pGmygaom aetdrf puf½Hkrefae*smawGeJY
wpfckvHk;txd pHjyKt&G,ftpm;
rsm;twkdif; wnfaqmufrnfh yl;aygif;rdapí site
ae&mrS a0;&mrSm xkwfvkyfí ae&mrSmwifwnfaqmufwJh
qif,lr,fh ae&modkY ydkYaqmif
tdrfawGeJY nDrQaom Breeze house udk BuKd wifjyKvyk x f m;aom
&r,fh taqmufttHktpdwf
tydkif;rsm;udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfyg xl;jcm;ay:vGifwJh acwfopf prefabricated parts t"du tpdwt f ykid ;f ckepfcek YJ jyKvyk f xm;w,f/
w,f / pd w f u l ; topf a wmh aetd r f a wG t csd e f e J Y aiG y d k í
tvm;wlt&G,rf sK;d wpfppD aqmufvyk &f if
tpdwt
f ydik ;f 70 txd vkEd idk w
f ,f/
oufompGmjzifh zefwD;EkdifzdkY awmif;cHvmMuw,f/ Kauf-

ulnDay;ygw,f/ mann u prefabconstruc-
2002 ckESpf aqmif;&moD tions wnfaqmufolawGqD
ü prefab jrwfEdk;udk;uG,fol oGm;awmh rawmfrwnfhawGyJ
jzpfrvmrD Kaufmann [m BuHK&w,f/ tJ'Daemuf Britco
tpOftvm pD;yGm;jzpf ya&m eJY awGYw,f/ olwkdYuvnf;
*suaf wGrmS yg0if vkyaf qmifae tqifhedrfh prefab xkwfukef
cJhw,f/ olreJY olrcifyGef;[m vkid ;f u a&SmifvvJT Nkd yD/ yl;aygif;
qefz&efppöudk yifv,fauGYrSm aqmif&GufrIrS tHhavmufp&m
vaygif;rsm;pGm aetdrfwpfvHk; tusKd ; aus;Zl ; &&S d c J h w ,f /
&SmazGaecJhw,f/ tJ'DrSmawGYwJh Kaufmann eJY olr cifyGef;wdkY
tdrfawGu aps;odyfrBuD;bl;/ [m olwdkY aetdrfaqmufzdkY
olwdkYrSm acwfay: tvSw&m; a':vm 300,000 eJY ckepfv
eJY Kaufmann tvdk&Sdaom oH;k cJ&h w,f/ ,ckq&kd if Britco
wpfygwnf;tNyD;ygwJh prd ;f vef; u Glide house wpfvHk;udk
pdjk ynfrI vu©Pm&yfuif;rJhae a':vm 210,000 eJY 24 em&D
w,f / 'geJ Y ol w k d Y pH k w G J u twGuf xkwaf y;Ekid v f mygw,f/
NrdKUawmfajrmufbufrmS ajruGuf Kaufmann &J U aemuf
tvGwf0,fNyD; "sustainable prefab ya&m*suf u awmh
box" vdkY olruac:wJht&m Breezehouse yJ jzpfygw,f/
wnfaqmufcJhw,f/ tJ'g[m Prefab qdw k hJ trnfu caemfeD
yxrqHk; Glide house ygyJ/ caemfeYJ ,m,Dtrd o f abmawmh
rMumcif r S m yJ rd w f a qG aqmifaew,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'D
awGu olwdkYtwGufa&m wlnD vdkawmh r[kwf&yg/
pG m yJ vk y f a y;Ek d i f r vm;vd k Y Ref: Wire

NyD;jynhfpHkrI t&SdqHk; NydKifum;
Indy NydKifum;awG[m wpfem&D rkdif 230 eJY armif;ESifw,f/ tauGU
taumufawGrSm &atmif xdef;odrf; armif;ESif&w,f/ b&dwfudk
aMumufrufzG,f oHk;&w,f/ '½kdifbm Bryan Herta &JU um;udk
wpfppDjzKwfNyD; b,fvkdvkyfxm;ovJqkdwm Munhf½I&ygr,f/
Andretti Green Team Car

at½kd'kdif;erdkuf
a&SUeJYaemufrSm&SdwhJ umAGef zkdifbmtawmifrsm; (1)
(tESpfom&tm;jzifh ajymif;jyef vSefxm;aomav,mOf
awmifyH)u 230 mph eJY armif;ESifwhJtcg um;udk ajy;
vrf;eJY aumfuyfovkdjzpfapygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm jyxm;whJ
BuD;rm;aom tpdwftykdif;oHk;ckyg tawmifawGu
tauGUtaumuf ykdrsm;NyD; wkdwhJvrf;aMumif;awGrSm
ykdaES;aES;armif;&whJtcg oHk;ygw,f/
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
vkd jrefwhJajy;vrf;awGrSm
ao;whJ tawmifawGu
wlnDwhJ atmufodkY zdaom
tm;udkyJ aemufqGJtm;
ydkenf;pGmjzifh
&&Sdapw,f/
28 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24

10 ar 2006
xd e f ; od r f ; armif ; ES i f j c if ;
tay:bufeJY atmufbuf txdef;vufudkif (2) awG[m
bD;vHk;udk abmifxnfeJY qufay;w,f/ ¤if;wdkYudk at½dk
'dkif;erpft& taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif rsuf&nfpufjzwf
ydkif;yHk vkyfxm;w,f/ Edkufx½kd*sif jznhfxm;NyD; n§dí&aom?
tvGef cdik cf aHh om shocks (3) awGu axmifhcsKd;
tauGUawGrSm um;abmf'D vdrfhxGufroGm;atmif
umuG,fay;onf/ tdrfoHk;um;awGeJY rwlwmu
a'gifvkdufr[kwfbJ aemufqGJtm;enf;atmif
tvsm;vkduf wyfqifxm;w,f/
Drive Train - Indy um;wkdif; rufoaem avmifpmoHk; 3.0

vDwm? jrif; aumifa& 650 [Ge'f g V8 tif*sif (4) oHk;w,f/ tjrifh
qHk; vnfywfrI 10,300 &Sdw,f/ Scoop a*: (5) u avudk
x&rf;yufvkdYac:whJ uawmhcRefyHk intake xJ qGJoGif;w,f/ qvif
'gwpfcpk &D UJ txufrmS &Sw
d ,f/ tif*siu f dk atmufrmS ykíd edrhf
edrhf ae&mcszYdk acsmqDuefu tif*sif atmufrmS r&Sbd J aemuf
wnfw h nfrh mS xm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh um;[m ykíd acsmarGw U Jh
aumufaMumif; &vm NyD; center of gravity [efcsuf ydk
edrfhoGm;w,f/ jref EIef;ajcmufckyg sequential Gear box
(6) u *D,m twkd;tavQmhudk uyfvsuf wpfqifhpDyJ cGifhjyK
w,f/ pepfu jrefEIef;jr§ifhzkdY acceleration xuf xdyfqHk;
tjrefEIef; top speed xdef;xm;zkdYyJ OD;pm;ay; n§d,lxm;
w,f/ um;&JU speed udk 230 mph rSmxdef;xm;ay;w,f/
oif\ wm,mawG ukyftm; b,fvkd&ovJ

wm,mawG vrf;ay:rSm ukyftm;&vmwm[m aysmhaysmif;whJ a&mfbmj'yf
aygif;u uGefu&pf 'grSr[kwf uwå&mvrf;ay:u ao;i,fvSaom rnD
rnm csKid chf u
G af wGrmS csuf csi;f qko
d vdk jynho
f mG ;apvkYd jzpfygw,f/ ajray:
a&mfbm ydík xduyf jynh0f ifav ykíd wGe;f tm;aumif;avygy/J
24
ajcmufaoGUaeaom N*Kd [f
uREkfyfwkdY\ a&vdktyfcsufonf uREkfyfwdkYurÇm\ toufaoG;aMumrsm;udk
pkyf,laeaom aoG;pkyfzkwfaumiftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;aponf/
urÇmvHk;qkdif&m rdk;acgifa&&Sm;rIEiS hf tpma&pm iwfrw
G af cgi;f yg;rIwdkYudk
uREkfyfwdkY b,fvkd umuG,fEkdifygovJ/
ar;cGe;f xkwo
f -l Fred Pearce
trsm;&JU tjrifrSmawmh pm;wJh yJyiftcif; ywfvnfrSm ol[m ajratmufa&udk a&pkyf
*spfbdkifacsmif'&D[m acwfrDwJh vnf; toD;tESyH ifrsm;udk pdu k f pufeYJ pkywf ifNyD; oH;k pGw
J t
hJ ay:
v,form;wpfa,mufygyJ/ xm;NyD; olarG;xm;wJh EkdYpm; rSm vHk;0rSDcdkae&vdkYygyJ/ ol[m
ol[m ZD0ajrMoZmrsm;udk oHk; EGm;rrsm;udkvnf; *½kwpdkuf ajratmufa&udk olY&JU a&pkyf
ygw,f/ obm0 ydk;owfaq; ausmif ; ygw,f / ol [ m pufav;eJY b,favmufpkyf,l
udkvnf; oHk;ygw,f/ olY&JUEGm; wpfaeYudk EGm;EdYk 25 vDwm n§pf ovJqdk&if wpfESpfpkyf,lEIef;
xkwfygw,f/ NyD;awmh teD; [m tJ'DESpftwGif;rSm &GmwJh
tem;u&GmjzpfwJh uGuf&Sfum; rdk;a&&JU ESpfqavmuf pkyf,lyg
(*l*sm&ufjynfe,f? tdEd́,) udk w,f/ olwkdY&Gm&JU ajratmuf
ydYkvudk yf gw,f/ tJ'&D mG rSm EkYdawG a&[m rDwm 150 avmufrSm
udk pkaqmif;NyD; tpdk;& EkdYpuf½Hk &Sdwm&,f? wpfESpfudk 6 rDwm
udk ydkYygw,f/ olvdkvlawG avmuf edrfhusaewmawG[m
aMumifv h nf;yJ tdE,´d uvlawG wu,fawmh tHMh op&m r[kwf
riwfMuwmaygh/ awmhygbl;/
'gayr,fh tJ'Dvkdaumif; acsmif ' &D [ m tJ ' D v d k
wJt h csufawGtwGuf acsmif'&D vkyfaeMuwJh wpfurÇmvHk;u
[m urÇmysuf uyfqdk; rsKd;aph oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,f
awG u d k ol Y &J U 2 [uf w m orm;xJu wpfa,mufygyJ/
ajruGuaf y: pdu k yf sK;d aew,fvYkd w½kwfjynfrS tm*sifwD;em;?
qdk&if rrSm;ygbl;/ olY&JU EGm; MopaMw;vsrS tar&d u ef
pm;yif a wG u d k pd k u f y sKd ; zd k Y u d k jynf a xmif p k urÇ m wpf e H

wpfvsm;u vlawG[m ajr
atmufa&udk rSDcdkaeMuwm ydkydk
NyD; wdk;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ
a&xkwf,l oHk;pGJrI[mvnf;
wm;r& qD;rEkdif wdk;yGm;vdkY
vmaeygw,f/ NcHKNyD;ajym&&if
uRefawmfwdkY&JU jyKrlcsufawG
[m bmudkNcdrf;ajcmufaeovJ
qdk&if b,folrQ av;av;
eufeuf pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbJ
vGecf w
hJ hJ ESpaf ygif; 40 u jzpfchJ
wJh Malthusian dream rmvf
olZD,H ajcmuftdyfrufqdk;BuD;
(NAdwdoQ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif
Thomas R. Malthus 1766-
1834 \ ]]urÇ m h v l O D ; a&
wdk;wufrIudk rxdef;csKyfEkdifyg
u urÇmwGif tpma&pm iwf
rGwf acgif;yg;rnf}} [laom
a[mude;f udk axmufcjH cif;) u
qkyfudkifzspfn§pfxm;wm awGY&
r,f/ urÇmhvlOD;a&[mvnf;
rsKd;qufwpfquf tMumrSm
ESpfqjzpfvmw,f/ b,folrQ
vnf; vlawGudk tpmauR;zdkY
b,fvkdvkyf&rSef; rodMubl;/
acsmufcsm;p&m yHkjyifawGu
awmh trsm;BuD; ygyJ/ Oyrm
1968 ck E S p f r S m pwif ; zd k Y 'f
wuúodkvfu ZD0aA ynm&Sif
aygvftm;vpfcsf (Paul Ehr-
lich) a&;wJh a&mif;taumif;
qHk; pmtkyf ]vlOD;a& AHk;BuD;}
(The population bomb)
qdkwJhpmtkyfrSm-
]]vlom;rsKd;EG,fpktm;vHk;
udk auR;arG;zdkYppfyGJ NyD;qHk;oGm;
ygNyD/ vl oef;&maygif;rsm;pGm
wdkYonf tpmiwfí aoukef
Muygrnf/}}
urÇ m ysuf r ,f h ab;u
awmh rjzpfcyhJ gbl;/ tJ't D wGuf
aus;Zl;wif&rSmuawmh rsKd;
quf o pf a wG & J U pyg;? *sKH ?

