Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract: In this paper real time security analysis is flow (MW and MVAR), real and reactive power
carried out. Contingency analysis is best method to supplied by the generators and power loss.
predict the condition of power system, if any In a modern Energy Management power system
unwanted event occurred. Contingencies like security monitoring and analysis form an integral
failures of equipments, transmission lines etc. part but the real time implementation is a
Practically only selected contingencies will lead to challenging task for the power system engineer. A
severe conditions in power system like violation of power system which is operating under normal mode
voltage and active power limits. The process of may face contingencies such as sudden loss of line
identifying these severe contingencies is referred as or generator, sudden increase or decrease of power
contingency selection and this can be done by demand. These contingencies cause transmission
calculating performance indices for each line overloading or bus voltage violations. In
contingencies. There are two approaches of the electrical power systems voltage stability is
contingency selection process one is direct ranking receiving special attention these days. During the
and second is Indirect (approximation based) past two and half decades it has become a major
ranking. In this paper, the Direct and Indirect threat to the operation of many systems.
contingency selection by calculating performance The transfer of power through a transmission
indices i.e. voltage performance index (PIV) and network is accompanied by voltage drops between
Power performance index (PIP) for single the generation and consumption points. In normal
transmission line outage have been done with the operating conditions, these drops are of the order of
help of MATLAB based programming. The few percents of the nominal voltage. One of the
ranking of most severe contingency has been done principle tasks of power system operators is to check
based on the values of performance index. In this that under different operating conditions and/or
paper a newly performance index has been following credible contingencies (e.g.: tripping of a
proposed i.e. Power voltage Performance Index single line) all bus voltages remain within bounds. In
(PIVP) The effectiveness of the method has been such circumstances, however in the seconds or
tested on IEEE-118 and IEEE-14 bus test systems. minutes following a disturbance, voltages may
Most severe transmission line contingency can be experience large progressive falls, which are so
identified and compared based on their capture prominent that the system integrity is endangered
ratio and CPU time. Results of study recommended and power cannot be delivered to the customers.
the best suitable method to implement in online This catastrophe is referred to as voltage instability
power system security checks in Power System. and its calamitous result as a voltage collapse.
Large violations in transmission line flow can result
Keywords —Power system security, Contingency in line outage which may lead to cascading effect of
Analysis, Performance Index, Distribution factor, outages and cause over load on the other lines. If
Matlab Programming. such over load results from a line outage there is an
immediate need for the control action to be initiated
I. INTRODUCTION for line over load alleviation. Therefore contingency
Contingencies are defined as potentially harmful analysis is one of the most important tasks to be met
disturbances that occur during the steady state by the power system planners and operation
operation of a power system. Load flow constitutes engineers. But on line contingency analysis is
the most important study in a power system for difficult because of the conflict between the
planning, operation and expansion. The purpose of accuracy in solution of the power system problem
load flow study is to compute operating conditions and the speed required to simulate all the
of the power system under steady state. These contingencies. The simulation of contingency is
operating conditions are normally voltage complex since it results in change in configuration of
magnitudes and phase angles at different buses, line the system.
Page 1
A security analysis study which is run in an the names of “contingency selection” or
operations center must be executed very quickly in “contingency screening”.
order to be of any use to operators. There are three
basic ways to accomplish this.
Study the power system with approximate A. Direct Approaches (Contingency Ranking)
but very fast algorithms. These involve direct ranking of the contingency
Select only the important cases for detailed cases. Fast approximate power flow simulation of
analysis. each contingency case by monitoring the appropriate
Use a computer system made up of multiple post-contingent quantities (flow, voltage).The case’s
processors or vector processors to gain severity can be quantify directly in some severity for
speed. ranking purposes. The severity measures in often a
single number, the severity or performance index.
Page 2
ranking methods are involved and the ranking is screening and ranking is carried out for different line
performed on Voltage-Power Performance index, outages using MiPower and the prediction of the
which provides the ranking of overall critical security state for a particular operating condition as
contingency it can be justified the best ranking well as screening and ranking is based on the PIV
method. and PIF. Here PIF & PIV are calculated by
considering the outage of only one line sequentially
Therefore a new voltage-power performance index
and the calculated indices.
(PIVP) is defined as
Page 3
transmission network has not undergone any buses and 186 transmission lines. Here we Perform
significant switching operations that would change Contingency Ranking with both direct and indirect
its structure. For this reason, control systems that use approaches on a 118-bus system for 30-cases of
sensitivity factors must have provision for updating transmission line outages. Two indices are taken for
the factors when the network is switched. A third ranking of contingencies they are PIV and PIP,
assumption is that all generation pickup will be based on the above mentioned indices the overall
made on the reference bus. contingency rank is obtained. Here DC load flow
and FDLF (Fast Decouple load flow) used; New
Software called Mi-Power with FDFL used for
IV. CASE STUDY ranking. At the later stage the results are compared
with the MATLAB results.
IEEE-118 bus system has been modeled in
Mipower software, which consists of 54 generator
The Problem of studying thousand of possible Case Study-1: Contingency Analysis for Security
outages becomes very difficult to solve if it is Checks of IEEE-14 Bus System:
desired to present the results quickly. One of the
easiest ways to provide a quick calculation of
possible overloads is to use linear sensitivity factors.
These factors show the approximate changes in line
flow for changes in generation on the network
configuration and are derived from the dc load flow.
However change in bus voltage and change line
flows may also consider for defining performance
index in direct ranking method. For comparative
analysis point of view, a distribution factor based
indirect ranking approach has also been applied to
the interconnected power system.
