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M Tech Dissertation
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Civil-Structural Engineering
by
150305209016
June 2017
i
CERTIFICATE
The extent of plagiarism does not exceed the permissible limit laid down by the University.
Mr.Anil Kannauzia
Assistant Professor
Date: _________________
ii
THESIS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this dissertation thesis entitled SEISMIC
ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES
Carried out by Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala (150305209016) at Parul Institute of
Technology is approved for the degree of M.Tech with specialization of Structural
Engineering by Parul University
Date:
Place:
1) ____________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________
iii
PAPER PUBLICATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this dissertation thesis entitled SEISMIC
has published article entitled Seismic Analysis Of Cable Stayed Bridge With Different
Date:
Place:
iv
ABSTRACT
Cable stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge then other bridges and getting popularity
because it represent optimum solution for ever expanding range of span and aesthetics .
This work focused on the effect of different shape of pylon on the seismic response of
cable stayed bridge for that the dimension of deck, cables and other parameters are kept
constant only the shape of the tower is varied, such as H-shape, inverted Y shape,
inverted Y shape with lower diamond, A shape, A shape with lower diamond. This work
also gives the essential information of the fundamental vibration mode which is based on
mechanical and geometrical property of the structure. Which is required in early stage of
design until optimum solution is not made. Five tower shapes of the lateral cable-system
layouts are to be considered. The 3D model of the cable stayed bridge is generated in
SAP-2000(VER.18) and it is analyzed seismically Bhuj 2001, Earthquake India. The
response of bridge is studied in the terms of natural time period, displacement in
transverse and longitudinal direction of pylon along the height, base reaction and
acceleration. This study reveals that the shape of the pylon play an important role in
seismic response of cable stayed bridge. Inverted Y shape pylon proves to be an effective
in transverse direction and pylon with lower diamond shape prove to be an effective in
longitudinal direction.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I must make special mention of some of the persons and acknowledge my sincere
indebtedness to them.
At the outset, I take the privilege on expressing my pleasure to my major advisor and
guide Mr. Anil Kannauzia, Asst. Professor at Parul university, Vadodara. He provided
me inspiring guidance, constant encouragement, golden advice, critical evaluation,
constructive criticism, active supervision, moral support, kind nature .Guiding me in the
right direction without whom it would not have been possible for me to complete this
research work. No appropriate words traced in the presently available lexicon to express
my full respect and indebtedness to Prof. Sachin Shah, Head of the civil Department at
Parul university, Vadodara. He has provided me excellent support for his munificent
attitude and providing necessary facility to carry out the research work.
In addition to my advisors, a number of other faculty members at Parul University have
also had a large impact on my work.
I am cordially thankful to my family for their constant spirited guidance for their
supportive attitude and timely selfless help .My greatest thanks to the almighty god.
Jariwala Ashish M.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page……………………………………….. i
Certificate……………………………………… ii
Thesis approval certificate……………………….. iii
Paper publication certification……………………….. iv
Abstract………………………………………… v
Acknowledgement………………………………….. vi
Table of content………………………. vii
List Of table ……………………………….. x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 History 1
1.2 Common Terms And Definitions 2
vii
3.6 Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with 13
soil structure interaction
3.7 Seismic time history analysis for cable-stayed bridge considering 13
different geometrical configuration for near field earthquakes
Chapter 4 Dimension And Characteristics Of Proposed Bridges 15
4.1 Tower height and span distribution 15
4.2 cross section of deck 18
4.3 Dimensions of tower 21
4.4 Thickness of tower section 31
4.5 Characteristics of each stay. Cable cross section 31
Chapter 5 PARAMETRIC STUDY 33
5.1 Common parameters of cable stayed bridge having 300m main span 33
5.2.2 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with inverted Y shape pylon without 44
lower diamond
5.2.3 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with inverted Y shape pylon with 45
lower diamond
5.2.4 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with A shape pylon without lower 46
diamond
5.2.5 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with A shape pylon without lower 47
diamond
viii
7.1 Dynamic analysis 49
Chapter 8 Conclusions 56
Annexure……………………………………………………
References…………………………………………………...
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table no. Description Page
no
4.1 summary of dimension and geometric ratios in lateral cable plane 16
(LCP) cable stayed bridges
x
5.10 cross section of A shaped pylon with lower dimond 46
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Description Page
No.