ajymif;pwJh oD;ESH xkwfvkyfrI oG,fajrmif;awGeJY oG,f,lwm v,form;awG[m ajratmuf wpfckjzpfygw,f/ rMumao;rD
jrifrh m;vmwmaMumifyh gyJ/ tJ'D jzpfygw,f/ 'guvnf; rdk;a& a&awGpyk , f Nl yD; v,fajrawGrmS u tJ't D zGYJ &UJ cefYreS ;f wGucf suf
tpdr;f a&mif awmfveS af &; (Gr- u jrpfawGudk jyefvnf jznfh toHk;jyKaeMuygNyD/ rIt& ESpfpOf a&ukAuDvkdrDwm
een revolution) &JU atmifjrif wif; ay;aew,fqdkapOD;awmh 250 [m pdkufysKd;a&;rSm oHk;pGJ
tdEd´,u xGufwJh oD;ESHoHk;yHk
wJ h ae&mrS m vl o d e nf ; wJ h jrpfawG&UJ a*[pepf (Ecosys- ygw,fwJh/ 'Dudef;*Pef;t&
tcsufuawmh a&oGif;pepf tem) twGuf raumif;ygbl;/ ESpfyHk[m ajratmufa&eJY rdk;a&u jyefvnfjznfhwif;ay;
tay:rSm BuD;pGmaom &if;ESD; tJ'Dawmh wcsKdUjrpfawGqdk&if pdkufysKd;cJhMuwm jzpfygw,f/ EkdifwJh yrmPxuf a&ukA
jr§KyfESHrI vkyfcJhwmygyJ/ ,aeY vkdtyfcsufjynfhrDatmif jyef uDvdkrDwm 100 ydkaeygw,f/
urÇmrSm oD;ESHpdkufysKd;rI[m vnf jznfhqnf; ray;Ekdifawmh tJ'Dajratmufa&[mvnf; 'g[m tdEd´,udk ay;ae&wm
vGefcJhwJhrsKd;qufxuf ESpfq ygbl ; / 'D a wmh v,f o rm; ukefcef;aeygNyD/ jrpfrsm;? yg/ ESpaf wGuek v f monfEiS t hf rQ
&SdaeygNyD/ 'gayr,fh a&oHk;pGJrI awGu ud, k thf m;ud, k uf ;kd Mu& ajrwGif;atmif;a&uawmh ydkydk
acsmif;rsm;vdk ajratmufa&[m
[m oHk;qjzpfaeygw,f/ ywf ygawmhw,f/ txif&Sm;qHk; NyD; avsmhvmwmygyJ/ IWMI
0ef;usifu xkwf,loHk;pGJwJh a& OyrmtaeeJY tdE, ´d wdu k if ,fudk jrefjref jyefvnf rjznfhqnf; rS rpöwmwl&Sm;&Sm; ajymyHkt&
yrmP&JU oHk;yHkESpfyHk[m oD;ESH Munfhyg/ vGefcJhwJh q,fpkESpf Ekid yf gbl;/ tdE, ´d u vkyo f vdyk J qdk&if ]]'g[m tvGefBuD;rm;wJh
pdu
k yf sKd;a&;rSm oH;k ygw,f/ tJ'D uwnf;u tdE , d́ v,form; usew f hJ urÇmEh idk if H awGuvnf; rif;rJhp½dkufjzpfNyD; wpfeyfpm;
a&oHk;pGJrI[mvnf; wm;r& rsm;[m orm;½dk;us r[kwfwhJ vdkufvkyfygw,f/ ajratmuf tvk y f v nf ; jzpf y gw,f } }
qD;rEkid jf zpfaewJt h wGuf wcsKdU ]]Avmajc}} a&awmfveS af &;vkyf a&udk tdEd´, v,form;awG rpöwm&Sm;[m *l*sm&ufjynf
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uawmh urÇmysuf aeygNyD/ v,form;rsm;[m pkyf,loHk;pGJwJh a&yrmP twd e,f teef;NrdKUrSm&SdwhJ ol&JU
r,fhaeYu wm;vdkYr&bl;/ &uf wGif;wl;pufawG iSm;w,f/ tus rajymEkdifygbl;/ okawoeXmeuaeNyD; tdEd´,
a&TUoGm;wmyJ jzpfr,fvdkY ,lq a&pk y f p uf a wG 0,f w ,f / tjynf j ynf q k d i f & m a& &JU ajratmufa&&&Sad &; vIy&f mS ;
Muygw,f/ NyD;awmh ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm xdef;odrf;rItzGJY (IWMI, The rIBuD;udk apmifhMunfhvmwm
ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; rwd k Y rxd & ao;wJ h ol w k d Y International Water Mana- &mpkESpf wpfckavmuf&SdygNyD/
rSm oD;ESH a&oGif;pdkufysKd;w,f v,fajr&JU atmufrSm&SdwJh a& gement Institute) [m urÇmh olajymwmu tdEd´,u v,f
qd k w m[m qnf a jrmif ; awG awGukd pky, f ol ;kH pGyJ gw,f/ 'DaeY bPf&JU taxmuftyHheJY pdkuf orm;awG[m olwkdYpdkufysKd;wJh
wnfaqmufwm? jrpfrsm;rS a& rS m awmh 21 oef ; aom ysKd;a&; okawoeuGef&uftzGJY oD;ESHyifawGjzpfwJh pyg;? BuH?
wd&pämefpm;yif? 0g*Gr;f tp&Sw d hJ
tyifawGtwGuf ajratmufa&
udk pnf;rJhurf;rJh xkwf,l oHk;pGJ
aeMuw,fw/hJ v,form;awG
[m uav;awG&JU tem*wfudk
zsuf q D ; ypf a ew,f q d k v nf ;
rrSm;ygbl;/
tpdk;&uvnf; bmvkyf&
rSef; rodbl;jzpfaew,f/ &Sm;
uajymwmu pnf;rsOf;pnf;
urf;awG[m tvkyfrjzpfyg
bl;/ a&pkyfpufawG b,frSm&Sd
w,f/ b,folY[mvJqdkwm
b,folrQ rodMubl;/ udk,fh
tay: usa&mufvmr,fhab;
udk xdef;csKyfr,fh enf;vrf;
vnf; r&Sdygbl;/ tdEd´,udk
aps;aygwJh a&pkypf ufawGa&muf
vmNyD;uwnf;u NyD;cJhwJh &mpk
ES p f t wG i f ; tuk e f a yguf u G J owfaoMuwmawGvnf; wdk;
xGufukefwmygyJ/ rdrdudk,fudk yG m ;aew,f / vl o ef ; aygif ;
vkyfBuHzsufqD;rI[m t&Sdef rsm;pGm[m NrdKUqifajczkH;&dS usL;
rowfEkdifawmhygbl;/ ESpfpOf ausmf&yfuu G rf sm;udk ajymif;a&TU
ESpfwkdif; a&pkyfpufawG oef;csD uk e f y gw,f / od k Y r [k w f & if
NyD; ydkydk wdk;yGm;aeygw,f/ aqmufvkyfa&; tvkyform;
uRefawmfwkdY[m tckrS aemuf *dkPf;awGxJrSm 0ifNyD; tdEd´,
qufwjJG zpf&yfawGukd pwif jrif vrf;awG wpfavQmuf oGm;ae
aeMuygNyD/ &Sm;&JU cefYrSef;csuf Mu&w,f/
t& v,form; tm;vHk;&JU
tenf;qHk; av;yHkwpfyHk[m EGm;Ek&Yd UJ trSew
f u,fwefz;kd
jyefvnftpm;xdk;vkdYr&wJh ajr wcsKdUjynfe,fawGrSmqdk
atmufa&udk xkwf,laeMuyg &if xk w f v k y f a y;vk d u f w J h
w,f / tJ ' D t wG u f a Mumif h vQyfppfpGrf;tm; trsm;pk[m
vloef; 200 [m a&&Sm;rI? v,form;awG&JU a&pkyfpuf xm;ovJqdk&if ol[m xuf uawmh 'g[m*l*sm&uf jynf
tpma&pmjywfvyfrIudk tem awG a&pkyfwifzdkY jzpfaew,f/ jrufNyD; ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf; e,f&JU a& tcuftcJtwGuf
*wfrSm BuHK&zdkY&Sdygw,f/ ajr Oya'jyKolawGuvnf; 'Dudpö a&;eJ Y ywf o uf N yD ; 'D e ,f taumif;qHk; qifajcygyJwJh/
wG i f ; atmif ; a&[m tzsuf rsKd;awGudk rwm;qD;Ekdifygbl;/ wpf0kdufrSmawmh tjynfh0qHk; olxifwmu a'oESpfckwnf;
tqD;cHvkduf&wJhtwGuf wcsKdU rpöwm&Sm;u wu,fvdkY pdw"f mwf&o dS yl J jzpfw,f/ 'gay wifyJ wpfEpS u f kd a&ukAuDvrkd w
D m
vlrsm;twGuaf wmh tpdr;f a&mif r,fh xJxJ0if0if avhvmMunfh 1.5 udk EGm;EdkYtjzpf ajymif;ae
vQypf pfukd v,form;awG
awmf v S e f a &;onf NyD ; qH k ; vdkufawmh olY&JUxufjrufrIqdk Muw,f/ acsmif'&Du oleJY
oGm;ygw,f/ a&pkyzf Ykd aps;EIe;f tjrifeh YJ wm[mvnf;yJ a&eJYywfouf tjcm;a&rkqdk;awG[m 'Dtajc
vGefcJhwJhESpf 50 u *l*sm a&mif;r,fqv
kd nf; bmrQ vm&if t½l;trl; vkyfaqmif taeawGxJrSm b,favmuf
&ufjynfe,fajrmufykdif;rSm 10 wmudk awGYae&w,f/ olY&JU yg0ifaeMuNyDqdkwmudk aumif;
rDwmomeufwJh a&wGif;ua&
pdu
k yf sK;d vkrYd &awmhb;l / rd;k a&eJY vQypf pfa&pkypf uf[m 1 em&DrmS aumif; oabmaygufolyg/
udk om;a&tdwfBuD;rsm;eJYxnfh pdu
k yf sK;d &oavmufyJ a& 12 ukArDwm pkyfwifyg ol u ajymw,f ? ]]uRef a wmf
NyD ; EG m ;vS n f ; eJ Y o,f c J h M u &awmhr,f/ rMumcPqdo
k vdk w,f/ olY&JU pdkufcif;xJudk a& vnf; 'Da&awG aysmufuG,f
w,f/ tckawmh rDwm 400 oGif;zdkY&ef wpfESpfudk 24 Budrf oGm;rSm pdk;&drfwmaygh/ 'gay
eufwJh t0DpdwGif;uae ,lMu vQypf pf"mwftm;u vnf; oGif;&ygw,f/ em&Dtm;jzifh r,fh uRefawmf bmwwfEkdifrSm
w,f/ t0DpdwGif;awGvnf; qGt
J m;udk rcHEidk b
f J 64 em&D a&pkyf&ygw,f/ tJ'D vJ/ uRefawmf touf&n S af e&
cef;ajcmufaeygNyD/ rd½dk;zvm EI e f ; eJ Y qd k & if a& uk A rD w m OD;rSmyg/ 'Da&awGudk uRefawmf
rD;jywfawmufraI wG 18,000 &Sdygw,f/ tJ'Da&eJY rpky, f &l if uRefawmfh tdref ;D em;
vufeJYwl;wJha&wGif;wpf0uf
avmufeJY oef;eJYcsD&SdwJh t0Dpd jzpfvmawmh a&pkypf ufawG&UJ olY&JU EGm;pmpdkufcif;udk pdkufysKd; csif;awGu pkyf,lrSmyJ r[kwf
wGif;awG[m tdEd´,taemuf tvkyv
f nf; twkid ;f tqwpfck NyD; xGufukeftaeeJY EGm;EdkY vm;/}} vlwkdif; vlwkdif;[m
buf wpfvTm;rSm cef;ajcmuf vDwm 9,000 &&Syd gw,f/ 'DEeI ;f owfrSwfcsufr&SdwJh a&G;p&m
ukefygNyD/ wrDvfem'l;jynfe,f twGi;f jzpfvmygw,f/ eJY wGuf&if EGm;EdkY 1 vDwm&zdkY vrf; &Sdygw,f/ udk,fusKd;
&JU awmifykdif;rSmawmh cef; 'gudk rormolawG&UJ raumif; a& vDwm 2,000 oHk;&NyDaygh/ twGuf w&m;vGefoHk;pGJrI[m
ajcmufaeygNyD/ vGecf w hJ &hJ mpkEpS f wJh vkyf&yfvdkY owfrSwfvkdY r& &Sm;&JU wGufcsufrIt& ol[m vnf; rvTo J m ra&Smifomawmh
u pdkufysKd;cJhwJh ajr{&d,m&JY ygbl;/ ta0;BuD;yg/ tjcm;olawGxuf ysrf;rQtm; yg/ 'g[m vlwidk ;f twGuf BuD;
wpf0ufavmufyJ a&oGif;pdkuf uRefawmfwkdY acsmif'&D&JU jzifh trsm;BuD; aumif;aeyg us,fwhJ tvGr;f ZmwfBuD;wpfck
ysKd;Ekdifygw,f/ wrDvfem'l;eJY EGm;EkdYNcHxJa&mufawmh oabm ao;w,f/ jzpfaeygNyD/
*l*sm&ufjynfe,fu vlawGvnf; ayguf o G m ;ygw,f / &S m ;&J U tcsKdUuawmh EGm;EkdY vkyf acsmif'&D olEGm;EkdYydkY&r,fh
xGucf mG aeMuygNyD/ v,form; okawoeorm;awGu rpöwm ief;udk tjzLa&mifawmfvSefa&; &Gmudk um;BuHKwifvm&if; olu
awGMum;xJrSm udk,fhudk,fudk acsmif'&Dudk b,fvkdowfrSwf vdkY ac:Muw,f/ &Sm;&JU tajym ajymwmu ]]uRefawmfwkdYom;

udkawmh v,ftvkyfrvkyfap tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k r S m jzpfvQif r[kwfbl;? b,fawmh
csifbl;/ NrdKUrSmyJ tvkyfwpfck vnf;yJ tzkd;wef ajratmuf vJ qdkwmyJ/}
vkyfapcsifw,f/}} a&awG tck o,HZmw a&awGukd *sKHpu kd yf sKd; ajrwGif;atmif;a& wm;r&
EIef;eJY avsmhusvmae&ifawmh a&;eJY EkdifiHjcm;udk trJom;
qD;rEkdif qHk;½HI;aerI[m
olYrSm a&G;p&mvrf;vnf; &SdrSm wifydkYa&;wdkYrSm xkwf,loHk;pGJ
r[k w f a wmh b l ; / td E d ´ , vk d &if; tvkyf½IyfaeMuw,f/ aemufqufwGJ tusKd;&v'f
ajratmufa&udk pnf;rJhurf;rJh 0g&Siw f ef&dS ajrurÇmrl0g' taeeJY uyfab;BuD;wpfckqD
xkw, f al eyHrk sK;d [m tjcm;ae&m qkdif&m tzGJYBuD;&JU Ouú|jzpfol OD;wnfaeygw,f/
awGrSmvnf; jzpfESifhaeygNyD/ pdu
k yf sK;d a&;ESihf ajrqDMoZm xde;f 'g[m wjznf;jznf;
w½kwjf ynfrS tD&ef? tif'ekd ;D &Sm; odrf;a&; ynm&Sifvnf;jzpf? avmifuRr;f aewJh rd;k acgiaf &&Sm;
rS ygupöwef tJ'Da'oawGrSm ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&; ynm
tEÅ&m,faMumifh wpfaeYrSm
vnf; ajratmufa& rw&m; &Sifvnf;jzpfaom vufpfwm
xkwf,lrIaMumifh jrpfrsm;vnf; ba&mif; (Lester Brown) \ vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm tay:rSm
aumvmygNyD/ tqdkt& tJ'Dwkdif;jynfawG xdckdufygr,f/ vJoGm;rSmyJaygh/ zGHYNzdK;NyD; EkdifiH
wcsKdUae&mawGrSm &moD tm;vHk;[m qyfjymylazmif; tcktwkid ;f od&oavmuftpd;k & awGaum 'DtEÅ&m,fu ajy;
OwkawG azmufjyefukefw,f/ uJhodkYaom &du©mrsm;tay: rSDcdk awG? tultnDay;aewJh tzGJY rvGwyf gbl;/ cefYreS ;f wGucf suf
oef;eJYcsDwJh omrefv,form; ae&w,fvYkd qdw k ,f/ olajymyHk awG? olwdkY&JU a&'grsufESmjyif rIt& urÇmhpm;eyf&du©m&JU 10
awG a&pk y f p uf a wG 0 ,f N yD ; u NyD ; cJ h w J h ES p f r sm;twG i f ; ay:rSm 'DtEÅ&m,feJY ywfouf yHk 1 yHk[m jyefvnfjznfhqnf;
olwYdk&UJ v,fajratmufrmS &Sw d hJ v,f,mxGuu f ek rf sm;&JU rSww f rf; vdkY rawGYMuao;bl;/ ray;EkdifwJh ajratmufa&eJY
a&awGudk pkyf,lMuygw,f/ udk jyKpkr,fqdk&if jzpfEkdifwJh [kwfygw,f/ 'DtEÅ&m,f pd k u f y sKd ; xk w f v k y f y gw,f /
&Sm;&JU cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIt& enf;vrf;[m vsifjrefpGm ukef [m ae&mwkdif;rSm wpfNydKifeuf csrf;omwJh wkdif;jynfawG[m
tdEd´,? w½kwfeJY ygupöwef cef;aewJh obm0 o,HZmw wnf;jzpfrSm r[kwfbl;aygh/ tJ'gudk rodem;rvnfpGmeJYbJ
oHk;EkdifiHu wpfESpfukd a&ukA tay: xdef;r&wJh xdckdufrIudk ajratmufa&xk ysufpD;rI[m ajratmuf a &eJ Y pd k u f y sKd ; wJ h
uDvkdrDwm 400 pkyf,lMuyg rwGufbJeJYawmh r&Edkifbl;wJh/ wpfckeJY wpfckawmh rwlyg/ xGufukefoD;ESHawGudk wifoGif;
w,f/ tJ'D yrmP[m rd;k a&u qyfjymylazmif;uawmh aygufuJG tJ'Dqyfjymylazmif;awG uGJukef aeMuw,f / ygupö w ef r S
jyefjznfhEkdifwmxuf ESpfqrsm; zdkY eD;aeygNyD/ olu qufajym NyDqdk&if urÇmBuD;u vlawGudk 0g*Grf;? xdkif;EkdifiHrSqef? tpö
aeygw,f/ NyD;awmh tJ'DoHk; wmu ]ar;&r,fh ar;cGef;u auR;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;vnf; NydK a&;rS c&rf;csOfoD;? tDoD,dkyD;
EkdifiH&JU pdkufysKd;a&;rSm ajrwGif;
atmif;a&udk oHk;pGJrI[m wpf
urÇmvH;k &JU wpf0ufausmfausmf
&Sdygw,f/ NyD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpf
twGif;rSmyJ AD,uferf v,f
orm;awG&JU t0DpdwGif;ta&
twGuf[m av;qjzpfvmNyD;
pkpkaygif; 1 oef;ausmfaeygNyD/
oD&dvuFm? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? tD&ef
eJY b*Fvm;a'h&w fS Ykdvnf; aemuf
us raeygbl;/ tm&Swkduf&JU
tjyifbufudk Munfhvkduf&if
vnf; 'DvkdawmfvSefa&;rsKd;udk
vlOD;a& tvGefxlxyfwJh EkdifiH
awGjzpfwJh ruúqDudk? tm*sif
wD e m;? b&mZD ; eJ Y armf ½dku d k
EkdifiHrSmvnf; vkyfaeMuygNyD/
atmif BuD;rm;ygw,f/ wjcm;
enf;vrf;wpfckawmh &Sdao;
w,f/ tdE, ´d rSm a&&zdYk xl;jcm;
wJh tcsuf&Sdygw,f/ jrpfrsm;
uvnf; r[kw?f ajratmufa&
uvnf;r[kw?f rkwo f rHk ;kd ygyJ/
rkwfokHrdk;[m aeylaevnf;
&Gmwwfw,f/
a&BuD;aew,f qdk&ifvnf;
xGufajy;csifajy;wwfw,f/
'gaMumifh us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
aqG; aEG; ae Mu wm u awmh
,m;rS aumf z D t jyif pyd e f yrmPuawmh vDwm 20,000 aygif; 20 avmufeJY nDrQyg rdk;a&udk zrf;zdkYygyJ/ uRefawmf
vdar®mef YJ MopaMw;vsrS oMum; (wef 20) ygyJ/ aemufwpfenf; w,f/ tJ'D a&yrmP&JU 10 yHk awGYzl;wJh *l*sm&uf awmxJu
awGawmif ygvdkufao;w,f/ eJY MunfhygOD;/ oifhaumfzDxJ 1 yHk[m pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukef &wfcsf pr'D;,m;qdkwJh &Gmu
obm0r[kww f hJ a&oGi;f xnfhvkduf&if oMum;wpfZGef; awG twGufjzpfNyD; EkdifiHwum yifpifpm; &Jt&m&Sd [m&m a'Af
pepfroH;k bJ pdu k yf sKd;wJah 'ou [m a& vufzuf&nfyef;uef oabmouf a &muf a & uk e f qif; [m'D*smqd&k if olY&UJ &GmrSmyJ
vlrsm;pkawmifrS pdkufysKd;oD;ESH vHk; 50 &Sdw,f/ aumfzDyifudk oG , f a &;xJ a&muf o G m ;yg jyKjyifaqmif&GufrIawG vkyf
twGuf a&b,favmufoHk; pdkufr,fqdkwhJ a&vDwm 140 w,f/ vef'ef&Sd ta&SUwkdif;ESifh ygw,f/ a&r&SdwJh a&wGif;eJY
vkduf&w,fqdkwm odyfrodMu odkYr[kwf vufzuf&nf yef; tmz&du avhvma&;ausmif;rS uEÅm& jzpfvkeD;ajrudk opfyif?
ygbl;/ ude;f *Pef;awGuMkd unfh uefvHk;eJY cGufa& 1120 vdkyg wdek t
D ,fvefu a&\ xkxnf a&uef? a&wGi;f awGeYJ pdr;f vef;
&if ,drf;xkd;aewmygyJ/ Oyrm w,f/ tJ'Denf;eJY wGufr,f yrmPeJY ta0;udk pD;qif;oGm; pdjk ynfvmatmif zefw;D ygw,f/
qefwpfuv D &kd zdYk a&oH;k &wmu qd k & if tom;pm;NyD ; EG m ;Ek d Y rI[m a&tif*sifeD,mawG&JU aumufyJoD;ESHawGvnf; tvQH
vDwm 2000 rS 5000 txd taomuf u sL;wJ h taemuf cefYrSef;EkdifpGrf;xuf trsm;BuD; y,f xGuv f mygw,f/ ywf0ef;
&Syd gw,f/ 'Da&yrmP[m tdrf EkdifiHom;awG[m olwkdYukd,f ausmfvGefaeygao;w,fwJh/ usif aus;&GmawGrmS awmh tpd;k &
wpftdrf&JU wpfywfpm a&oHk; tav;csdef&JU tq 100 &SdwJh ]oabmoufa&mufa&} qdkwm u a0wJh aomufa&eJY pcef;
wJh yrmPxufawmif rsm;ae a&awG aeYpOfo;kH aeMuw,fqkd olwx D iG wf phJ um;yg/ qdvk wkd m oGm;ae&wke;f ygyJ/ &wfcsfpr'D;
ygao;w,f/ *sKHwpfuDvdkudk wm awGY&r,f/ t0wftpm;eJY u ajratmufobm0a& o,H ,m;uawmh 'Dvdk r[kwyf gbl;/
a& 1000 vDwm? uGmwaygif ywfouf&ifvnf; a&&JUcHpm; Zmwudk ukefcef;atmifvkyfae tpdk;& a&um;udk rac:&wm
[rf ; bm*g&zd k Y &ef EG m ;awG csufukd awGY&ygOD;r,f/ a&pdrf Muwmudk ajymwmyg/ 10 ES p f ausmf y gNyD / ol w d k Y
twGuf EGm;pm;yifpdkufysKd;a&; wJhuef 25 uefxJxnfhwJh a& uJ 'aD wmh bmvkyMf urvJ/ twGuf rvdkygbl;/
rSm oH;k wJah &u vDwm 11,000? yrmP[m 0g*Grf; 250 *&rf tjcm;tpdk;&rsm;uJhodkYyJ tdEd́,
EGm;EkYd wpfvw D m&zdYkukd tJ'ED mG ;r xkwfvkdY&NyD; oifh&JU wD&Syf tpdk;&u rMumao;rDu ajym rd;k a&aumuf&w d o
f rd ;f yGJ
&JU EkdYxJ jznfhay;&wmu a& wpfxnfom &ygr,f/ vmwmu awmifov l ,form; [m'D * smu &G m &J U a&pD ;
vD w m 2000 rS 4000/ pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SifawGu awG jrpfa&uae pdkufysKd;a& ajrmif;awGudk rkwfokHrdk;a&awG
tu,fí oifaps;0,fxGufvdkY a&oHk;NyD; pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfwJh axmufyHhay;zdkYygyJ/ 'gayr,fh pD;qif;rI aES;auG;oGm;atmif
aps;jcif;xJrSm ta&;rBuD;wJh xkwu f ek af wG? puf½u
kH xkww f hJ vufawGY tusKd;pD;yGm;&zdkYu pDrHygw,f/ wl;xm;wJh uef
ypön;f awGeYJ jynfah e&if oMum; xkwu f ek af wGukd b,fvtdk rnf rused ;f aoygbl;/ tdE, ´d rSm&Sw
d hJ awGrmS a&udk pkaqmif;ygw,f/
uDvdktdwfudk olYae&mrSm jyef eJY udk,fpm;jyKxm;ovJqkd&if jrpf a wmf a wmf r sm;rsm;vnf ; uefwpfuefrS tjcm;uefudk
xm;vdkufygvm;/ tJ'DoMum; ]oabmoufa&muf a&} wJh/ cef;ajcmufaeygNyD/ vkyfr,fqdk vnf; qufwkdufjznf;jznf;yJ
wpf u D v k d & zd k Y oH k ; &wJ h a &u tJ'Dypönf;awG wpfESpfwpfESpf &ifawmif cefYrSef;ukefp&dwfu pD;qif;apygw,f/ &Gmol&Gm
vDwm 3000 ygwJh/ aumfzD ukefoG,frI[m ukAuDvdkrDwm a':vmbDvD,H 200 qdkwm om;awGu uefxJu a&udk
wpfuDvdk&zdkY oHk;vkduf&wJh a& 1000 odkYr[kwf Ekdif;jrpfBuD; pdwfysufp&maumif;avmuf wkduf½dkuf roHk;&ygbl;/ uef