Table 1:Performance Index using Different Ranking
technique
Page 4
Case-2 Contingency Analysis for Security Checks of Performance indices (PIV) and Overload/Power
IEEE-118 Bus System Performance indices (PIP). These indices are
calculated for IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 118-bus using the
Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) with MATLAB
and Mi-Power Software and Distribution Factor
method by MATLAB programming and results are
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION compared and recommend the best suitable method
Based on the time comparison and ranking for the contingency ranking for power system
between all the ranking methods shown in table 1, security checks.
using FDFL load flow technique will be the best
suitable method for the power system security REFERENCES
checks and can be implemented while using on-line [1] Iraj Dabbaghchi, Guillermo lriearri, “AEP Automatic
Contingency Selector: Branch outage Impact on Load bus
security checks. Because other ranking provides voltage Profile” IEEE Transaction on Power system,
both the voltage and power performance index with Vol.PWRS-1, No.2, May 1986, p.p.37-43.
minimum time and results are acceptable accurate as [2] Yung Chung Chang, Wei-Tzen and Chun-Chang Liu
shown in table 1, But here one drawback with is that “Improvements on the Line Outage Distribution Factor for
Power System Security Analysis”, Elsevier Sequoia,
we cannot perform ranking with DC load flow in it Electric Power System Research, 26, 1993, p.p. 231-236.
and the time provided with the software was not that [3] Yilang Chen, Anjan Bose, “Direct Ranking For Voltage
much precise. Contingency Selection” IEEE transactions on Power
System, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1989, p.p. 1335-1344.
[4] Smarth Malakar, M.K. Maharana, “Contingency
In the Line outage distribution factor based Assessment of Electric Power System by Calculation of
ranking using DC load flow having disadvantage Unequal Priority Factor for Static Severity Indices using
that it can only be useful if the operator wants to Analytical Hierarchy Process” International Journal of
know the Power performance index only, the Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER), ISSN:2347-
3878,Vol.Issue 5, May 2015, p.p.20-26.
distribution factor based approximation method is [5] P.R.Bijwe, D.P.Kothari, L.D.Arya, “Overload Ranking of
suitable for the security checks only. So for only Line Outage with Post-Outage Corrective Rescheduling”,
security checks the DF (Distribution factor) based Electrical Machines & Power System, 1994, 22:5, p.p.557-
method is recommended. If Power System Operator 568.
[6] F.Albuyeh, A.bose, B.Heath, “Reactive Power
have low version of computer for analysis and wants Considerations In Automatic Contingency Selection”,
to check the security then DF is most suitable. But if IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System,
we have fast or higher version of computers Vol.PAS-101, No.1 January 1982, p.p.107-111.
available like windows7/10 with i5process (which is [7] L.D.Arya, S.C.Choube, K.S.Mehta, K.N.Pawar, and
D.P.kothari “Post Contingency Line Switching for
minimum required to run the Mi-Power software) Overload Alleviation or Rotation” Electric Machine &
then Mi-Power based ranking would be the best way Power System, 1995, 23:3, p.p.345-352.
to check the system Pre-defined contingency ranking [8] S.N.Singh, S.C.Srivastava, “Improved Voltage and
and security. Reactive Power Distribution Factor for Outage Studies”,
IEEE transaction on Power System, Vol. 12, No. 3, August
1997, p.p.1085-1093.
[9] Chengjun Fu and Anjan Bose “Contingency Ranking
Based on Severity Indices in Dynamic Security Analysis”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3,
August 1999, p.p. 980-986.
CPU Time Comparison of Contingency Selection and Ranking
[10] Chong Suk Song, Chang Hyun Park, Minhan Yoon &
Methods
Gilsoo Jang “Implementation of PTDFs and LODFs for
Time Taken Power System Security” , Journal of International Council
S.No (in sec.) on Electrical Engineering, 2011, Vol.1, No.1, p.p.49-53.
Method used with Software
. IEEE-118 [11] S.N.Singh, S.C.Srivastava, “Improved Contingency
Bus system Selection Algorithm for Voltage Security Analysis”,
Electrical Machines & Power System, 1998, 26:8, p.p.855-
1 Mipower-(Direct Performance Index) 0.01 871.
[12] L.D.Arya, S.C.Choube, D.P.Kothari, “Line Outage
MATLAB- Indirect method (Distribution Ranking for Voltage Limit Violation with Corrective
2 0.069324
Factor method ) Rescheduling avoiding making” ELSEVIER ,Electrical
MATLAB-DC (Direct Performance Power and Energy system 23(2001) p.p.887-846.
3 1.223871 [13] K.W.Chan, R.W.Dunn, A.R.Daniels, J.A.Padget,
Index)
A.O.Ekwue, P.H.Buxton, M.J.Rawlins, “On-Line
MATLAB-AC-FLDC (Direct Dynamic-Security Contingency Screening and Ranking”,
4 1.428645
Performance Index) IEE Proc-Generation Transmission, Distribution, Vol.44,
No. 2, March 1997, p.p.132-138.
[14] Mohammad Shahidehpour, William F.Tinney and Yong Fu,
CONCLUSION “Impact of Security on Power System Operation”, IEEE
Proceeding (Invited paper). Vol. 93, No. 11, Nov.2015,
The study has been carried out for the p.p.2013-2025.
contingency selection and ranking which are [15] George K.Stefopoulos, Fang Yang, George J.Cokkindies
important for contingency analysis by evaluating and A.P.Sakis Meliopoulos, “Advance Contingency
two Performance indices namely: Voltage Selection Methodology”, IEEE transaction 2005,p.p. 67-73.
Page 5
[16] P.Venkatesh, B.V.Manikandan, S.Charles Raja, [17] T.K.Nagsarkar, M.S.Sukhija “Power System Analysis”
A.Srinivasan “Electrical Power System Analysis, Security Book Oxford University Press, 2012.
and Deregulation” Book PHI Learning Private Limited,
2012.
Page 6