1.1 Component Of Cable Stayed Bridge. 3
xii
5.10 modeling of A shaped pylon without lower dimond 44
5.11 modeling of A shaped pylon with lower dimond 45
6.1 force transfer in cable no 14 48
7.1 Bhuj earthquake time history 49
7.2 Effect on natural time period for various shape of towers 50
7.3 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in transverse 51
direction with respect to height
7.4 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in transverse direction of 52
different shape of pylon
7.5 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in transverse 53
direction with respect to height
7.6 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal 54
direction with respect to height
7.7 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in longitudinal direction of 54
different shape of pylon
7.8 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal 55
direction with respect to height
xiii
Chapter: 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 History
The history of the cable stayed bridges since 1595, found in a book by the
Venetian inventor (bernard et al., 1988). Many suspension and cable-stayed bridges have
been designed and developed since 1595 such as the albert bridge and the brooklyn bridge
(wilson and gravelle, 1991), (bernard et al., 1988). Cable-stayed bridges have been later
constructed all over the world. The swedish stromsund bridge, designed in 1955, is known
as the first modern cable-stayed bridge (wilson and gravelle, 1991). The total length of the
bridge is 332 m, and its main span length is 182 m. It was opened in 1956, and it was the
largest cable-stayed bridge of the world at that time. This bridge was constructed by franz
dischinger, from germany, who was a pioneer in construction of cable-stayed bridges (tori
et al., 1968). The designers realized that cable stayed style requires less material for cables
and deck and can be erected much easier than suspension bridges (bernard et al., 1988),
(tori et al., 1968), (wilson and gravelle, 1991), (simoes and negrao, 1994), (ren and peng,
2005), and (nieto et al., 2009). This is mainly due to advances in design and construction
method and the availability of high strength steel cables.the theodor heuss bridge was the
second true cable-stayed bridge and was erected in 1957 across the rhine river at
dusseldrof. It had a main span of 260 m and side spans of 108 m which was larger than the
stromsund. It has a harp cable arrangement with parallel stays and a pylon composed of
two free-standing posts fixed to the deck. The reason for choosing the harp style was
aesthetics appearance. The severins bridge in köln designed in 1961 was the first fan shape
cable stayed bridge, which has a a-shape pylon. In this bridge, the cross section of the deck
was similar to the one used in theodor heuss bridge (bernard et al., 1988). The flehe bridge
was the first semi-fan type which was erected in 1979 in dusseldrof, germany over the
rhine river. The remarkable feature of this bridge was the reinforced concrete tower, which
has the shape of an inverted y (bernard et al., 1988). In what follows, the main types of
long span bridges are reviewed.
A bridge in which the weight of deck is supported by a number of cables running to one or
more pylons.
1. Deck
The deck or road bed is the roadway surface of a cable-stayed bridge. The deck can
be made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite steel-concrete. The
choice of material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost of the construction of
cable stayed bridges. The weight of the deck has significant impact on the required` stay
cables, pylons, and foundations.
2. Cables
Cables are one of the main parts of a cable-stayed bridge. They transfer the dead
weight of the deck to the pylons. These cable are usualy post-tensioned based on the
weight of the deck. The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to minimize
both the vertical deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons. There are four
major types of stay cables including, parallel-bar, parallel-wire, standard, and locked-coil
cables. The choice of these cables depends mainly on the mechanical properties, structural
properties and economic criteria.
3. Pylon
Pylons of cable stayed bridges are aimed to support the weight and live load acting
on the structure. There are several different shapes of pylons for cable stayed bridges such
as Trapezoidal pylon, Twin pylon, A-frame pylon, and Single pylon. They are chosen
based on the structure of the cable stayed bridge (for different cable arrangements),
aesthetics, length, and other environmental parameters.
1. Fan System
In this pattern, all the stay cables are attached to a single point at top of each pylon
as shown in Fig 1.2. The relatively steep slope of the stay cables results in smaller cable
cross section in comparison to the harp type. Moreover, the horizontal cable forces in the
deck in this arrangement are less than the harp type. However, by increasing the number of
the stay cables, the weights of the anchorages increase and attaching the stay cables to
anchorage becomes difficult. Therefore, he fan patterns are suitable only for moderate
spans with a limited number of stay cables.
Several modern cable-stayed bridges have been built around the world using semi-
fan arrangement due to its efficiency. As shown in Fig. 1.2, in this system, the cables are
distributed over the upper part of the pylon, which are more steeply inclined close to the
pylon (Bernard et al., 1988). The world largest cable-stayed bridge (Sutong ridge in
Jiangsu, China) was designed as a semi-fan arrangement using A-shape pylons. The semi-
fan arrangement has better appearance in comparison to the fan arrangement.
3. Harp Arrangement
In a harp arrangement, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to
different points on the pylon as shown is in Fig. 1.2. From economical point of view, this
type cable stayed bridges is not efficient for long span bridges. This is because such an
arrangement requires more steel for the cables, gives more compression in the deck, and
produces bending moments in the pylon. However, in terms of aesthetics it is attractive in
comparison to other types of cable stayed bridges. The parallel cables give a most pleasant
appearance to the harp arrangement as stated by Bernard et al. (1988). The need for taller
pylons is one of the disadvantages of this type of cable
There is only one vertical plane of stay cables along the middle longitudinal axis
of the superstructure. Cables are located in a single strip which is not being used by traffic.
It is economical and aesthetically acceptable. It offers great advantage of relatively slender
pylons, because there size is determined by width of the main girder. Requires relatively
heavy box girder with considerable torsion rigidity to resist the eccentric live load.
It consists of two planes of stay cables placed vertically on each side of the deck.
It is aerodynamically more stable compared to one plane system.
Cable-stayed bridges are more flexible than ordinary highway bridges. The flexibility
of the bridge is due to a long central span and the use of cable members. One
important aspect of such a flexible structure is the large displacement response of the
deck when subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquakes or wind. Hence, the bridge
deck and tower connections become more sensitive to earthquake damage, particularly
when subjected to strong earthquake ground motions.