xJu a&awG[m ajratmufudk N*dK[fwk"mwfykHawG&JU aemuf odyEHÜ iS hf ywf0ef;usiq f idk &f mtzGYJ vufawGY tusKd;&Sdapygw,f/
pdrfh0ifNyD; ajratmif;a&awGudk uG,frSm [m'D*sm owdrxm;rd rS nTefMum;a&;rª;vnf;jzpf? rpöwm&Sm; ajymwmu tdE, ´d &JU
jznfhay;w,f/ a&wGif;awGudk bJ a&S;½dk; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ajyma&;qdkcGifh trsKd;orD; qleD t"dutcsufuawmh trsm;
jznfhay;ygw,f/ twkid ;f vkyrf v
d sufom; jzpfae wm em&def; (Sunita Narain) yg0ifywfoufryI J jzpfygw,f/
]'D a e&mrS m rd k ; uvnf ; rdw,f/ u NrdKUBuD;rsm;vnf; aqmif tcsKUd v,form;awGu yk*v ¾ u d
t&ifavmuf r&Gmygbl;/ &GmwJh 19 &mpkEpS f apmapm ydik ;f txd &GuEf idk yf gw,fvYdk ajymygw,f/ taeeJY wpfydkifwpfEkdif rdk;a&
rdk;udkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY tv tdEd´,&JU qDvDuGefawmifMum; odak vSmifMuygw,f/ tJ'D rd;k a&
tdE, ´d ae&m
[ó tjzpfrcHbJeJY toHk; jzpf w J h bef * gvd k r S m a'o awG[m ajratmufa&xkxJudk
csygw,f/ [m'D*smu ajymyg awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m tmPmydik rf sm;u ajratmufa& vsifjrefpGm pdrhf0ifoGm;ygw,f/
w,f/&v'ftaeeJY olwdkY&GmrSm pdu
k yf sK;d a&;udk &TaUH wGeYJ wdk;wufvma&;twGuf a&S; aus;&Gmwpf&GmvHk;taeeJY tJ'D
t&ifuxuf a& 2 q ydk&vm a[mif;a&uef 60 udk jyefvnf vdk vkyrf ,fq&kd ifawmh &v'fu
eH&v H yk x f m;wJh cyfwrd w f rd f
ygw,f / a&wG i f ; xJ u a& ywfzdkY BudK;pm;wmudk awGY&yg BuD;us,f crf;em;oGm;rSmyg/
vnf; 7 rDwmavmufrSm &Sdyg a&avSmifuefuae ,l Muw,f/ w,f/ qleDwmem&def;u a'vD ajratmufa& wdk;yGm;vmr,f/
w,f / t&if u rD w m 30 rkwo f rHk ;kd a&udk NrdKUawmf&JU tcsKdU tpdwftydkif; aumaewJhacsmif;awG a&jyefpD;
teufrSmrS a&awGYcJh&wmyg/ a&avSmifuefrsm;eJY pkaqmif;Mu awGrmS &Sw d hJ wefumawG? a&uef vmr,f/ pkdufysKd;a& ydkrdk&&Sdvm
'Dowif;[m tdE´d,EkdifiHwpf awGxJrSm&SdwJh trdIufawGudk r,f/ oD;ESHxGufukefawGvnf;
Ekid if v
H ;kH a&m tjcm;ae&mawGukd Ny;D aEG&moDrmS oH;k ygw,f/ &Si;f xkwNf yD; a&odak vSmifr,fqkd wufvmr,f/
yg jyefYoGm;ygw,f/ EkdifiHjcm; tJ ' D a&avS m if u ef a wG u d k &if ajratmufa& wdk;vmrSm &S m ;ajymwmu ]rk d ; a&
om; odyÜHynm&Sifwpfa,muf tdEd́,vlrsKd;u wefum (Tan- jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk pnf;½Hk; vkyf aumuf&dwfodrf;yGJ vIyf&Sm;rI
&wfcsfpr'D;,m;&Gmudk a&muf ka) vdkY ac:Muw,f/ 'Dpum; aqmifEkdifr,fqdk&if NrdKUawmf&JU BuD;[m vlrIa&;tiftm;awG&JU
vmygw,f / ol Y rS m &G m ud k udk t*Fvyd u f ,lNyD;arG;pm;vku d f a&vdktyfcsufudk wwd,ae&m twk d i f ; twmwpf c k pk p nf ;
aumif;uifN*dK[fwu k ½du k x
f m; awmh Tanks jzpfvmygw,f/ jzpfwJh rdk;a&aumuf&dwfodrf; aygif;pyfrI jzpfNyD;awmh urÇm
wJh "mwfyakH wGygygvmygw,f/ ,ckxufwkdif oifhtaeeJY yGJu &EkdifrSmyg/ wpf0ef;vHk;udk pdefac:aewJh
tJ'D"mwfyHkt& ajratmufrSm a&S;a[mif;a&uefrsm;udk NrdKUjyif rd;k a&aumuf &dyo f rd ;f yG[ J m ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;apmifh
tufaMumif;rsm; &Sdaewmudk rsm;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;? NrdKU a&Smufa&;udv k nf; txda&muf
tdE, ´d u pwifcw hJ myg/ qHk; wHkYjyefaqmif&Gufvkdufwm
awGY&w,f/ tJ'D tufaMumif; BuD;rsm;&JU vlraeawmhwhJ ae&m
awGu a&awG pD;xGufukefyg rsm;rSmaomfvnf;aumif; awGY tcuftcJrsm;vnf; tawmf yJjzpfw,f/ 'Dxu G af y:vmrIBuD;
w,f/ [m'D*smu a&pD;xGufrI Ekdifygao;w,f/ trsm;pku ajz&Si;f ay;Ekid yf gw,f/ tdE, ´d [m tpdk;&&JU xdef;csKyfrIrsKd;
aES ; auG ; oG m ;atmif tuf awmh toHk;rjyKMuawmhyg/ wku d if ,fukd ausmv f eG Nfy;D awmh r[kwfbJ woD;wjcm;yHkpHrsKd;
aMumif;awGukd bdvyfajreJY ydwf 'gayr,fh ,ckvdk jrpfawGaum jzpfaeygr,f/ ajratmufa&
a0;uGmvSr;f wJh ruúqu D ?kd yD½;l ? awmfveS af &;vkYdac:zdYk aumif;yg
qd k Y y gw,f / bd v yf a jrawG ? vmcsdef? ajratmufa& &Sm;yg;
vmcsdefrSmawmh tJ'Dpepfudk wefZef;eD;,m;eJY w½kwjf ynfwrYdk S w,f/ cefYreS ;f ajc tdE, ´d rSm&Swd hJ
jyefvnftoufoiG ;f zdYk BudK;pm; tpd;k &rsm;? tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;u aus;&Gm 20,000 avmuf[m
Muygw,f/ rdk;a& aumuf&dwf rd;k a&aumuf&w d o f rd ;f yGJ rdk;a&udk &dwfodrf;aeMuygNyD/
odrf;yGJ[m vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rI [kwfygw,f/ t&ifuxuf
tpDtpOfawG udk prf;oyf a&awG ydkvQHvmwm r[kwfyg
toGijf zpfay:vmw,f/ tdE, ´d
vlY tzGYJ tpnf; tvTmtoD;oD; vkyaf qmifaeMuygNy/D bl;/ 'gayr,fh a'oqkdif&m
pkpnf;aygif;pyfvmMuw,f/ 'Dpepf[m BuD;us,fwJh ypönf; awG & J U a& pk a qmif ; rI [ m
*E¨D\ vlrIa&; jyefvnfjyKa&; ud&d,meJY taqmufttHkBuD; xda&mufwJh? xdef;csKyfrI&SdwJh
orm;awG? [dE´LqGmrdBuD;awG? awG vkdtyfwm r[kwfygbl;/ tcsufjzpfaeygw,f/ 'gqdk&if
ausmif;q&mawG? AdokumawG wu,f&&SdvmwJh rdk;a&udkyJ urÇmBuD;udk y&rf;ywm a&oH;k pGJ
pojzifh oDt&kd o D abmw&m;udk toHk;csjcif;jzifh aus;&Gma&&&Sd rIuae u,fwifvkdufwmyJ
vufawGYusio hf ;kH zdYk BudK;pm;vm a&;? ywf0ef;usif a*[pepf jzpfw,f/
Muw,f/ e,l;a'vDtajcpdkuf xd e f ; od r f ; a&; tp&S d o jzif h ukqd ef; (R/O)
123456789012345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890
uk,
d yf al eonfh urÇmBu;D
123456789012345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890
urÇmBuD;onf 25 ESpw f m
vHk; tylcsdef wufvmcJh\/
2005 ckESpfwGif 1998 ckESpfu
wif x m;aom pH c sd e f x uf
0.047 'D*&DqJvfqD;,yfpfom
vGefcJhonf/ urÇmtESHY rdk;av
0opcef; 7200 u wkdif;xGm
xm;csufrsm;t& od&jcif;jzpf
onf/ pifumylü ,refESpf
ysrf;rQtylcsdefrSm 28.2 'D*&D
qJvfqD;,yfpfjzpf&m 1997-
1998 ckESpfu &SdcJhonfESifh
rwdrf;r,drf;jzpf\/ þodkY ykdrdk 0.09 'D*&D qJvfqD;,yfpf ydk onfh uyfBuD;rsm;qkdufvmcJh aom 2002? 2003? 2004
ylvmjcif; tygt0if tjcm; ylvmaMumif; awGU&\/ onf / tyl c sd e f j rif h o jzif h ck E S p f r sm;wG i f wpf E S p f x uf
vu©Pmrsm;t& urÇmBuD;\ ,if;odYk jzpf&jcif;rSm Glo- Akdif;&yfpfydk;rsm; ydkrdk &Sifoef jyefY wpfEpS f ydyk v l mcJah Mumif;? urÇmh
obm0taetxm; tajymif; bal warming [lí odyHÜynm yGm;NyD; tema&m*g xlajymvm vlom;rsm;u urÇmh0ef;usif
BuD; ajymif;vmrnf[k rSef;q &Sifrsm; ESpftwefMumuyif aponf/ urÇmMuD;ylaEG;vm avxkxJodkY umAGef'kdifatmuf
Ekdifonf/ odyHÜynm&Sifrsm;u owday;aecJhonfh urÇmBuD; jcif;onf urÇmavxk? ajrxk? qkdufrsm; ykdvTwfavav ykd
tmwdwaf 'o a&cJxak o;i,f ylaEG;vmrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ a&xk t m;vH k ; ES i f h ouf q k d i f ylavavom jzpfaMumif; od&
vmaMumif;? ruúqDudkyifv,f vGefcJhaomESpf 50twGif; tyl onf/ [if;vif;jyifa&xkonf \/ wGufcsufrIrsm;t& urÇm
auGUwGif ork'´&ma& tylcsdef csdef wpf&Sdefxkd; wufvm&jcif; aexJrS tyl&Sdefudk qD;ESif;a&cJ BuD;wpfcv k ;kH 2000 jynfEh pS Ef iS hf
wufvmaMumif; owif;ydkYae onf urÇmah vxktwGi;f zefvkH wdkYxuf ydkrdk pkyf,lEkdifay&m 2003 ckESpftMum; aemufxyf
Muonf / 1950 jynf h E S p f r S tdrftmedoifukd ysufjym;ap urÇmhajrmufbufjcrf;u tyl 0.47 'D*&D xyfw;kd vmrnf jzpf
1980 jynfhESpftwGif; ESpf 30 aom "mwfaiGUrsm;ESifh umAGef csdef ykdwufvmjcif;rSm tajc \/ þodkY vlom;rsm; rqif
twGif;&Sd ysrf;rQ tyl&Sdefxuf 'kid af tmufqu kd f yg0ifrI rsm;vm tae ydkqkd;atmif zefwD;ay; rjcif vkyfaerIudk avsmhyg; &yf
1998 ckESpfü 0.71 'D*&D qJvf jcif;aMumifh[k qkdMu\/ ,if; ouJhodkY &Sd\/ ppfokH;vufeuf wefYapjcif; r&SdvQif ,aeY BuHK
qD;,yfpf ykrd sm;cJNh yD; 2005 ckEpS f odkY npfnrf;vmaprIonf ½kyf rsm;aMumifh jzpfvmaom tyl awGUae&orQ &moDOwk azmuf
ü 0.75 'D*&D qJvfqD;,yfpf <uif;avmifpmrsm; rD;avmif vIdif;'Pfuvnf; jyóemukd vGJazmufjyefjzpfrI? tema&m*g
ydkrsm;cJhjcif;jzpf\/ vGefcJhaom uRrf;apjcif;tygt0if tjcm; ykdrdkBuD;rm;vmaponf/ xlajymrI tygt0if uyfqkd;
&mpkESpfrsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif tyl aom vlom;wdkY vkyfaqmifrI odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;url þ BuD;rsm;qko d nfrmS aemifumv
csdefwufEIef; ESpfqeD;yg; jzpf aMumifh jzpf&onf/ odkY urÇmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif; wGifjzpfrnhf udprö sm;ESi fhEIdif;pm
vmcJo h nf/ aemufq;kH &tcsuf tylcsdefjrifhwufvmjcif; onf rarQmfvifhbJ ½kwfw&uf ygu tao;trTm;yif jzpfay
tvufrsm;t& urÇmY ajrmuf jzifh yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif jrifh xjzpfonfh udpör[kwfovdk rnf[k a[mudef; xkwfxm;
bufjcrf;u tylcsed f ykw d ufvm wufNyD; ajredrfhydkif;a&vTrf;ap tHhMop&mvnf; r&Sdyg[k qdk aMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/
aMumif;ESihf 1998 ckEpS u f xuf jcif;? oJuEÅm&jzpfvmjcif; p \/ rSwfwrf;rsm;t& vGefcJh Ref : The Strait Times.
2 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006 24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 37
ouf&Sdrsm;
'DurÇmN*dK[fBuD;rSm ouf&Sd oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aygufzGm;
aexkdifvsuf&Sdw,f/ ouf&SdawGxJrSm tyifawG?
wd&pämefawGeJY vlawGvnf; yg0ifMuw,f/
ouf&SdrSeforQrSm udk,fykdifxl;jcm;rIav;awGudk,fpD
ykdifqkdifxm;Muw,f/ ouf&o dS wå0gawG
&SifoefzkdY atmufqD*sif
"mwf vkdtyfw,f/ ig;[m
a&udkyg;pyfu rsdKcsNyD; yg;[ufxJ
jzwfoef;ap&if; atmufqD*sif"mwf
av&,f? tpm&,f udk &,lMuw,f/
ouf&SdawG&SifoefzkdY
atmufqD*sifac:whJavudk vkdtyfovkd
tpmpm;zkdYvnf; vkdtyfw,f/
tyifawGuawmh aea&mifjcnf
pGrf;tifudktoHk;jyKNyD; udk,fykdif
tpmcsufvkyfMuw,f/ owå0gawGuawmh
tyifawGudk pm;csifpm;? 'grSr[kwf tjcm;
owå0gawGudkpm;jcif;jzifh vdktyfaewhJ buttercup tyif[m tJ'D buttercup tyifukd ajrvl;iSuf (thrush) [m
pGrf;tif pGrf;tm;awGudk &,lMu&avh&Sdw,f/ aea&mifjcnfudk c½kowå0gupm;oHk;NyD; tJ'Dc½kawGudk pm;oHk;NyD;
toHk;jyKNyD; BuD;xGm; pGrf;tif? pGrf;tm;udk olYtwGuf vdktyfwhJ
&SifoefzGHU NzdK;Muw,f/ &,laew,f/ pGrf;tifudk &,ljyefw,f/
rsK;d quf&iS o
f ef&yfwnfzYdk
ouf&SdrSeforQ[m olwkdY&JUrsKd;qufawGudk
csefxm;EkdifzkdY BudK;yrf;Muw,f/ tJ'g
rdbawGaoqHk;NyD;csdefrSm aemufrsKd;qufawG
qufvuf vsifjrefBuD;jyif;oGm;Ekdifr,f
r[kwfvm;/ owå0gawGu uav;arG;MuNyD; yif*iG ;f aygupf av;awG[m
tyifawGuawmh tyifaygufawG tareJY cRwfpGyfwlwhJ
axG;xkwfMuw,f/ ouf&Sdtrsm;pk[m tao;pm;yHkpH av;awGyJ/
BuD;xGm;zGHUNzdK;ajymif;vJrIawG trsm;BuD;udk
jzwfoef;&w,f/
tcsKdUowå0gawG[m olwkdY&JU
om;orD;awGudk taumifvkduf
arG;zGm;ay;Muw,f/
yif*Gif;iSufawGuawmh
tjcm;iSufowå0gawGvkdyJ O ONyD;
arG;zGm;avh&Sdw,f/ tJ'DOxJrSm
yif*Gif;aygufpav;awG zGHUNzdK;
jzpfay:vm&w,f/

vIy&f mS ;rI pGex
Yf w
k pf epf
ouf&SdrSeforQrSm vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdw,f/ tyifeJY owå0gawG[m olwkdY&JU cE¨mtwGif;
vIyf&Sm;EkdifMuw,f/ owå0g rvkdtyfwhJt&mawG jzpfay:vmavh&Sdw,f/
trsm;pk[m wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokdY tJ'Dt&mawGudk wpfenf;enf;eJY cE¨mudk,f
vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmMuw,f/ tyifawG&JU jyifya&mufatmif pGefYxkwfavh&Sdw,f/
vIyf&Sm;rIuawmh ukd,ftpdwftydkif; csDwmusm;opfuhJokdYaom
acs;ydk;xkd;aumifawG[m
twGif;rSmyJ jzpfay:w,f/ olwkdY&JU owå0gawG[m
tjcm;owå0gawG pGefYxkwfwhJ
vIyf&Sm;rI[m aES;auG;vGef;whJtwGuf tvGefvsifjrefpGm
rpiftpma[mif;awGudk
jrifawGU&zkdY rvG,fulbl;/ vIyf&Sm;ajy;oGm;EkdifMuw,f/
pm;oHk; &SifoefMuw,f/
tm½HkodrI
ouf&SdawG[m olwkdY&JU 0ef;usifrSm
jzpfay:aewhJ tvif;eJY venus
tylxdawGUrItm½HkawGudk ,ifaumif flytrap
cHpm;odjrifEkdifMuw,f/
owå0gawGuawmh tJ'Dvkd
xdawGUrItm½HkawGudk tyifawGxuf
rsm;pGm ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm
wHkYjyefEkdifpGrf;&SdMuw,f/
aeMumyef;yif[m wjznf;jznf;csif;
vSnhfEkdifwhJtwGuf ae&Sd&mt&yfudk
tjrJOD;wnfxm;EkdifpGrf;&Sd&jcif; jzpfw,f
Venus flytrap ac:whJ

