Modifiable

factors:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Smoking(to Carcinogen binds to
bacco, single transformed Nonmodifiable
second hand epithelial cell factors:
smoke)
Gender
Environmen Damages cell’s Hereditary
t and DNA.
occupation
exposure
(asbestos,ra Cellular changes Daughter cells
don)

Diet
Abnormal cell Further changes
COPD growth unstable

Malignant cell Accumulation of

genetic changes

Pulmonary epithelium
becomes malignant
Tumor invasion in
the mediastinum Local irritation
and pleural space and obstruction of
Signs and symptoms:
Non squamous
the airways
cell carcinoma Change in
chronic cough
Squamous Small cell carcinoma
cell Dyspnea
carcinoma
Chest tightness
Large cell and
lung chest/shoulder
carcinoma pain
Adenocarci Hemoptysis
noma
Recurring fever
Bronchioal
veolar Hoarseness
carcinoma
Dyspahgia

Head and neck

edema

Pleural/pericardi
al effusion

Unresolved URTI