axmifacsmufyif&JU t&Gufay:u
tm½HkcHvufwHawGtay:
,ifaumifxdawGUrdwhJtcg t&Guf
vufwHESpfzuf ½kwfw&uf
ydwfoGm;NyD; ,ifaumifudk
zrf;rdoGm;w,f/

tyifrsm;
aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifudk toHk;jyKNyD;
udk,fykdiftpmcsufvkyfEkdifwhJ ouf&SdtrsKd;tpm;[m
tyifawGyJjzpfw,f/ odyÜHynm&SifawG[m
tyifrsKd;pdwfaygif; 250,000 ausmfausmf tyifawG[m tpmcsufvkyfzkdY
awGU&Sdxm;Muw,f/ aea&mifjcnfudk rSDckdae&w,f/
tJ'Dvkd tpmcsufvkyfEkdifrS
olwkdY[m qufvuf
&SifoefEkdifr,f r[kwfvm;/
tyifawG b,fvt dk pmcsuf
tyifawG[m olwkdYtwGuf tpmawGudk t&GufawGxJrSm
csufvkyfavh&Sdw,f/ ajrBuD;xJua&eJY avxkxJu
umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf (CO2) "mwfaiGUudk t&GufxJrSmaygif;pyf
NyD; tpmtm[m& jzpfay:apw,f/
tvif;rSDzGJU
tJ'Dvkd aygif;pyf zefwD;zkdY aea&mifjcnfu&whJ pGrf;tifudk tpmcsufvkyfjcif;[m
toHk;jyK&wm jzpfw,f/ tJ'DjzpfpOfudk ]tvif;rSDzGJU tyifawG&JU
tpmcsufvkyfjcif;} vkdY trnfay;xm;ygw,f/ t&GufqJvfrsm;twGif;
jzpfay:avh&Sdw,f/
ajrqDvTmtwGif;u tjrpf
tyiftrsm;pkrSm tjrpf&Sdw,f/ tjrpf[m
ajrBuD;xJudk xkd;xGif; ajcukyf,lNyD; tyifudk
xdef;xm;ay;w,f/ ajrBuD;xJua&eJY
"mwfqm;awGudk pkyf,lay;w,f/ a&"mwf[m
tyifawG tpmcsufvkyfzkdYeJY tyifqJvfawG&JU
&Sifoef&nfwnfrItwGuf tvGefta&;ygw,f/
tyiftrsm;pkrSm yifr½kd;wH
&SdMuw,f/
a&vHkvHkavmufavmuf
a&iwfvkdYuawmh
&&if tyif[m jyefvnf
tyifrSeforQ
&Sifoef vef;qef;
nd§K;EGrf;oGm;&r,f/
vmw,f/
tjrpf[m ajrBuD;xJ
a&&SdwhJae&mta&muf
wkd;0if&w,f/

tyifeJYrsKd;aph
ouf&SdrSeforQ&JU xHk;pHtwkdif; tyifawG[mvnf; oabmayguf&r,f/ rsKd;aphuav; ajrrSmusNyD;
aemufrsKd;quf aygufzGm;zkdY tm;xkwf&w,f/ tyifaygufvmwhJtcg olYvkd tvm;wltyifwpfyif
olwkdY[m 'Dwm0efudkxrf;aqmifzkdY rsKd;aphawG jyefjzpfvmEkdifw,f r[kwfvm;/ tyifawG&JU
oD;yGifhap&w,f/ tyifawG oD;w,f? yGifhw,fqkdwm rsKd;aphawG[m tyifuyGifhwhJ yef;yGifhxJrSm
rsKd;qufcsef&pfzkdY BudK;pm;aewmygvm;qdkwm jzpfay:avh&Sdw,f/
yef;yGih&f UJ yGicfh syaf wG a<uus Dendelion yef;yGi&hf UJ wcsKdUrsKd;aphawGuawmh owå0gtcsKdU rsKd;aphwpfaphudk ajrcsvkdufvkdY
oGm;whJtcg taphtdrfxJu taphawGvkdrsKd;ujzifh pm;oHk;&mu 0rf;xJa&mufoGm;NyD; vHkavmufwhJ a&tpdk"mwfeJY
taphawG tjyifukd xGuu f s avh,l&mudk a0;vHwhJ t&yfwpfckrSm rpifpGefY&mu aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif&whJtcg
vmw,f/ vGifhyg;pD;arsmEkdifMuw,f/ qufvuf&Sifoef jyefYyGm;Mu&w,f/ tyifwpfyiftjzpfokdY
zGHU NzdK;ajymif;vJvmEkdifw,f/
tyifwkdY&JU tumtuG,f
tyifawG[m wpfae&mwnf;rSmyJ &yfwnf&Sifoefavh ud,
k yf idk yf yJ ifav; pku
d Mf unhMf ur,f
&SdwmaMumifh tjcm;owå0gawG&JU pm;aomufcH&r,fh vkdtyfrSmawGuawmh zefbl;wpfbl;?
tEÅ&m,f tjrJ&Sdaew,f/ 'DvkdtjzpfrsKd;udk umuG,fzkdY vufokwfpuúL? yJaphwcsKdU? ajrtdk;wpftkd;eJY
tyiftrsm;pk[m cRefxufwhJql;awG? ajraqG; (okdYr[kwf) ajrBuD; tenf;i,fyJ
ap;uyfwhJtarG;trifawG? tqdyftawmuf&SdwhJ jzpfw,f/
opf&GufeJY toD;awGudk zefwD; umuG,fxm;avh
&Sdw,f/ 1/ vufokwfpuúLwpfvdyfudk zefbl;xJ
vdyfxnhf? ae&mvGwfcsefxm;?
a&pGwfNyD; pkdpGwfatmifvkyfxm;/
2/ zefbl;eJY puúLvdyfwkdYtMum;
,ckawGU&whJ Cactus ae&mvyfrSm yJaphawGudkxnfh/
tyifuql;awG[m
owå0gawG olwkdYudk
zsufqD;pm;oHk;r,fh
ta&;u umuG,f 3/ tnGefYavmif;uav;awGeJY tjrpf
xm;wmyg/ avmif;uav;awG xGufvmwmudk
aeYpOfapmihfMunfh&if awGUvdrhfr,f/
4/ 'Dhxufykd BuD;xGm;zGHU NzdK;apzkdY

ajrBuD;xnhfxm;whJ ajrtkd;xJ
ajymif;NyD;pkduf

wd&pämefurÇm
wd&pämefawG[m tvGefBuD;rm;whJ
ouf&SdtpktzGJUBuD; jzpfw,f/
a[m'DurÇmBuD;&JU acsmifuavmifae&mrSeforQ
olwkdYr&SdwhJae&m r&Sdbl;/ vl[mvnf;yJ
owå0gwpfrsKd;jzpfw,f/
&Smpm;&? azGpm;&
owå0gawG&JU tyifawGeJY
rwlwhJtcsufuawmh tpm&SmazGzkdYtvkdYiSm
wpfae&muwpfae&mudk
vSnhfywfoGm;vmae&jcif;ygyJ/ tyifawGudk
pm;oHk;&SifoefwhJ owå0gawGudk
oD;&Gufpm;owå0gvkdY ac:NyD;
wjcm;owå0gawG? trJvkduf
owfjzwfpm;oHk;whJ owå0gawGudkawmh
tom;pm;owå0gvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tckawGU&whJ
vif;,kefacgif;jzLuawmh
ig;wpfaumifudk
&SOfhuav;awG[m Chameleons ac:wJh acG;wl0ufwl (badger) ukwfcsDpm;oHk;zkdY
toD;t&Gufpm;owå0g a&mifajymif;ykwfoifuav; owå0guav;awGuawmh ,loGm;av&JU/
(herbivores) awG awG[m tom;pm;owå0g tyifa&m? tom;a&m
jzpfw,f/ olwkdY[m (carnivores) awGyJ jzpfMu ESpfckpvHk;ukd MuHKovkd
taphqefav;awGudk w,f/ olwkdY[m ysHoef; pm;Muavh&Sdw,f/
pm;oHk;avh&Sdw,f/ em;aewhJ tif;qufawGudk vlvkdaygh/
vQmeJY zrf;pm;avh&Sdw,f/ 'gawG oifoyd gp
uav;arG;r,f * owå0grsKd;pdwfaygif;[m pkpkaygif;

wpfoef;cGaJ usmaf usmaf vmuf
owå0gtrsm;pk[m uav;arG;avh&Sdw,f/ rdcif&JU0rf;xJrSmjzpfap?
awGU&Sdazmfxkwfxm;w,f/
OcGHxJrSmjzpfap oaE¨om;i,fuav;awG
zGHUNzKd;NyD; owå0gwpfck&JU yHkpHtjzpf * Blue Wale ac:whJ a0vig;jymawG[m
ul;ajymif;zGHUNzKd;&avh&Sdw,f/ urÇmay:rSm tBuD;qHk;
owå0gBuD;awGjzpfNyD; tvsm; 33-rDwm
&ifaoG;i,ftqifhudk jynhfpHkpGm zGHU NzKd;NyD;NyDqkd&ifawmh ay-100 avmuf&Sdw,f/ bwfpfum; 3-pD;
taumifvkdufarG;NyD; avmuBuD;xJ xGuf&ifxGuf? a&SUqifhaemufqihf &yfxm; oavmufaygh/
'grSr[kwf OcGHxJuqkd&if OcGHudk azmufxGuf
* awGU&SdorQaom owå0gtm;vHk;&JU 4-yHk
Mu&w,f/ yHrk mS awmh OcGx H rJ S uRwv f w
G cf gp 1-yHkavmuf[m ydk;aumifrmrsKd;uGJ (bettles)
rdausmif;om;aygufwpfaumifudk awG jzpfMuw,f/
jrifMu&rSm jzpfw,f/
* Turbot ac:whJ ig;rwpfaumif[m
wpfBudrf O-Ocs&if ta&twGuf 14-
oef;avmuf OcsEkdifw,f/
owå0gw&Ydk UJ Adrmef
tyifawGeJY owå0gawG aygufa&muf&Sifoef
usufpm;Mu&m ae&mudk habitats vkdYac:w,f/
owå0grsKd;uGJawG&JU &Sifoefusufpm;&mae&m[m
tcsdefeJYtrQ wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJoGm;Mu&w,f/ Wood peekers ac:whJ
opfawmufiSufuawmh
vHjk cKH ab;uif;&mae&m opfyifxufrSmaeNyD;
opfacgufxJatmif;aewhJ
owå0gtrsm;pk[m tjrJyJ aoab;eJY &ifqkdifaeMu&wm
tif;qufykd;rTm;awGudk
jzpfw,f/ vlawGtaeeJY NrdKUjyeJY pkdufuGif;awGcsJUxGifzkdY
&SmazGpm;oHk;w,f/
awmckwfwhJtcgwkdif; awmrSDowå0gawG twGuf
'Dvkdab;'ku©qkd;awG MuHKawGU&avh&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh
ab;rhJBudK;0kdif;awGowfrSwfNyD; &Sifoefusufpm;rSDckdwhJ
owå0gawG ab;uif;pGm aexkdifEkdifzdkY pDrHay;&r,f/
Zebra butterflies ac:whJ
vdyfjymusm;awG[m olwkdY&JU
ckyHkrSmazmfjyxm;whJ owå0gawG[m tpmt[m&ukd
ajrmuftar&duwkduf yltkdufpdkpGwfwhJ yef;yGifhawGuwpfqifh
pdrahf jr (Swamp) xJrSm aexkdif &&Sdpm;oHk;Muw,f/
usufpm;Muol (habitats) awGyJ
jzpfw,f/
Otters vkdYac:whJ
zsHowå0guav;awGuawmh
olwkdYtdrfudk ajcmufaoGUwhJ
Green tree frogs
ac:whJ zm;uyfuav;awG[m ukef;ay:eYJ a&xJrSm cGpyfNyD;
pkdpGwfacsmarGU aew,f aqmufvkyfxm;avh&Sdw,f/
a&n§dwufrsufESmjyifawGrSm
[efrysuf uyfaeEkdifatmif
pkycf u
G u
f av;awGyg&MdS uw,f/
a&pyfukdif;yifawG xlxyf&Snfvsm;pGm
aygufa&muf&mrSm Cottonmouth
vkdYac:whJa>rawG aexkdifusufpm;
Muw,f/ olwkdY[m a&ul;
tvGefvsifjrefolawG jzpfw,f/ Gunnbusia vkdYac:whJ
Terrapins ac:whJ ig;uav;awGuawmh Alligator ac:whJ rdausmif;acgif;wkd
vdyfi,fuav;awGuawmh a&rsufESmjyifrSm aygavmarsmygaewhJ awGuawmh tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk
a&xJrSmyJ aeNyD; touf½SLzkdY jcifOawGudk pm;oHk;avh&SdMuw,f/ a&ay: aygavmarQmNy;D tcsed f
a&ay:udk qefwuf&w,f/ ukefvGefapw,f/ tJonfvkd
aygavmarQmae&if; ig;eJY wjcm;
owå0gawGudk zrf;pm;avh&Sdw,f/

urÇmausmf
wDxiG zf efw;D &SiBf u;D rsm;
*su0f v
J cf sf
pDrcH efcY rJG u
I kd jzefjYzL;ay;ol
*su0f vJ cf sf OD;aqmifraI tmufü *st D ;D onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif teuf½idI ;f qH;k aom pDrcH efcY t
JG yk cf sKyrf I
t&nftaoG;udk azmfxw k af y;cJo
h nf?
*Ref tufzf/ 0Jvfcsf *sLeD,monf wpfrluGJjym;aeonfh vkyfief;pk-uD;udk

*sife7,ftDvufx7pf (*sDtD;) uk$+Dudk uBmvHk;qdkif7m oif-um;a7; tzGJ\tpnf;-uD;
›if;OD;aqmifcJhonfh tESpfESpfq,f 0J v c
f sf
o nf wpfcktjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJay;vdkufonf?
umvtwGif; ›if;ukd xif7Sm;ausmf-um;r= t&nftcsi;f t&Sq d ;kH ? -uD;us,faom xl;cRefr=t7nftaoG;onf
7apcJhonfh Six Sigma enf;pepfudk tawmf q H k ; ol r s m ;tm; -uD;us,faom ukefyPnf;rsm;uJhokd\yif
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;enf;pepfrsm;udk *&kw pdu
k f pD r c
H ef c
Y &
J G ef
E i
S h f ta7;yga-umif; ›if; em;vnfoabmayguf
aomfvnf;aumif; wDxGifcJhol r[kwfyg? jyKpyk sKd ;axmifay;&efurkd l cJhonf? xdkodk\ jyKjyifajymif;vJaeaom
odk\aomfvnf; rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f/ wm0ef w pf & yf
o zG, f umvtwGif;Y -uD;rm; us,fjyef\jyD;
yD;abmf'DjrdK\rS odcsifwwfcsifpdwf cH,lxm;ol &=yfaxG;onfh uk$+Dwpfckonf
tvGefjyif;jyjyD; tajymtqdk yGifhvif;onfh jydKifbufrsm;udk vFrf;rdk;xm;pOfYyif
*suf0Jvfcsfonf ›if;. aumfydka7;7Sif; pdwfa7mudk,fyg oGufoGufvufvuf
twGif; cGeftm;ESifh "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmwdk\udk xufxufjrufjruf 7Sdaeatmif
jznhfoGif;ay;cJhjyD; ›if;wkd\u *sDtD;ukda7m/ *sufudkyg rnfodk\aqmif7GufEdkifa-umif; vufawG\jyocJhonf?
tar7duef pD;yGm;a7;avmu. ol7Jaumif;rsm;ozG,f "mwktif*sifeD,mynm7yfwGif yDtdwfcsf'DbGJ\ 77SdjyD;aemuf
jzpfvmapcJhonf? *sDtD;uk$+Dudk 1960 jynfhESpfwGif 0ifa7mufcJhjyD; 1981
pnf;&Hk;qGJaqmif odrf;oGif;wwfonfh ›if;. ckESpfwGif tr=aqmift7m7SdcsKyf jzpfvmcJhonfh 0Jvfcsfonf
udk,f7nfudk,faoG;t7 vnf;aumif;/ tESpfom7 jynfh0onfh rnfonfht7mudkr~ zufwG,fxm;wwfol r[kwfyg? olonf
aqmifyk'frsm;udk ESpfoufjrwfEdk;r=a-umifhvnf;aumif;/ tvkyfrjzpfonfh XmecGJrsm;udk yHkrSefzsufodrf;ypfavh7SdjyD;
refae*smwdkif;tm; vrf;nFef xdef;ausmif;ay;ol jzpfvm7ef ›if;. refae*smrsm;teuf atmufqHk; 10 7mcdkifE=ef;udk
-udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaponfh tvGefwif;usyfaom vkyfaqmifr= ESpfpOf z,f7Sm;ypfavh7Sdoltjzpf emrnfausmf-um;onf?
pepfa-umifhvnf;aumif; 0Jvfcsfonf trsm;ESifhrwl odk\aomf 0Jvfcsfonf t7nftcsif;t7SdqHk;/ tawmfqHk;
olrsm;tm; *&kwpdkuf pDrHcef\cGJ7efESifh jyKpkysdK;axmifay;7efudkrl uk$+DESifh ukdumudkvm uk$+Dwdk\wGif qufcHol
wm0efwpf7yfozG,f cH,lxm;oljzpfonf? ESpfpOf a7G;cs,fr=qdkif7m jy©emrsm;ESifh E=dif;,SOf-unfhEdkifygonf?
{jyDva7mufwkdif; olonf vkyfief;wdkif;udk oGm;a7muf odk\aomf 0JvfcsfwGif tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf;
vnfywf7eftwGuf ol. vkyfief;tcsdefZ,m;udk 7Sdaeygao;onf? xdwfxdwf-uJ t7nftcsif; ydkif7Sifrsm;tm;
7Sif;vif;xm;jyD; Session C [k trnf7onfh ›if;. 7SmazGa7G;cs,fr=onf trsm;tm;jzifh vljzLrsm;udkom
cufcJjyif;xefaom vkyfief;pOfjzifh tvm;tvmaumif;ol OD;wnfjyD; xdyfwef;7mxl;rsm;Y cef\xm;aom
0efxrf; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm. pGrf;aqmif7nfudk vlenf;pk0ifrsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;ta7twGufrSm vGefpGm
ppfaq;oHk;oyfavh7Sdonf? tvm;tvm7Sdaom enf;yg;cJhonf? 1940 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;ESifh 19^5 ckESpf
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 0efxrf;tiftm; 300,000 ausmf7Sdonfh t-um;Y ['fqefjrpftwGif; *sDtD;uk$+Du pGef\ypfcJhonfh
uk$+DtwGif; vSnhfvnf ajymif;a7F\cef\xm;jyD; tqdyftawmufjzpfaponfh "mwkyPnf;rsm;udk 7Sif;vif;ay;7ef
tjcm;olrsm;tm; rnfokd\ OD;aqmifr=ay;onf/ tjyif;txef qef\usifjiif;qefcJhr=onf 0Jvfcsftm;
jyKpkysdK;axmifay;onfudk tuJjzwfay;onf? 0Jvfcsfonf pHjyvkyfief;7Sif jynfolwpfOD;tjzpf *k+fowif;
›if;wkd\tm; v=H\aqmf armif;ESifay;ovdk ausmf-um;a7;Y t[ef\twm;jzpfapcJhonf? xdk\jyif
csD;rGrf;tm;ay;jcif;udkvnf; jyKvkyfonf? *k+fjyKxdkufaom ›if;udk,fwdkifa7m *sDtD;uk$+Duyg oifhavsmfrSefuefonf[k
atmifjrifr=rsm;twGuf ›if;udk,fwdkifa7;om;aom tcdkiftrmajymqkdcJh-uonfh 0Jvfcsf. weifhwydk;jzpfaom
rSwfcsufrsm; ay;ydk\Ijzpfap/ ›if;wkd\. tjidrf;pm;vpmESifh cHpm;cGifhrsm;onf yGifhvif;r=7Sdonfh ,ae\
tdrfaxmifzufrsm;xHokd\ 7Srfydefykvif;rsm; ay;ydk\Ijzpfap pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;avmuwGif vufrcHEdkifzG,f jzpfaeonf?
todtrSwfjyKay;avh7Sdonf? “*suf[m vlawGudk odk\apumrl 0Jvfcsf. oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;uawmh
zGH\jzdK;wdk;wufapzkd\ ol\7J\ tcsdefawG/ tiftm;awGudk vl-udKufrsm;aeqJyif jzpfonf? ,cktcgwGif 7Sef[dkif;Yyif
oHk;pGJaqmif7Gufw,f” [k rDcsD*efwUodkvf c&dkwGefAD;vfpwdkif oifwef;ausmif;wpfckudk udk,fydkifzGifhvSpf
pDrHcef\cGJr=ygarmQ Edk0Jvf trf/ wDcsDu ajymonf? ›if;onf wnfaxmifxm;jyDjzpfjyD; *sDtD;. pDrHcef\cGJr=pGrf;7nfrSm
e,l;a,mufjrdK\. ['fqefA,fvDt7yf7Sd 0Jvfcsf. trsm;tm;usatmif qGJaqmifEdkifqJyif jzpfygonf?
c&dkwGefAD;vfoifwef;ausmif;udk jyefvnfzGH\jzdK;vmap7ef xdyfwef;t7nftcsif;rsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmifEdkifjcif;onf
ulnDay;cJholjzpfonf? xdkoifwef;ausmif;onf *sDtD;ukeftrSwfwHqdyf. tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfaejyD;
acgif;aqmifr=oifwef; wpfckwnf;twGufyif wpfESpfv~if uBmtESH\7Sd jydKifbufrsm;onf *sufwnfaqmufcJhonfh
0efxrf;aygif; 8000 ausmfudk arG;xkwfay;vsuf7Sdonf? pepfrsm;udk twk,lEdkif7ef tpGrf;ukef -udK;pm;ae-uqJ
0Jvfcsfonf vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf tpnf;ta0;rsm;tm; tacstwif jzpfygonf?
aqG;aEG;nd|E=dif;aom tpDtpOfrsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;vJ atmifjrifxeG ;f
ay;cJhonfhtjyif Six Sigma t7nftaoG;qdkif7m
vkyfief;pOfuJhodk\aom tpysdK;vkyfaqmifr=rsm;udk
pwifay;cJhonf? tkyfpkvkduf jy©emajz7Sif;enf;twGuf
Workout csOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;onf uBmtESH\7Sd
pmMunhw
f u
dk f
0efxrf;tm;vHk;eD;yg;tay: tusdK;oufa7mufapcJhonf?
xdk-udK;yrf;aqmif7Gufcsufrsm;. tusdK;7v'frSm *sDtD;onf trSm;trSef a0zefykdif;jcm;
tar7duefjynfaxmifpk pD;yGm;a7;avmuwGif
pDrHtkyfcsKyfr=pGrf;7nfY taumif;qHk;[k ac:qdkEdkifaom okwyGm;um opömtjrif
tr=aqmifrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
›if;tem;,lcJhonfh 2001 ckESpf rwdkifrDESpfrsm;Y 0Jvfcsfonf Munfvifap&ef pmaytNrdKuf
›if;.ae7m qufcHrnfholrsm;pGmudk jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhonf?
*sufz7D tm7f/ tifrJvftm; ›if;.7mxl;twGuf ynmokdufokdY nTefjyqkdufqkduf
a7G;cs,fvdkufonfhtcg usef&HI;edrfholrsm;onf
csufcsif;qdkovdkyif 3M ESifh Home Depot uk$+Drsm;wGif
tr=aqmift7m7SdcsKyfrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xdkjzpf7yfudk
pmMunfhwkduf/ /
tjcm; tar7duefvkyfief;-uD;rsm;jzpfaom a0ghvf'Pae
ordkif;xJu aeU&ufrsm;
mounting, time-fuze, rocket
20th MAY parachute, hydropneuma-
tic canal lock, new design
tjzpftysurf sm; 1873 ckEpS f *smrefEikd if zH mG ; tar steam engine, gun power,
color printing ponfwdkYudk tjzpftysurf sm;
1437 ckEpS f t*FvdyfvlrsKd; e,f &duefvlrsKd; Levi Strauss ESifh
wDxiG cf &hJ mwGiv f nf; yg0ifco hJ l 1502 ckEpS f Saint Helena uRe;f
ajropf &SmazGol a&aMumif; ol\ t0wftxnf azmufonf
jzpfonf/ olonf 1828 ckESpf udk ay:wl*v D rl sK;d a&aMumif;c&D;
t&m&d S John Cabot onf wpfOD;jzpfol Jacob Davis wdYk
wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ oGm;vmol Joao da Nova u
t*FvefEdkifiH b&pfwdk;vfNrdKUrS onf olwdkY\ tjyma&mif *si;f
1851 ckEpS f *smrefEikd if zH mG ; wDxiG f &SmazGawGU&dcS yhJ gonf/ ¤if;onf
pwif &Guv f iT chf o
hJ nf/ olonf txnfom;udk rlydkifcGifhtjzpf
ol ynm&Sif Emil Berliner udk tmz&duwdkuf taemufbuf?
taemufbufodkY c&D;xGufcJh rSwfyHkwifcJhygonf/ ¤if;wGif
arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf tar twåvEÅw d o f rk'&´ mawmifbuf
jcif ; jzpf í ajrmuf t ar&d u aMu;jym; Mu,foD;rsm;udk wyf
&duefEikd if o H Ykd ajymif;a&TUaexdik f ydkif;wGifwnf&dSonfh rD;awmif
wdu k f uke;f ajrodYk yxrqH;k ajc qifxm;NyD; rlvu rdik ;f wGi;f ESihf
cscJholvnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkpOf a&TwiG ;f wl;ol tvkyo f rm;rsm; cJNh yD; toHenf;ynmESihfywfouf
u 'Mathew' [k trnf ay; twGuf &nf&G,fí xkwfvkyfcJh í rsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;cJholvnf;
xm;aom ol\ &Guo f abFmwGif Mujcif;jzpfonf/ jzpfNyD; 'disc record gram-
oabFmom; 18 OD;om yg0ifcJh 1883 ckEpS f Krakatoa rD;awmif phone (phonograph) ac:
ygonf/ ol ajccscJhonfh ukef; aygufuGJcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf "mwfjym;jzifh toHzrf;? toH
ajronf ,ck uae'gEdik if H e,l; tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH *smAm;ESifh ql xkwfpufudk wDxGifcJholjzpfNyD;
azmifveft&yf jzpfrnf[k cefY rm;Mwm;uRef;tMum;wnf&dSí ]bJv}f w,fvzD ek ;f ukrP Ü rD S vt
kd yf
rSef;Muygonf/ rD;awmif aygufucJG sed f 3 vwm aeaom w,fvDzkef;toHxkwf
1498 ckEpS f ay:wl*v D rl sK;d e,fajr rQ MumjrifhcJhonf/ ¤if; ayguf pufuv kd nf; ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif
opf &SmazGol Vasco da Gama uGJoHudk rdkif 2200 tuGmtxd jyKvkyfcJhol jzpfonf/ olUudk 'Bikini Atoll'
onf 'Kozhikode' t&yfodkY Mum;cJ&h NyD; yifv,fa&jyifonf 1929 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/
a&mufcJhonf/ ¤if;onf ,ck 131 aytxd jrifhwufcJhonf/ aoqHk;jcif;
tcg tdE´d,EdkifiH u,fvDuyf aus;&Gmaygif; 163 &Gm ysufpD; 1782 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f vlrsK;d ocsmF
NrdKU jzpfonf/ olonf Oa&my cJNh yD; jymrsm;onf rdik f 50 tjrifh ynm&Sif William Emerson 22th MAY
wdu k rf S tdE,d´ odYk yxrqH;k &Guf txd a&mufcyhJ gonf/ ¤if;onf uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf/ olonf aw;
vTifhcJholvnf; jzpfcJhygonf/ urÇmo h rdik ;f wGif tjyif;xefq;kH *Dwqdkif&m odyÜHynm? toH
tjzpftysurf sm;
1570 jynfEh pS f 'wfcsf EG,fzGm; aom rD;awmifaygufurJG I wpfck oDtdk&D? a&S;acwfESifh acwfopf
1819 ckEpS f a&aEG;aiGUoH;k tif*sif
yx0Dynm&SiEf iS hf ajryHak &;qGo J l jzpfcJhygonf/ uGmjcm;rIrsm; ponfwdkYudk azmf
jzifh armif;ESiaf om SS Savan-
Abraham Ortelius onf arG;zGm;jcif; xkwcf NhJ yD; ocsFmqdik &f m pmwrf;
nah oabFmonf tar&duef
yxrqHk;aom acwfopf urÇmh 1772 ckEpS f t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wDxiG f tajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; a&;
Edik if H a*sm*f s,
D mjynfe,f qmAef
ajryHu k kd xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ ¤if; ol ynm&Sif Sir William Con- om;cJo h jl zpfonf/ olYukd 1701
emhcsfqdyfurf;rS pwif xGufcGm
wGif ajryHki,f 70 yg0ifí xdk greve udk arG;zGm;cJy h gonf/ ol ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
cJo h nf/ ¤if;onf twåvEdwf
tcsdefumvrsm;wGif tpHkvif onf 'H;k ysHenf;ynm a&SUaqmif 1946 ckEpS f 'de;f rwfvrl sK;d wDxiG f
ork'&´ mudk jzwfí t*FvefEikd if H
qHk; ajryHkrsm; jzpfcJhygonf/ wpfOD;vnf;jzpfí gun-recoil ol ynm&Sif Jacob Elleham-
vDAmyl;NrdKUodkY ZGefv 20 &uf
mer uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ olonf
wGif a&muf&dScJhonf/ ¤if;onf
em&D jyKvyk o f jl zpfí Oa&mywdu k f
twåvEÅdwfork'´&mudk jzwf
om;rsm;\ yxrqHk;av,mOf
oef;cJhonfh yxrqHk; c&D;pOf
armif;ESiyf so H ef;olrsm;wGif wpf
vnf; jzpfcJhygonf/
OD; tygt0ifvnf; jzpfonf/
1906 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiHom;
olonf [,fvDaumhywmudk
avaMumif;ynma&SUaqmifjzpf
ajrjyifrS <uwufap&ef jyKvkyf
ol Wright nDaemifwdkYonf
EdkifcJhol jzpfNyD; olYudk 1871
olwYkd wDxiG x f m;aom 'Flying
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
tysuu f kd erlem,lí 'swimsuit' 1860 jynfhEpS f 'wfcsfvlrsKd; wD ajymif;a&TUrIrsm;udk xdef;csKyf
21 MAY th
[laompum;vH;k tpm; 'bikini' xGifol aq;ynm&Sif Willem onfh ZD0"mwkjzpfpOfudk azmf
[lívnf; oHk;Muygonf/ Einthoven udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ xkwcf ohJ jl zpfNyD; Edb
k ,fvqf &k iS f
aygrsm;aomuRef; jzpfonf/ 2004ckEpS f touf 26 ESpf t&G,f olonf vufawGU tvkyf vkyf wpfOD;vnf;jzpfygonf/
1927 ckEpS f rpfcsD*efjynfe,f eDaygEdik if o H m;awmifwuform; EdkifaomECG (ElectroCard- aoqHk;jcif;
om; avaMumif; ysHoef;a&; Pemba Dorje onf {0&uf iogram) pufudk wDxGifcJhol 1670 jynfEh pS f tDwvDvrl sK;d ½ly
t&m&dS Charles Lindbergh awmifudk 8 em&D 10 rdepfjzifh jzpfonf/ olonf Edb k ,fvq f k aA'ESifh eu©wåaA'ynm&Sif
onf twåvEÅdwfork'´&mudk wufa&muf pHcsdefwifcJhonf/ &Sifvnf;jzpfí 1927 ckESpfwGif Niccolo Zucchi uG,v f eG cf hJ
wpfOD;wnf; r&yfrem; ysHoef; olonf NyD;cJo h nfEh pS u
f awmif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ onf/ olonf a&mifjyef w,f
rI c&D;pOftNyD;wGif yJ&pfNrdKU 'Le wuform; Lakpa Gelu wif 1934 ckEpS f qD'G ifvrl sK;d ZD0"mwk vDpukyfudk 'DZdkif;xkwf wDxGif
Bourget' uGif;wGif qif;ouf xm;cJhonfh 10 em&D 56 rdepf ynm&Sif Bengt I. Samuels- cJholjzpfNyD; *sLyDwmN*dK[f\
cJhonf/ ¤if;onf urÇmh yxr ESihf olu, dk wf ikd w
f ifxm;cJo
h nfh son ud k arG;zGm;cJhonf/ ol rsufESmjyif&dS cg;ywfuGif; ESpfck
qHk;aom c&D;pOfwpfckvnf; 12 em&D 45 rdepf pHcsdefwdkYudk onf prostaglandins ac: udk &SmazGawGU&dScJholvnf; jzpf
jzpfcJhygonf/ csKd;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ udk,fcE¨mwGif;&dS a[mfrkef;ESifh onf/ olYudk 1586 ckESpfwGif
1956 ckESpf ypdzdwfork'´&m&dS arG;zGm;jcif; wlonfh j'yfpifrsm;taMumif; arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
rm&S,u f Re;f tkypf ?k rdkufu½dk eD; 1792 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; odyÜH udk azmfxkwfawGU&dScJhol jzpf 1964 ckEpS f *smrefEdkifiHzGm; ½ly
qD;&m;uRef;tkyfpk0if 'Bikini ynm&Sif Gaspard Gustave onf/ olonf Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f aA' ynm&Sif James Franck
Atoll' ac: oEÅmausmufuRef; Coriolis udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ ol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ uG,fvGefcJhy gonf/ ol o nf
av;onf [dkuf'½dk*sifAHk; prf; onf ocsFmynm&SifESifh pufrI 1936 ckEpS f *smrefjynfzmG ; tar uGrwf rfenf;ynmESihf ywfouf
oyf azmufcGJrIwpfckaMumifh tif*sief , D mwpfO;D vnf; jzpfí &duefEikd if o
H m; ZD0aA' ynm&Sif í okawoejyKcJholjzpfonf/
vHk;0eD;yg; ysufpD;cJh&ygonf/ ol\ 'coriolis effect' onf Gunter Blobel udk arG;zGm;cJh olonf Edkb,fvfqk&Sifvnf;
¤if;udk av,mOfrS MuJcscJhjcif; xif&Sm;cJhonf/ olonf 1843 ygonf/ olonf qJvfrsm; jzpfí olUudk 1882 ckESpfwGif
jzpfonf/ tqdkyg uRef; tjzpf ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ twGi;f y½dw k if;wdYk tajccHrEI iS hf arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
trSwrf mS '821,393' jzpfonf/ (NaBH4) aoqHk;jcif;

udk xkwfvkyfEdkif
1960 jynfEh pS f &pfcsfwm pau; 1983 ckEpS f b,f*sD,HEdkifiHzGm;
onfh enf;vrf;udk &SmazGazmf
9.5 &dSonfh ajrivsif vIyfcwf xkwcf o ZD 0 aA' ynm&S i f Albert
hJ jl zpfí Edb
k ,fvf qk&iS f
rI jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ ¤if;onf Claude uG,fvGefcJhonf/ ol
vnf;jzpfonf/ olonf 2004
csDvDEdkifiH awmifbufydkif;wGif onf tDvufx&Gef rdkufu½dk
ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
jzpfí rSww f rf;rsm;t& tiftm; pukyf toHk;jyKí qJvfrsm;\
1927 ckEpS f [efa*&DEdkifiHom;
tjyif;xefqHk; ajrivsif vIyf yHk&dyfrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;
"mwkaA' ynm&Sif George
cwfrI jzpfcJhygonf/ rS qJvfrsm;\ wnfaqmufyHk
Andrew Olah udk arG;zGm;cJy h g
1990 jynfEh pS f rkdufu½dkaqmhzf ESifh tvkyf vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udk
onf / ol o nf 'carboca-
ukrÜPDrS uGefysLwmoHk; pepf avhvmEdkifcJhygonf/ olonf
tions' ac: umAGeftufwrf&dS
wpfcjk zpfaom 'Windows 3.0' Edkb,fvfqk&Sifvnf;jzpfí olY
tdkif,Gef;rsm;taMumif;udk avh
pepf aqmhzf0Judk xkwfvkyfcJhyg udk 1899 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhyg
vmcJyh gonf/ Olah onf ,ck
onf/ ¤if;udk a':vm 149.95 onf/
tcg u,fvzD ;kd eD;,m;wuúov kd f
jzifh a&mif;cscJhonf/ 1997 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiHom;
wGif ygarmu©ESifh 'Loker Hy-
ZD0"mwkaA' ynm&Sif Alfred
drocarbon Research' wGif
arG;zGm;jcif; 'g½du
k w hershey uG,fvGefcJhonf/ ol
f m wpfO;D tjzpf wm0ef
1912 ckEpS f t*FvefEdkifiHzGm; onf ydk;rTm;aA' ynm&Sifjzpfí
xrf;aqmifaeygonf/ ol\
"mwkaA' ynm&Sif Herbert C. 'The Methanol Economy' Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD;vnf;
Machine' pufudk rlydkiftjzpf Brown udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ ol pmtkyfudk 2006 ckESpf rwfv jzpfonf/ olYudk 1908 ckESpf
rSwyf w
kH ifco
hJ nf/ ¤if; rSwyf w
kH if onf qdk'D,H bdk½dk [dkuf'&dwf wGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
&ef vrf;wHwm;udkvnf; 'DZdkif;
23 MAY th
xkwcf yhJ gonf/ olonf 1887
ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
arG;zGm;jcif; trnfrmS 'The Karnival Kid' 1848 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; av
tjzpftysurf sm; jzpfygonf/ aMumif;ynm a&SUaqmif wpfO;D
1884 ckEpS f Morse code jzifh 1958 ckEpS f Explorer-I tmum jzpfol Otto Lilienthal udk arG;
vTifhcJhaom yxrqHk; aMu;eef; o pl;prf;,mOfrS toHxkwf zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf vlom;
pmudk ydkYvTwfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif vTifhrIrsm; &yfpJoGm;cJhygonf/ vdkufygEdkifonfh *vdkuf'g ac:
'What hath God wrought' ¤if;udek mqm\ 'Explorer' tpD pufrahJ v,mOfukd atmifjrifpmG
[ka&;om;xm;ygonf/ ¤if;udk tpOft& qufo, G af &;N*dK[w
f k wDxiG cf ohJ jl zpfNyD; 'Glider King' onf/ olonf 1991 ckEpS w f iG f
Samuel F.B Morse uwDxi Gf tjzpf wifvTwfcJhjcif;jzpf\/ [k ac:a0:owfrSwfjcif;udk uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
cJNh yD; w,fv*D &yfpepfjzifh 0g&Sif arG;zGm;jcif; cHcJh&ol jzpfygonf/ olonf aoqHk;jcif;
wefrS abmfvfwDrdk;NrdKUodkY ydkY 1820 jynfhEpS f tar&duefvrl sKd; 1896 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ 1857 ckEpS f jyifopf vlrsK;d ocsmF
vTwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tif*sifeD,mESifh wDxiG fol wpf 1908 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d ½ly ynm&Sif Augustin Louis
1929 ckEpS f yxrqH;k pum;ajym OD;jzpfol James Buchanan aA' ynm&Sif John Bardeen Cauchy uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ ol
aom umwGef;<uuf½kyfuav; Eads udk arG;zGm;cJhonf/ ol udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf onf u,fu;l vyfp\ f oDt&kd rf
'Mickey Mouse' yg0ifonfh onf a&atmufwiG f epfjrKyfae Edb
k ,fvq f u k kd ESpBf udrw f ikd f &&dS rsm;udk azmfjrLvmxkwf wGuf
Zmwfvrf;udk xkwv f iT chf o
hJ nf/ aom oabFmrsm;udk q,fwif cJholjzpfí x&efppöwmudk wD csufjycJhNyD; 'alalysis' \ a&SU
¤if;udk 'Ub Iwerks' u wDxiG f &ef txl;jyKvkyfxm;onfh avS xGifjcif;ESifh 'superconducti- aqmif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
cJNh yD; Walt Disney rS toH oGi;f ESihf ypön;f rsm;udk wDxiG cf o
hJ nf/ vity' \ tajccH oDt& kd uD kd azmf olYukd 1789 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJh
,lcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf; olonf rpöpyö jD rpfukd ausmjf zwf xkwfEdkifcJhjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfyg ygonf/
cJhygonf/ tif*sief , D mvkyif ef;rsm;udk a&SU

24th MAY 2001 ckEpS f 15 ESpfom; t&G,f aqmifazmfxkwfcJhNyD; tcsdefESifh
awmifwuform; wpfO;D jzpfol a&GUvsm;rIukd avhvmaom vkyf
tjzpftysurf sm; aMumif;ynma&SUaqmif Igor Temba Tsheri onf {0&uf ief; wpfckjzpfonfh Gilbreth
1930 jynfEh pS f t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d av Sikorsky onf yefumwpfv;kH awmifukd wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ Inc. udk wnfaxmifchJ olvnf;
aMumif;ydkif;avmhwpfOD; jzpfol wyf [,fvaD umhywmjzifh yxr olonf ti,fq;kH aom awmif jzpfonf/ olronf 1972 ck
Amy Johnson onf t*Fvef qHk;tBudrftjzpf atmifjrifpGm wuform;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif ESpw f iG f uG,v f eG fcJhygonf/
rS MopaMw;vs (Australia) odYk ysHoef;jyocJhonf/ jcif; cHcJh&ygonf/ aoqHk;jcif;
av,mOfjzifh ysHoef;rI c&D;pOf 1962 ckESpf tar&duefvlrsKd; arG;zGm;jcif; 1734 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; "mwk
tNyD;wGif 'g0ifNrdKUü qif;ouf tmumo,mOfrLS ; Scott Car- 1544 ckEpS f t*FvdyfvlrsKd; odyÜH aA'ESihf ½lyaA'ynm&Sif Georg
cJhygonf/ olronf arv 5 penter onf 'Aurora-7' tm ynm&Sif William Gilbert udk Ernst Stahl uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
&uf w G i f p wif c J h N yD ; c&D ; rd k i f umo,mOfjzifh urÇmudk oH;k Budrf arG;zGm;cJoh nf/ olonf vQypf pf olYukd 1660jynfEh pS w f iG f arG;zGm;
11ç000 &dcS í hJ yxrqH;k yso H ef; ywfcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf tjrifh ESifh oHvdkuf"mwftaMumif;udk cJhygonf/
cJo
h nfch &D;pOfvnf; jzpfco hJ nf/ 164 rdik f N*dK[fywfvrf;aMumif; okawoejyKco hJ jl zpfNyD; 'electri 1969 ckEpS f *smrefEdkifiHzGm; odyÜH
1940 jynfhEpS f ½k&Sm;vlrsKd; av wGif jzpfí 5 em&DrQ Mumjrifh -city' [laom pum;vH;k udk tp ynm&Sif Willy Ley uG,v f eG cf hJ
OD; oHk;cJholvnf; jzpfonf/ ol onf/ olonf odyÜHZmwfvrf;
onf 1603 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG f rsm;udk a&;om;ol pma&;q&m
cJhygonf/ jzpfí 'Hk;ysH? tmumo,mOf
1878 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd; wkYd EiS yhf wfoufonfh enf;ynm
tif*sief , D m wpfO;D jzpfol Lil- rsm;twGuv f nf; tultnD ay;
lian Moller Gilbreth udk arG; cJo
h jl zpfonf/ olYukd 1906 ckEpS f
zGm;cJhonf/ olronf pufrI wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/

xdyfodkY wufa&mufcJhygonf/ aoqHk;jcif;
25th MAY olonf {0&ufawmifoYkd wuf 1555 ckEpS f 'wfcsfvlrsKd; ocsFm
a&mufEdkifcJhol yxrqHk;aom ESifh ajryHkqGJ ynm&Sif Gemma
tjzpftysurf sm; 1955 ckEpS f urÇmay:wGif wwd, rsufrjrifwpfOD; jzpfcJhygonf/ Frisius uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ ol
1953 ckESpf tar&d u ef j ynf tjrifqh ;kH awmifjzpfaom Kan- 2001 ckEpS f touf 64 ESpf t&G,f onf urÇmvHk;udk wDxGifcJhNyD;
axmifpk eDAm;'g;oJuEÅm&wGif chenjunga awmifukd yxrqH;k aumfeufwu D uf jynfe,fom; a&aMumif;oGm;vmrIrsm;? wdkif;
EsL;uvD;,m; prf;oyfazmuf tBudrftjzpf wufa&mufEdkifcJh Sherman Bull onf {0&uf wma&;ponf ynm&yfrsm;ESifh
cGrJ w
I pfcu
k kd jyKvkycf o
hJ nf/ ¤if; Muygonf/ ¤if;onf eDaygESifh awmifxdyfodkY wufa&mufcJhyg ywfoufí enf;vrf;opfrsm;
onf 'Hk;usnfjzifh ypfcwf& tdE´d,EdkifiHtMum; wnf&dSí onf/ olonf yxrqHk;aom udk azmfxkwfwGufcsufay;cJhyg
onfh yxrqHk; EsL;uvD;,m; tjrifh ay 28ç169 jzpfygonf/ {0&ufawmifodkY wufa&muf onf/ olYudk 1508 ckESpfwGif
vufeuf prf;oyfrIvnf; jzpf ¤if;udk NAdwo d QawmifwuftzGUJ cJhonfh touft&G,f tBuD; arG;zGm;cJhonf/
ygonf/ rS wufa&mufcJhMujcif;jzpfyg qHk;ol jzpfcJhygonf/ 1988 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; ½lyaA'
onf/ arG;zGm;jcif; ynm&Sif Ernst Ruska uG,f
1985ckEpS f b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if w
H iG f 1865 ckEpS f 'wfcsfvrl sK;d ½lyaA' vGecf yhJ gonf/ olonf tDvuf
tylydkif; qdkifuvkef; rkefwdkif; ynm&Sif Pieter Zeeman udk x&Gef rSefbDvl;udk toHk;jyK&
wkdufcwfcJh&m vlaygif; wpf arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olonf 'Ze- aom yxrqHk;aom tDvuf
aomif;rQ aoqHk;cJh&ygonf/ eman effect' udk &SmazGazmfxw k f x&Gefrdkufu½dkpukyfudk wDxGif
2001 ckEpS f touf 32 ESpf t&G,f cJhol jzpfNyD; Edkb,fvf qk&Sif cho
J jl zpfonf/ olonf Edb k ,fvf
aumfvdk&m'dkjynfe,fom; rsuf wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ olonf qk&Sifvnf;jzpfí olYudk 1906
rjrifwpfO;D jzpfoEl rik Weihen 1943 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
Kan-chenjunga -mayer onf {0&uf awmif onf/
vu©Pmudk awGUcJh&ygonf/
26th MAY arG;zGm;jcif;
Strowger uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/
ol o nf tD v uf x ½d k r uú e D
1667 ckEpS f jyifopfvrl sKd; ocsFm u,f qdkif&m 'telephone ex-
tjzpftysurf sm; 3.5 em&D MumjrifhcJhygonf/ ynm&Sif Abraham de Moivre change' enf;ynmudk azmfxw k f
1917 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiH tD 2002 ckESpf Mars Odyssey udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf cJholjzpfí olYudk 1839 ckESpf
vifEdGKufjynfe,fwGif wdkem'dk; tmumo pl;prf;,mOfonf BwD*dkEdkarBwDESifh jynfhpHkaom wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
rkefwdkif; wdkufcwfcJhygonf/ t*FgN*dK[frsufESmjyifodkY pl;prf; ude;f *Pef;wdYktMum; qufo, G f 1951 ckESpf tar&duef vlrsKd;
¤if ; onf rS w f w rf ; rsm;t& avhvmcJhNyD; BuD;rm; us,fjyefY rIqikd &f m Moivre azmfjrLvmudk odyÜH ynm&Sif Lincoln Ells-
tjyif;xefqHk;? t&Snfvsm;qHk; aom a&cJjyifBuD; &dSEdkifonfh azmfxkwfcJholjzpfygonf/ ol worth uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ ol
ESifh tMumqHk;aom rkefwdkif; onf 1754 ckEpS w f iG f uG,vf eG f onf 0if½dk;pGef;a'orsm;odkY
wpfckjzpfcJhum wdkufcwfcsdef 7 cJhonf/ oGm;a&muf avhvmolvnf;
em&Dausmf MumjrifhcJhNyD; 293 1949 ckEpS f tar&duef vlrsKd; jzpfí ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;\ A[dk
rdik w
f ikd f a&TUvsm;cJyh gonf/ ¤if; wDxiG o f lWard Cunningham ae&mudk jrifawGUcJholvnf;
rkew f ikd ;f aMumifh 101 OD; aoqH;k udk arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ olonf Wiki jzpfonf/ olYukd 1880 jynfEh pS f
cJhum vlaygif; 700 rQ 'Pf&m ac: WikiWikiWeb 0ufbf wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
&cJhygonf/ qdkufudk wDxGifcJhol jzpfNyD; y½dk 1999 ckESpf tar&duef vlrsKd;
1977 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiHom; *&rfa&;qGJjcif; ynm&yfrsm;\ wDxGifol ynm&Sif Waldo
George Willig onf e,l; a&SUaqmif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfyg Semon uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ ol
a,mufpD;wD;&dS World Trade onf/ onf vinyl ac: auG;Edik af cguf
Center \ awmifbuf taqmuf aoqHk;jcif; Edik af om yvwfpwpfwpfrsK;d udk
ttHkodkY ]yifhulvlom;} ozG,f 1902 ckEpS f utar&duef vlrsKd; wDxGifcJholjzpfí olYudk 1898
wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ ¤if;onf wDxGifol ynm&Sif Almon ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
use;f rma&; aq;odyHÜ
u uRefrorD;av; rsupf u
GOOGLE d ef;r,fh ta&;u
umuG,f u,fr ay;EdkifchJw,f
tifwmeufay:rmS 5 rdepf avmuf csw d qf uf&mS azG

Munhf vkdufwhJtcg uRefr orD;av; udk
Munh½f pI rf;oyfay;whJ q&m0efawG&UJ xyfcgwvJvJ
trSm;awGMum;u vufrwifuav;
vGwaf jrmuf ½ke;f xGuEf idk cf &Jh w,f/
rawGU&S&d qkw d Jh rSwcf suu
f av;yJ vkdufygw,f/ aemuf 2-em&D
Louise Baxter
&vkdufw,f/ tMumrSm tvm;wljzpf&yfrsKd;
uRef r vnf ; pd w f y suf cH p m;zl ; wh J rd b awG q D u
vufysuef YJ online ay:wufNyD; taMumif;jyeftMuHay;vrf;nTef
uRefrorD;av; arG;cgp u pd;k &drpf &mr&Syd gbl;vkYd yJ tm; Google 0ufbfqkdufxJ 0if csufudk vufcH&&SdchJygw,f/
wkef;u olY&JUrsufvHk;eJYezl;rSm ay;ESpfodrfhMuw,f/ orD;av; csd w f N yD ; arG ; &mygtrS w f aemuf 24- em&DtwGi;f Great
teDa&;aMumif;awG jzpfay:ae rsufESmu Munfh&if;Munfh&if; (birthmark) qkdwhJ pmom;udk Ormond vrf;xJu aq;½Hkudk
wmudk owdxm;rdw,f/ arG; wjcm;urÇ m u N*d K [f o m;eJ Y xnhf½dkufNyD; &SmazGMunhfvkduf uav; ac:vmzkdY taMumif;
wkef;u n§yfeJYqGJxkwfarG;&vkdY ydkwlvmovkdyJ/ tJovkdeJY 6- whJ tcgrSmawmh --- vm; --- Mum;chJygw,f/ jrefEkdiforQjref
'Dvdk yGe;f &m 'Pf&m'Pfcsuaf wG ywf vG e f a jrmuf o G m ;a&m/ vm; -- awGUygNyD/ uRefrorD; &if taumif;qHk;vkdY owday;
usef&pfwmyg/ cPrMumrD bmrQxl;rvmbl;/ uRefrrSm jzpf&yfeJY wpfxyfwnf;uswhJ Muygw,f/ 9-em&Davmuf
aysmufoGm;vdrfhr,fvkdY aq;½Hk vnf; pk;d &drvf Ydk awGUorQ q&m0ef a0'em&Sif uav;wpfa,muf MumjrifhoGm;csdefrSmawmh uRefr
u ajymygw,f/ oHk;ywfMum awGudk ar;vkduf&wmvnf; &JU "mwfyHkudkaygh/ tJ'Da&m*g orD;av;udk tJ'aD q;½Hrk mS a&m*g
NyD;whJaemufrSmawmh eDndKa&mif tarmygyJ/ Mumawmh em;NiD; v u© Pm pk ud k Matilda's &SmazG prf;oyfNyD; cHpm;ae&whJ
oef;vmNyD; em;o,fpyftxd vmw,f x if y gh / ta&jym; symptom vkdY ac:ygw,f/ a&m*g[m cavernous have-
ysHUESHY BuD;xGm;vmw,f/ nm txl;ukq&m0efeJY jyMunhfzkdY uRef r vnf ; Birthmark mangioma ac:whJ aoG;aMum
bufrsuv f ;kH udv
k nf; zH;k tkyv
f k tMuHay;w,f/ ta&;wBuD; support Group ac:wh J eH&H aoG;tdwfwnfwhJa&m*g
rwwf jzpfvmw,f/ awGUorQ jyzkdYawmh rvkdbl;vkdYqkdw,f/ taxmuftulay;a&;tzGJUudk jzpfaew,fqkdwm twnfjyK
q&m0efeJY olemjyKq&mrawG aq;rSww f rf;xJrmS bma&m*grQ e-mail eJY tquftoG,fjyK ay;vku d yf gNyD/ Matilda a&m*g

vu©Pmpkudk tcsdefrD ruko emusifoufomaq; rSD0J&ol trsKd;orD;rsm;
Ekid &f if rsupf t
d jrif qH;k ½H;I oGm;zkYd
tvm;tvm tvGerf sm;ygw,f/ aoG;wk;d tEÅ&m,f MuKH awG&U zkYd tcGit
hf vrf;ydrk sm;
orD;av;crsm a&m*gtrnfwyf
rI wvGJwacsmf jzpfrIawGeJY aeYpOfeJYtrQ tudkuftcJ vm&jcif; jzpfygw,f/wpfaeY
tcsed af wmfawmfrsm;rsm; ukeq f ;kH aysmufaq;yrmP enf;enf; udk yg&mpDwarm (500) rDvD
ch&J wmyg/ aoG;tdwf (haeman- rD0S &J avh&wdS ?Jh aq;usifyh gaewhJ *&rf e J Y t xuf rS D 0 J a vh & S d w h J
gioma) udk apmapmpD;pD; cGJ trsKd;orD;awGtzkdY aoG;wkd; trsKd;orD;awGtaeeJY aoG;wkd;
xkwf ukoEkdifzkdY ta&;BuD;yg a&m*g jzpfyGm;Ekdifajc ydkrsm; a&m*g cHpm;&zkdY tvm;tvm
w,f/ aq;½Hku orm;awmf w,fvdkY qkdygw,f/ (2) qydrk sm;w,fvYdkqydk gw,f/
awG&JU tawGUtMuHKt& uav; [m;Awf wuúodkvfu Nurofen eJY naproxen
tawmfr sm;rsm;[m a&m*g aq;ynm&Sif okawoDawG[m uho J Ydkaom ibuprofen tkypf 0k if
trnf razmfEkdifbJ tawmfBuD; tufpy&if (asprin)? yg&m aq;awG (400) rDvD*&rfeJY oHk;pGJol trsKd;orD;awGrSmawmh
tcsdefaemufusrS 'Daq;½Hkudk pDwarm (paracetamol) eJY txuf rDS0JoHk;pGJol trsKd;orD; aoG;wk;d a&m*gcHpm;&r,fh t&dyf
a&mufvmavh &Sw d ,fvYdk qkyd g ibuprofen uhJodkY pwD;½GdKuf awGrmS aoG;wk;d a&m*g cHpm;&zkdY vu©PmawG rawGU&bl;vdYk qkd
w,f/ orD;av; cHpm;ae&whJ r[kwfaom a&mif&rf;avsmhus tvm;tvm (60) &mckdifEeI ;f ygw,f/ oif[maeYpOfeJYtrQ
Matilda vu© P mpk a Mumif h aq;rsm; (NSAIDs) rSD0Javh&Sd ydkrsm;NyD; touf (51) ESpfeJY tudu k tf cJaysmufaq; rS0D &J ol
rsufpduG,fr,fhta&;u vuf whJ trsKd;orD;aygif; (5,000) (77) ESpMf um; trsK;d orD;awGrmS jzpf&if txufygjyóemawG
rwifuav; u,fq,fEidk v f udk f cefYukd okawoeppfwrf; xkwf awmh &mckdifEIef; (80) ydkrsm; udk acgif;xJxnhf pOf;pm;xm;
NyD; aoGtdwfawGvnf; ydef½HIU Munhf&mu 'Dtcsufudk awGU&Sd w,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ Asprin &rSm rvGJygyJ/
aysmufu, G o
f mG ;chyJ gNyD/ rawmf
ESmacgi;f aoG;,dv
k Qif owdjyK zG,&f mrsm; (NOSEBLEED ALERT) wq tcsed af ESmif;NyD;a&mufvm
vkdY orD;av; rsufpduef;oGm;
yljyif;ajcmufaoGUwhJ &moD vG,u f ul l &yfwefY aysmufuif; ESmacgif;aygufxu J omrubJ &ifawmh tysKad zmf0ifpt&G,rf mS
awGrmS ESmuavmfrv d Ydk yjJ zpfjzpf? oGm;ra,mifeJY ydkrkdqkd;0g;vmrI vnfacsmif;xJ aoG;awG usqif; b,favmuf &Suf&GHU tm;i,f
ESmacgif;udk xdckdufrdvkdYyJjzpf awG MuHKawGU&wwfygw,f/ 0ifa&mufr,f/ ESmacgif;ayguf avrvJvYdk vnf; awG;rdygao;
jzpf ESmacgif;aoG;,dkavh &Sdyg 'Dvkd jzpfNyDq&dk ifawmh aq;cef;? ESpfzufpvHk;u ,dkpD;xGufvm w,f/ aoG;tdwfwnfrI (hae-
w,f/ wpfcgwpf&Hawmh vG,f aq;½Hkajy;zkdY rarheJY/ r,fq&dk if ESmacgif;twGi;f buf mangioma) &JU wcsKUd jzpf&yfawG
Ä ESmacgif;udk zdn§pfxm;vkdY euf½iId ;f &mu ,dpk rd ahf ygufxuG f rSm toufuakd wmif tEÅ&m,f
10 rdepfxuf ydkMumwmawmif aewmjzpfw,f/ pOf;pm;&if jzpfapw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/
rS aoG;,kpd ;D rI qufjzpfaew,f tcsdefukefw,f? tjrefqHk;enf; taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m
qkd&if eD;&maq;cef; aq;½Hkudk eJY yef;uefvHk;pD;NyD; aq;½Hkudk 0efawGeYpJ m&if Googled Symp-
vpfayawmh/ ESmacgif;udk 5- vpfayawmh/ toms awGudk 'kwd,wef;pm;
rdepfu 10-rdepftwGif; n§pf Ä ESmacgif;aoG;,kdpD;rI vGef ta&;rygbl;vkdY tjrif&Sdaeol
ay;xm;&if aoG;,krd I &yfukd &yf uJNyD; rl;a0vmwhJtcgvnf; vl w csKd U uawmh 'D a eY a cwf
qkdif;oGm;&ygr,f/ txufuajymovkdyJaygh/ BuD;xJrSm wu,fudk oem;
Ä rMumcP ESmacgif;aoG; Ä OD;acgif;eJY rsufESmay: p&mawGvkdYyJ jrifrdygw,f/
,dkwwfw,f qkd&ifjzifh rlrSef wpfpHkwpfckeJY jyif;xefpGm xdrd olwkdYjyoaewhJq&m0efawG
r[kwaf wmhb;l / ESmacgif;xJrmS aqmifrh v d Ydk ESmacgif;aoG;,dv
k m trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; jzpfwhJ
xdckdufrIwpfckck &SdaeNyD/ uRrf; NyDqkd&ifvnf; tcsdefqkdif;rae tcsdefrSm wu,fhu,fwif&Sif
usifwhJ orm;awmfeJYjyí uko ygeJY/ rwdr;f rapmif; Ade;f aAmif; awG[m Net xJu apmifharQmf
zkdY BudK;pm;yg/ eJU tjrefvpfEkdifrS awmfumus aew,fqkdwm rarhvkdufygeJY/
Ä ESmacgif;aoG;,kdwm[m r,f/

vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;udk ckw;kH vkyf tok;H csaewJh tar&duef&UJ xGiv
f ;kH ukd ykw
H u
l ;l csvQif rSm;rnf
tar&dueftpk;d &u 'Dru dk a&pDxeG ;f um;a&;? vlYtcGihf ta&; awGudk urÇmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;u rD'D,mawGu jyefvnfacsy azmfjy
qkdwmawGukd ckwHk;vkyf tokH;csaewm[m wpfzufu ukdvkdeDe,f aeMuygNyD/
csJU vufopfbDvl;½kyfukd zHk;tkyfzkdY rif;om;acgif;aqmif;NyD; [ef w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH[m 1990 jynfhESpfumvuwnf;
a&;jyaewmomjzpfw,fvdkY urÇmhEkdifiHtpkd;&rsm;eJY urÇmhjynfol u ]]tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k nf w½kwEf idk if \ H jynfwiG ;f a&;udpö
awGu aemausatmif odaeMuNyDjzpfygw,f/ tjcm;wpfzufu rsm;tay: wm0efrhJ rSwcf surf sm; csyidk cf iG rhf &S?d vlYtcGit hf a&;udAk ef;
Munhfr,fqkd&ifvnf; 0g'jzefYcsda&;eJY pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;ppfyJG jyNyD; tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;\jynfwiG ;f a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaerIrsm;
qifENJT yD; trsKd;om;opömazmuf vlwiG u f s,f wwfa,mifum;awG udk &yfwef;u &yfoifhNyD/ vlYtcGifhta&;Aef;jyNyD; tjcm;aomEkdifiH
udk wynfharG;? q&mBuD;vkyfaewm odomxif&Sm;ygw,f/ rsm;\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIudk jywfjywfom;om;
tar&duefeJY taygif;ygawG usL;ausmfppf qifETJcJhNyD;aemuf qefYusifonf}} vdkY wkYHjyef ajymMum;cJhygw,f/
ydik ;f tD&wfEidk if rH mS tar&duef&UJ rl0g'ukd ,HMk unfouf0ifvmapzkYdeYJ rav;&Sm;0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; r[momrkd[mrufuvnf;
vufa0cH? MoZmcHawG jyefYyGm;vmapzkdYtwGuf 0g'jzefYcsda&; ]]tar&duefEidk if o H nf tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;\ tajccHvYl tcGit hf a&;rsm;
vkyif ef;awGukd vkyaf qmifcw hJ ,fvYkd od&ygw,f/ yifw*Gepf pfXme udk tNrJwrf; csKd;azmufvsuf&Sdonf/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiHu cH,laom
csKyfu tD&wfEkdifiHtwGif; xkwfa0aewJh owif;pmawGrSm tar&d vlYtcGit hf a&;qko d nfrmS vltrsm;pkBuD;\tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,f
uef 0g'jzefYowif;aqmif;yg;awG xnfhoGif;EkdifzkdYtwGuf qGefeD xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjcif;yifjzpfonf}}vkYd wHYHk jyef a0zefcyhJ gw,f/
bmoma&;ynm&Siaf wGukd vmbfx;dk NyD; pnf;½H;k odr;f oGi;f cJw h ,fvYkd 'Dae&mrSm ,aeYjrefrmEkid if u H kd pnf;urf;jynh0f aom'Dru dk a&pD
qkdygw,f/ ]]tD&wfjynfolawGtay:rSm vTrf;rdk;rIt&SdqHk; yk*¾dKvf EkdifiHawmfjzpfxGef;a&;twGuf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwpf&yf
awGudk wynfharG;xm;Ekdif&if tD&wfjynfolawGudkyg tomav; udk OD;pD;OD;aqmif taumiftxnfazmfay;aewJh wyfrawmftpkd;&
tdwfuyfxJxnfhxm;EkdifNyDvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f}}vdkY yifw*GefppfXme &JU 'Dru dk a&pDa&;? vlYtcGit hf a&;eJYpyfvsO;f NyD; xm;&Sw d rhJ 0l g'awGukd
csKyf trIxrf;wpfOD;u The New York Times owif;pmeJY vnf; avhvmod&SdorQ azmfjyvkdygw,f/
awGUqHkar;jref;cef;rSm xkwfazmfajymMum;cJhwm jzpfygw,f/ Ekid if aH wmftBuD;tuJ Akv d cf sKyfr;ª BuD;oef;a&Tu jrefrmEkid if rH mS
ppfat;umvwkef;u tar&dueftpkd;&tqufquf&JU rD'D usio hf ;Hk azmfaqmifaewJh 'Dru dk a&pDeYJ vlYtcGit hf a&;pHEeI ;f awGeJY ywf
,m usL;ausmfppfyGJ qifETJrIudk CIA u wm0efcH vkyfaqmifcJhNyD; oufNyD; atmufygtwdik ;f trSmpum;rsm; ajymMum;xm;ygw,f-
Ekid if t
H oD;oD;&JU pme,fZif;awGrmS tar&duef&UJ vlaerIpepfukd tJ'D Ä taemufEidk if rH sm;\ vlYtcGit hf a&;pHEeI ;f rsm;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDpEH eI ;f
Ekid if uH jynfoal wG oabmus vufcv H matmif aiGaMu;ykaH tmNyD; rsm;onf rdrw d Ydktm&SEidk if rH sm;\ pHEeI ;f ESirhf wlnaD Mumif;?rdrw d YkdEidk if ?H
xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJyh gw,f/ tck tD&wfrmS vnf; tar&duefawGukd rdrwd Ydkvrl sK;d \"avhp½ku d t f & rdrw d YkdEiS u
hf ukd n f o D nfh vlYtcGit hf a&;
u,fwif&SifBuD;ozG,f ,HkMunfvufcHvmatmif yifw*Gefu aiG pHEIef;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDvrf;aMumif;udk a&G;cs,faqmif&Guf&efjzpf
vrf;cif;NyD; vkyaf qmifaew,fvYkd aqmif;yg;wpfy'k rf mS zwf½v I u
dk f aMumif;?
&ygw,f/ Ä wkdif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;\ pm;a&;? 0wfa&;? aea&;ponfh
'g[m urÇmjh ynforl sm;tMum;rSm ½kyyf sufqif;ysufjzpfaewJh tajctaet&yf&yfudk jznfhqnf;ray;EkdifvQif qkd&S,fvpfpepfyJ
tar&duef&UJ yk&H yd ?f Murf;yk;d udk vdyjf zpfatmif vkyMf uHzefw;D aewmyg jzpfjzpf? 'Dru dk a&pDpepfyjJ zpfjzpf atmifjrifrmS r[kwaf Mumif;? tajc
yJ/ 'gayr,fh a&SUuzH;k aemufuay:qko d vkyd J tar&duef yifw*Gef cH vkdtyfcsufjzpfonfh pm;0wfaea&;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfh
ppfXmecsKyfu tD&wfrD'D,mawGudk vmbfxdk;NyD; owif;rSefeJY pepfonfom a&&Snf wnfwHhckdifNrJrnfjzpfaMumif;?
owif;rSm;awG a&maxG;azmfjyaewm? tar&duefEkdifiHtwGif;rSm Ä ,aeY Ekid if w H umtajctaet& vlYtcGit hf a&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDa&;
qufo, G af &;vkyif ef;pepfawGukd Oya'rJMh um;jzwfc;dk ,l em;axmif udk taMumif;jyí EkdifiHBuD;tcsKdUu EkdifiHi,frsm;udk MoZmvTrf;rkd;
aewm? tusOf;pcef;awGrSm vlrqefpGm n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaewm &ef Bud;pm;aeaMumif;? ta&SUwkdif;,Ofaus;rIESifh taemufwkdif;
awG[m urÇmhrD'D,mavmurSm aygavmBuD; ay:vsuf &Sdaeyg ,Ofaus;rIonf rnfoYdkrQ rwlnED idk o f jzifh usio hf ;kH aqmif&u G rf yI pHk H
w,f/ tckvnf; tar&dueftpk;d &Ekid if jH cm;a&;Xmeu 2005 ckEpS f vnf; rwlnED idk af Mumif;? ,if;odYk aomtajctaeü rdrw d Ydktaejzifh
vlYtcGifhta&;tpD&ifcHpmqkdwmukd xkwfjyefNyD; ukd,hfudkudk,fazmf tppt&m&m ukd,fcHtm;aumif;atmif? wkdif;jynftm;&Sdatmif
rolawmf vkyv f u dk jf yefygw,f/ olrsm;ukd vufnK§d ;wpfacsmif;xk;d BudK;pm;&rSmjzpfaMumif;? rdrdEkdifiH wdk;wufa&;twGuf rdrdukd,fudk
&if usefwJhav;acsmif;u rdrdbufudk jyefvSnfhwwfw,fqkdwJh tm;uk;d &rSmjzpfaMumif;? ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd jcif;onf tajcckid rf mrI&dS
twkdif;yJ tar&duefEkdifiH&JU qdk;0g;vSwJh vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf; aMumif;?
Ä tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD[lonf wkdif;jynf? vlrsKd; BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufay;aeovJqkdwmudk aemufaqmif;yg;awGrSm
p½kduf? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? bmomt,l0g'rsm;ESifh tus,fw0ifh avhvm azmfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpf&ef vkdtyfNyD; ykHwlul;csí r&EkdifaMumif;? ,aeY wkdif;&if;om;jynfolawG&JU wm0efwpf&yfuawmh jzpf
Ä vlawG\ touf&Sif aexkdifa&;twGuf pm;0wfaea&;onf ysuf ajymif;vJaewJh EkdifiHwuma&;&mtajctaeeJY rdrdwkdY&JU
tajccHtusqHk; vlYtcGifhta&;[k cH,laMumif;? tajccHvlYtcGifh jynfwGif;a&;&m tajctaet&yf&yfudk rSefuefpGm okH;oyfqifjcif
ta&;rsm; jynhfpkHNyD;onfhaemuf tay:,H vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk NyD; rdrdwkdYEkdifiHawmf t"GefY&Snfa&;eJY jynfolrsm;&JUb0 om,m
jyefvnf wnfaqmufay;&ef tcuftcJr&SdaMumif;? 0ajyma&;udk a&S;½Ium rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfeJY jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf
Ä rdrw d Ydk jrefrmvlYtzGUJ tpnf;wGif wnfNidrrf EI iS hf at;csrf;om,mrI tjrifhrm;qHk; xGef;um;jyefYyGm;atmif arG;jrLoGm;MuzkdYygyJ/
udk jrwfEkd;jcif;onf tvGefwefzkd;&Sdonfh t&nftaoG;wpfckjzpf ydNk yD; xifomjrifom&Sad tmif rMumcifu avhvm zwf½v I udk &f
aMumif;? jrefrmhvYl tzGUJ tpnf;[k qko d nfEiS hf uk, d afh 'oudk jrwfE;dk wJh owif;pmq&m pma&;q&m vlxpk ed 0f if;&JU ]]pme,fZif;eJYwm0ef
wG,w f mjcif;? uk, d thf rsK;d tEG,u f kd apmifah &Smufjcif;? vlrsK;d *kPEf iS hf odrI}} aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfazmfjyvkdygw,f/ 23 - 2 -2006
Zmwd*kPfudk toufay; umuG,fjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&&SdaMumif;? &ufaeYxkwf NEWS WATCH *sme,frSm q&mvlxkpdef0if;u
þt"dymÜ ,f&&Sad Mumif;udk rdrw d Ydkvrl sK;d rsm;onf bd;k bGm;vufxuf tckvdk a&;om;azmfjyxm;wm jzpfygw,f/
rSonf om;pOfajr;quf rysufruGuf xrf;&GufcJhNyD; oufaoxl ]],aeYurÇmwpfckvHk;rSm vGwfvyfcGifhqkdwJh pum;wpfvHk;
cJhaMumif;? awmfawmf wGifus,faeygw,f/ ta&SUwkdif; vlYtzGJUtpnf;eJY
Ä rdrdwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHonf 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk twdwfumvu taemufwkdif; vlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdYtMum;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;rIawG
vufawGUusifhokH;cJh&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;? tusOf;tusyfrsm; trsm;BuD;&Syd gw,f/ "avhx;kH pHawG uGjJ ym;Muw,f? ,Ofaus;rIawG
tBudrfBudrf awGUMuHKcHpm;cJh&NyD;jzpfaMumif;? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;u uGJjym;Muw,f? aexkdifpm;aomufrI ykHpHawG uGJjym;Muw,f?
wnf;u ygvDref'rD u dk a&pDpepfukd usio hf ;Hk cJah omfvnf; wkid ;f jynf ,kHMunfrI tbd"r®mawG uJGjym;Muw,f? tJ'Dvdk rwlnDrIawGudk
wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIr&Sdonfu wpfaMumif;? jynfolrsm;\ pD;yGm; vspfvsL½INyD; wefzkd;xm;rIpHEIef; wpfrsKd;wnf;owfrSwfvdkY r&yg
a&; b0 rzGUH NzdK; rwk;d wufonfuwpfaMumif;wkYd aMumifh ygvDref bl;/ rwlnDrIawGudkvnf; av;pm;Mu&rSmjzpfw,f}}
'Drkdua&pDonf arQmfrSef;ovkd ratmifjrifbJ jynfaxmifpkNydKuGJ tedrq hf ;kH Oyrmwpfct k jzpf rdom;pkypHk u H ykd J vufnK§d ;xk;d jycsif
vkqJqJtxd tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;cJhaMumif;? w,f/ taemufwkdif;rdom;pkyHkpHu wpfOD;csif; vGwfvyfcGifheJY
Ä tcsKdUaom tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;? e,fcsJUtvkdawmf&drsm;onf trsKd; wpfOD;csif; wkd;wufcGifh (Individual Freedom and Individual
om;a&;pdw"f mwf? rsK;dcspfpw d "f mwf? trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pm csKdUwJh Wellbeing ) udk t"duxm;w,f/ ta&SUwki d ;f rdom;pkypHk u
H wpfO;D
&Sm;yg;aeolrsm;yDyD t&m&mudk EkdifiHjcm;txifBuD;? EkdifiHjcm;udk csif;a&;xuf rdom;pkwpfckvHk;ta&;udk t"duxm; OD;pm;ay;yg
q&mwif? EkdifiHjcm;MoZmcHcsifaeMuolrsm;vnf; &SdaMumif;? w,f/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk;xuf yk*v ¾ duwpfOD;csif;ukd OD;pm;
Ä rsuaf rSmufumvwGif ckid rf monfqo dk nft h csKUd aom jynfaxmifpk ay;vGef;wJh taemufwkdif; vlYtzGJUtpnf;awGrSm q,fausmfouf
EkdifiHrsm; tcsdefwkdtwGif; z½dkz&JNydKuGJoGm;NyD; touftkd;tdrfrsm;? &G,f udkd,f0efaqmifrIEIef;awG wpfESpfxufwpfESpf ydkrsm;vmwm?
,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg qHk;½HI;&jcif;? aoaus temw&jzpf&jcif;? pD;yGm; tv,fwef;avmufawmif jyD;qHk;atmif ynmroifEkdifawmhbJ
a&;? vlrIa&;b0rsm; cRwfjcHKus ysufpD;oGm;&jcif;rsm;udk oifcef; uav;tarjzpfNyD; vrf;ay:u tvkyv f ufrb hJ 0 a&mufomG ;wm?
pm ,lMu&ef vdkaMumif;? &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJh &mZ0wfrIBuD;awG aMumufcref;vdvd rsm;
Ä EkdifiHawmfESifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pkHyg0ifonfh jynfolrsm; aewm pwJh tcsufawGudkMunfhNyD; taemufwkdif; vlaerIpepfu
\ tajccHtusK;dpD;yGm;jzpfonfh touftkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf vHkNcHKa&; ykNd yD;aumif;w,fvYkd rqkEd idk yf gbl;}}? ]]vGwv f yfciG q hf wdk m xif&mpdik ;f
ESifhwuG pm;0wfaea&;? vlrIzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI ponfh vlYtcGifh cGihf vkid pf ifr[kwyf gbl;? vGwv f yfciG ehf YJ wm0ef,rl [ I m 'Gewf aGJ eyg
ta&;rsm; trSefwu,f jynfhpkHvmap&ef aqmif&GufaecsdefwGif w,f/ wu,fwrf; ajymMur,fq&dk if &mckid Ef eI ;f jynfh vGwv f yfciG hf
jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;&efudkvnf; rsufjcnfjywfrcHbJ qkw d m b,frmS rQ r&Syd gbl;? taemufwidk ;f Ekid if o H wif;pmBuD;awG
awmfveS af &;owdjzifh apmifMh unfNh yD; tvpftiku d rf cH&ap&ef tNrJ rSmvnf; olwYdk owif;pmBuD;awGuykd ikd w f hJ aumfyakd &;&Si;f BuD;rsm;&JU
wrf; Ekd;Ekd;Mum;Mum; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; aeMu&ef vdktyfaMumif;? ydkif&Sifrsm;u csrSwfay;wJh abmifxJu vGwfvyfcGifhrQom jzpfyg
txufazmfjyygvrf;nTef rSmMum;csufawG[m ,aeY jrefrm w,f/ avmavmq,f tar&duefor®w a*smhbk&fSu pmwkdufu
Ekid if rH mS 'Dru dk a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;eJY vlYtcGit hf a&;azmfaqmif pmawG azmufzwfppfaq;cGifh? w,fvDzkef;vdkif;awG Mum;jzwfckd;
ay;aerIawG&JU tESpfom&jzpfovkd EkdifiHawmf&JU rl0g'awGjzpf em;axmifciG [ hf m r&Srd jzpfvtdk yfaew,fvYkd ajymqkad ewmudk Munfh
aMumif; avhvm awGU&SdEkdifygw,f/ EkdifiHawmftpdk;& (wyfrawmf jcif;tm;jzifh &mEIef;jynfh vGwfvyfcGifhr&SdEkdifbl;qkdwm odEkdifyg
tpkd;&) taeeJY tJ'Drl0g'awG taumiftxnfay:atmif b,fvkd w,f}}vdkY a&;om; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ pmzwfow l pfO;D
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234
uGefysLwmacwfa&mufonftxd jzwfoef;cJh&aom
wDxiG rf I orkid ;f aMumif;rsm; (7)
1969 ckEpS f tajccH uGefysLwmvkyfief;ESifh okawoersm; aqmif&GufEdkif

Seymour Cray \ OD;aqmifrIjzifh Control Data Corp. rS &ef Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) udk wnfaxmif
CDC 7600 udk xkwv f yk jf zefYcscd o
hJ nf/ ¤if;udk yxrqH;k ay:ayguf vdkuf Muonf/
vmonfh plyguGefysLwmtjzpf&nfñTef; ajymqdkavh&SdMuonf/ a*smf*sD,me,fwiG f jyKvkyaf om yxrqH;k ATM onf tm;&
,aeYacwfwGif toHk;0ifaeaom Unix trnf&Sd tcrJhoHk; pzG,fr&SdvSaom tajctaejzifh NyD;ajrmufcJhonf/
operating system BuD;udk AT & T Bell Laboratories rS wDxi G f
EdkifcJhonf/ 1971 ckEpS f
Xerox wGif 0ifa&muftvkyv f yk u f ikd &f if; Gary Starkwea- yxrqH;k microprocessor tjzpf Intel 4004 udk 'DZikd ;f jyKvyk f
ther rS laser printer udk pwifwDxGifay;vkdufonf/ cJhMuonf/ Central processor wpfck\ tajccH tpdwftydkif;
urÇmajrjyifrS vurÇmay:odYk oGm;a&mufcahJ om Neil Arm- rsm;tm;vH;k udk chip wpfcx k w
J iG f xnfo h iG ;f jyKvkyx
f m;jcif;jzpf\/
strong ESihf wdu k ½f u
kd pf um;ajymEdik rf nfh transmitter udk motorola Niklaus Wirth rS Pascal Programming Language udk
u zefwD;xkwfvkyfay;cJhonf/ wDxiG cf ohJ nf/ tqdyk gy½d*k &rfonf oyfoyf&yf&yf&v dS í
S wpfqifh
tar&duefEikd if H umuG,af &;XmeBuD;wGif ARPANet (Adv- csif;oGm;aom language jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh oifMum;
anced Research Projects Agency) udk pwiftajccsvkyu f ikd cf hJ a&; tool wpfcktaejzifh tajccHxm; oHk;EdkifcJhMuonf/
onf/ ae&ma'o tajctaeavhvma&; obm0tEÅ&m,f pl;prf; tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrqHk; tBuD;pm; integrated calcu-
a&;ESihf AH;k tajrmuftjrm; ypfvw T rf uI kd odEikd rf nfh uGe&f ufwpfcu k kd lator BuD;udk micro Instrumentation and Telemetry . Systems
zefwD;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ aemifwGif þpepfonf tifwmeufBuD; (MITS) rS xkwfvkyfcJhonf/
jzpfvm&onf/
"Programming Languages: History and fundamen- 1972 ckEpS f
tals" trnf&dS pmtkyu f kd Jean Sammet u a&;om; jzefYcsdco hJ nf/ Programming Language topfwpfckjzpfaom PRO-
Programming languages ESifhywfoufí pHjyKavmufaom LOG udk Philippe Rouseel rS wDxi G af y;cJo h nf/ ¤if;udk rmaq;
pmtkyf wpftkyfjzpfcJh&onf/ vufpw f uúov kd &f dS Artificial Intelligence Group udk &nfp;l í
CompuServe onf yxrqH;k Commercial online service vkyfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
vkyfief;tjzpf wnfaxmifvdkufMuonf/ Atari rS Pong [kac:aom pD;yGm;jzpfxw k v
f yk rf nfh AD',
D *kd rd ;f
Seiko ukrÜPDrS urÇmay:wGif yxrqHk; udk atmifjrifpGm pwifxkwfvkyfEkdifcJhonf/
uGyfZf vufywfem&Dudk wDxGifEkdifcJh\/ C Programming language udk Bell Labs rS
Stanford Research institute wGif wkefwkefcgcg Dennis Ritchie u wDxGifa&;om;ay;cJh
aEG;aEG;axG;axG;jzifh vkyfudkifay;aompuf½kyf shakey udk zefwD; onf/ ¤if;onfaemifwGif rkdufu½dk
vdkufMuonf/ uGefysLwmESifh 0yfpfpaw&SifuGefysLwm
rsm;wGif vufawGU toHk;csEdkifonfh pHerlem
1970 jynfEh pS f y½dk*&rfwpfck jzpfvm&onf/
Information yrmP 1000 Bits ausmaf usmf yg0ifaom me- Radio Shack rS yxrqHk; calculator udk
mory chip topf 1103 udkwx D iG Ef ikd Nf yDjzpfaMumif; Intel rS aMunm rdwfqufay;vkdufonf/
vdkufonf/ ¤if;onf RAM (random-access memory) uJhodkY tar&duefEdkifiHwGif pD'D[k trsm;
aom trsKd;tpm; chip jzpfonf/ uGefysLwm\ memory uJhodkY od&Sdvm&aom Compact Disc wDxGifrI
toH;k jyKolrS ñTeMf um;csufrsm; a&;ay;vdu k Ef ikd rf nfo
h abmjzpf\/ jyKvkyfay;EkdifcJhonf/

1973 ckEpS f umvDzdk;eD;,m;wGif pwifzGihfvSpfcJhonf/ ESpfESpfumvtwGif;
Microcomputer [k ac:aom toHk;tEIef;ukd yHkESdyfwifum Byte qdkifaygif; 74 ck jzpfvmcJhonf/
pwif owfrSwf ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ a'ouGef&uf (LAN) wpfck tar&duef avaMumif;pepftwGi;f uGeyf sLwmxde;f csKyfpepf
tjzpf zefwD; oHk;pGJEdkifrnfh Ethemet udk Roberts Metcalfe rS udk tjynfht0 toHk;jyKvdkufonf/
wDxiG f zefw;D cJo
h nf/ ¤if;udk Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 1976 ckEpS f
(PARC) &Sd rDeDuGefysLwmrsm; tcsif;csif; csdwfquf&if; prf;oyf Steve Wozniak ESifh Steve Jobs wdkYESpfOD;aygif;u Apple
toHk;jyKEdkifcJhonf/ Ethemet onf uGefysLwmaygif; oef; 50 Computer ukrP Ü uD w
kd nfaxmifvu dk Mf uonf/ aemifwiG f oef;csD
ausmfausmf csdwfquf,lEkdifonf/ í vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeaom ukrÜPDBuD;jzpfvm&onfhtjyif
qGaJ qmifrt I jynfjh zifh avqmcsyfjym;rsm; xGuv f mjyefonf/ urÇmrS todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&aom ukrÜPDjzpfvm&onf/
Wang Laboratories rS tvG,fwul toHk;jyKEdkifaom Bill Gates onf Altair uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKrIrsm;twGuf
wang word-processing system udk xkwv f yk jf zefYcsdvu
kd o
f nf/ BASIC tm; w&m;r0if oHk;pGJrItwGuf uefYuGufpmwpfapmif
a&;om;cJhonf/
1974 ckEpS f Microsoft rS BASIC tm;ydr k akd umif;rGeaf om jyKjyifrrI sm;jzifh
Intel rS micropressor chip rsm; ydr
k kd wd;k wufaumif;rGev f m jyKvkyfxm;&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ Version jzifh rdwfqufvdkufonf/
aom tajctaejzifh 8080 udk qufvuf xkwv f yk v
f u
kd jf yefonf/ e,l;*smpDNrdKUwGif uGefysLwm 0goem&Sifrsm; toif;tjzpf
¤if;udk trsm;oHk;tjzpf 'DZdkif;jyKxm;onf/ yxrqHk; pwifzGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/
yxrqHk; Toshiba floppy disk drive
rdwfqufay:xGufvmonf/ 1977 ckEpS f
Jack S.Kilby, Jerry D. Merry Apple Computer ukrÜPD Radio shack ukrÜPDESifh Com-
man ESihf James Van Tassel wdkY modore ukrÜPDwdkYonf uGefysLwm[k ay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf
oHk;a,mufaygif;í Texas Instrument aps;uGufNydKifyGJrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuojzifh tqdkygaps;uGuf NydKifyGJ
twGuf electronic handheld onf ordkif;0ifNydKifyGJ jzpfvm&onf/
calculator udk rlydkifcGifhawmif;qkdwifjycJh&m yxrqHk; Personal Computer tjzpf Apple ukrÜPDrS
cGifhjyKjcif; cH&onf/ Apple II udk a&mifpHk*&yfzpftoGiftjyifrsm;ESifhtwl xkwfvkyfcJh
onf/ xdkYaemuf ,aeYacwfwGif yHkjrif½HkrQjzifh ukrÜPD\trnfudk
1975 ckEpS f odEdkifaprnfh Apple Logo udk Regis McKenna Advertising
yxrqHk; yDpDwpfvHk;wifydkYa&mif;csrIudk MITS rS Altair ukrÜPDrS Robo Janoff udk rlv'DZdkif;jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
8800 jzifh aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ ¤if;wGif memory 1KB yg0ifí Commodore rS a':vmaiG 495 jzifh
a':vm 700 cefYjzifh a&mif;cscJhonf/ a&mif;csaom PET (Personal
Edward Roberts ESifh ¤if;\ukrÜPDjzpfaom Micro Ins- Electronic Transactor) xkwfvkyf
trumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) rS pí per- cJhonf/
sonal computer [laom toHk;tEIef;udk pwifoHk;pGJ ac:a0:cJh Radio Shack rS TRS.80
Muonf/ Model 1 udk rdkufu½dkuGefysLwmtjzpf
Personal Computer ac: yDpDrsm;twGuf Paul Allen ESihf rdwfquf&if; xkwfvkyfa&mif;cscJhjyefonf/
Bill Gates wdkYonfyxrqHk; Computer Language Program Microsoft rS BASIC udk Radio shack ESihf Apple odYk w&m;0if
udk a&;om;ay;cJMh uonf/ Altair twGuf toH;k jyKEdik &f ef 'DZikd ;f jzifh vdkifpifjzifh a&mif;cscJhonf/
BASIC udk a&;om;cJjh cif;jzpf\/ xdYkaemuf Gates onf Harvard e,l;*smpD&Sd arm&pfawmif;NrdKUwGif uGefysLwm vufvD
udk pGefYvTwfum Microsoft udk AllenESifhtwl wnfaxmifvdkuf ta&mif;qdik f wpfqikd t f jzpf Computer Shack [k qdik ;f bkww
f yf
Muonf/ zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ aemifwGif xdkqdkifBuD;onf computer land qkdif
tdrfoHk;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif MOS Technology 6502 udk BuD;tjzpf vlodrsm;cJh&onf/
us,fjyefYpGm oHk;pGJvmonf/ ¤if;onf 8-bit *Pef; ESpfckvHk;udk qufvufwifjyay;ygO;D rnf/
wpfpuúefY\ wpfoef;yHkwpfyHkMumaom tcsdefav;twGif; aygif; oef;xufatmif
ay;Edkifonf/ Ref: Smart Computing
yxrqHk; uGefysLwm pwdk;qdkiftjzpf Byte Shop trnfjzifh

odaumif;p&m tar;tajz
tcsKdUawG pm;wmrsm;&if tom;?

ta&jym;awGay:rmS tpuftajymufawG
wu,f ay:vmwwfygovm;
rsKd;udk ajymif;oGm;apw,f/ awG u a&wG u f v d k Y &rS m yg/
tJ v d k jzpf v mwJ h t cg 'gayr,f h oMum;vH k ; awG
arG ; nif ; ayguf & J U wpf p d w f trsm;BuD;pm;vdkY? acsmuvuf
wpfa'oavmuf ydwfqdkYoGm; awG pm;vdkY? qDaMumfrkefYawG
apw,f/ ta&jym;twGif;u pm;vdkYqdkwJh tajctaeaMumifh
tqD a wG p k v mNyD ; buf w D ; jzpfvm&w,fqdkwJh oufao
&D ; ,m;awG & J U wpf o QL;awG taxmuftxm; jyp&mawmh
rsm;vmapw,f/ tJ'DupNyD; &SmrawGUMuao;ygbl;/
y½dyk ,
D eH D bufw;D &D;,m; tpuf b,fvkd aq;½Iaxmifhu
tajymufawG jzpfvmawmhwm MunfhMunfh cRif;csufqdkwm &Sd
ygyJ/ yxr tom; tylavmif wwfpjrJyg/ b,fvdktaMumif;
ovdjk zpfvmw,f? eDvmw,f/ aMumifh tpuftajymufawG
NyD;awmh tzkav;awG jzpfvm ay:vmwmjzpfjzpf taygufcH&
&muae tpuftajymufawG ol taeeJY cHpm;Mu&rSm jzpf
jzpfvm&wmyg/ w,f/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tpuf
tar&duefEdkifiHrSmawmh tajymufawG ay:vmwJh vl 95
tm[m&eJY tpuftajymufawG &mcd k i f E I e f ; avmuf u awmh
Mum;rSm&SdwJh qufpyfrItae tm[m&aMumifh jzpf&wmawmh
uav;awG tcsKdpm;wm tajymuf a wG jzpf v m&wJ h txm;udk avhvmaeMuw,f/ aocsmygw,f / b,f v d k
rsm;&if rsuf E S m rS m tpuf wu,fhtaMumif;&if;uawmh tJ'Dae&mrSm oMum;vHk;awG? tm[m&aMumifh b,fvdkjzpf
tajymufawG jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY a,muf s m; a[mf r k e f ; "mwf acsmuvufawG? 'grSr[kwf oG m ;&w,f q k d w J h wd u s vH k
vlBuD;awGu ajymqdk Ncdrf; ta&jym;qDudk a&muf&SdvmvdkY tcsKdrsm;wJh tpm;tpmawGudk avmufwhJ oufao taxmuf
ajcmufavh&Sdw,f/ twdtus jzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ta& trsm;tjym;pm;&if b,fvdk txm;udkawmh b,folrQ rjy
rSefw,fvdkY rqdkEdkifayr,fhvJ jym;twGif; tqDxkwfvkyfwm jzpfrvJqdkwJh prf;oyfcsufawG EdkifMuao;wm awGU&rSm jzpfyg
ajymavhajymxawmh &Sdwwf wd;k vm&ovdk *vif;? wpfoQL; ygygw,f / wpf O D ; csif ; rS m w,f/
Muw,f/ trnf;pufawG tpuf awG wdk;yGm;vmwJh tajctae xGufvmwJh tpuftajymuf Ref: Last Word

Science &amp; Technology Journal 29 24 May 2006

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Science &amp; Technology Journal 29 24 May 2006

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

'kw

Yd m0ef ta&;ok;H yg;

]EkdifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vkH;\ wm0efjzpfonf}

Ä jynfytm;udk;ykqdef½kd; tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/

Ekid if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

vlraI &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

rsuEf mS zH;k aqmif;yg;

odyeHÜ nf;ynm taxGaxG

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 1

'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;qHk;cgeD; 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 6 &ufaeYu *syefEkdifiH? [D½dk&SD;rm;NrdKUay:wGif

2 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

4 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

udkifwG,f& vG,fulonfh 'pfjym;rsm;

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 5

6 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

toHk;jyKcJh&aom ,la&eD,rf centration ESifhtwlwlyif jzpf

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 7

8 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 9

10 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

xkwf,lEkdifr,fh wpfurÇmvHk;rSm &SdorQ ,la&eD,rfrsm; ukefqHk;

12 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 13

EsLuvD;,m;avmifpm jyefvnf toHk;jyKjcif; enf;vrf;opf

16 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 17

18 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 19

20 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

yif*iG ;f iSufwYkd urÇm usOf;ajrmif;vm

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 21

4 [wftwufcf jzpf vQif

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 233

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 255

uae'gEkid if H Aefu;l rm;NrdKU

26 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

oufompGmjzifh zefwD;EkdifzdkY awmif;cHvmMuw,f/ Kauf-

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 27

Andretti Green Team Car

28 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24

Drive Train - Indy um;wkdif; rufoaem avmifpmoHk; 3.0

oif\ wm,mawG ukyftm; b,fvkd&ovJ

30 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 31

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 33

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 35

38 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

Venus flytrap ac:whJ

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 39

40 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

4/ 'Dhxufykd BuD;xGm;zGHU NzdK;apzkdY

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 41

uav;arG;r,f * owå0grsKd;pdwfaygif;[m pkpkaygif;

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 43

*su0f vJ cf sf OD;aqmifraI tmufü *st D ;D onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

*Ref tufzf/ 0Jvfcsf *sLeD,monf wpfrluGJjym;aeonfh vkyfief;pk-uD;udk

trSwrf mS '821,393' jzpfonf/ (NaBH4) aoqHk;jcif;

cJhygonf/ tif*sief , D mvkyif ef;rsm;udk a&SU

48 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

tifwmeufay:rmS 5 rdepf avmuf csw d qf uf&mS azG

50 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 24 ar 2006

24 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 51

1969 ckEpS f tajccH uGefysLwmvkyfief;ESifh okawoersm; aqmif&GufEdkif

Science & Technology Journal 29 24 May 2006

Science & Technology Journal 29 24 May 2006

'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;qHk;cgeD; 1945 ckESpf? Mokwfv 6 &ufaeYu syefEkdifiH? [D½dk&SD;rm;NrdKUay:wGif

su0f vJ cf sf OD;aqmifraI tmufü st D ;D onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

Ref tufzf/ 0Jvfcsf sLeD,monf wpfrluGJjym;aeonfh vkyfief;pk-uD;udk