A rigid connection between the tower and the deck will reduce the displacement of the
deck. However, such connections will increase the base shear of the towers.
Complex modal couplings arise from the interaction between the towers, the deck and
the cable-system and depend upon their relative stiffness and mass, as well as the
frequency content of the excitation.
If we release the deck from the tower it leads to deformation of deck under normal
wind action.
release the deck from the towers as much as possible in order to reduce the seismic
demand in the towers, which are key elements for the integrity of the structure.
However, the deck needs to be fixed to the towers in the transverse direction in order to
control its deformability under wind actions (e.g. Rion-Antirion Bridge, Greece). Recent
studies on cable-stayed bridges with this type of connection have found that the deck–
tower reaction significantly increases the transverse shear force and bending moment in
the towers, making the transverse component of the earthquake more demanding than
the longitudinal (along-deck) and vertical directions[2]. Several author’s going through
base isolation, dampers for reduced base reaction of cable stayed bridge [3], [4], but
before going through it is necessary to check geometric advantages specially of different
pylon shapes.
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Literature Review
The vibration properties of more than 1,000 cable-stayed bridges with main spans
ranging from200 to 800mlong were extracted within an extensive parametric analysis.
The Vaschy-Buckingham theorem of dimensional analysis was applied to the
numerical results to propose the formulation for period estimation.
By this research work author conclude that The interaction between the towers and the
deck is particularly important in the response of small-to-medium cable-stayed bridges
in the transverse direction.
large parametric analysis conducted in 1,050 FE models. The accuracy of the proposed
analytical expressions is verified in 17 real cable-stayed bridges, constructed in
different countries. The observed average errors are below 15%.
proposed to calculate the critical span lengths and the tower frequencies for which the
transverse seismic response is maximized.
“Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil structure
interaction”
In this study, the dynamic time history analysis is carried out on cable stayed bridge by
taking different five pylon shapes in sap 2000, with consider the soil structure
interaction effect.
Parameters like displacement, acceleration and bending moment are studied.
It concluded that the pylon shape has great influence in mitigation of the SSI effects
the result showed that in comparison to rational A or H shape of pylon diamond shape
of pylon is giving less response. Hence if it is used practically will be proved
economical.
Chapter 4
A large number of cable stayed bridges have been studied ,among their
characteristics dimensions there are variable parameters (like the tower shape) , and also
canonical property which are taken from constructed cable –stayed bridges and maintained
constant since they are not object of study.
The most significant parameters of the proposed cable stayed bridges are
described in this chapter, such as bridge geometry, calculation of deck properties, cables
etc.
In this research work model the cable stayed bridges with two towers. Both
towers have same dimension in all models, which are in turn completely symmetric about
the vertical plane crossing the span center transversely (Y) and also about the vertical
plane along the longitudinal axis of the deck(X).
The relation between the height of the tower above the deck level (H) and the
main span (Lp), as well as the ratio between the main span and lateral spans (Ls) was
suggested by Como et al. [como 1985] more than two decades ago
= ; (4.1.1)
Nowadays , the trend is to increase the size of the towers as it is observed in tables
[manterola 1994], where the mentioned ratio are obtained in several constructed cable
stayed bridge worldwide .in light of this two tables, it has been decided to modify the
classical parameters proposed by como et al, considering instead the following:
(4.1.2)
The height of tower between the deck level and the foundation (Hi) is determined
by the local conditions and the traffic which is expected to cross below the bridge, among
other factors.it is very important in dynamic calculations, since
Table 4.1 summary of dimension and geometric ratios in lateral cable plane (LCP) cable
stayed bridges. Measurement in meters. The symbol (*) denotes that the bridge has only
one tower and hence the main span has been doubled in the calculation of the ratios. The
symbol (h) indicates harp-cable assembly (the rest are semi-harp).adapted from the work
of manterola [manterola 1994.]
Table 4.2 Summary of the dimension and geometric ratio in central cable plane (CCP)
cable stayed bridges. Measurement in meters. The symbol (*) denotes that the bridge has
only one tower and hence the main span has been doubled in the calculation of the ratios.
All the bridges have semi-harp cable configurations. Adapted from the work of manterola
[manterola 1994].
The height of the gravity center of the bridges is strongly influenced by Hi.
However, this parameter is governed by the specific site conditions and, therefore, it is not
consider in the study as a design variable. Instead, a value proportional to the model
remains unchanged. It was decided to consider a reasonable value of Hi=0.5H, being H the
height of towers above the deck is fixed so that when it changes, the proportions of the
model remain unchanged.it was decided to consider a reasonable value of Hi=0.5H, being
of towers above the deck level.
The length of central part of the deck between the end cables corresponding to
each tower is considered constant and equal to 20 m in all the models, which is twice the
separation between the cable anchorages in the main span, as it is represented in figure
below.
The deck holds four lane traffic lanes with a steel concrete composite section. This
is commonly used to cover all the considered main spans (from 200 to 600m). The axis of
deck is horizontal and straight both in plan and elevation. The total width (B) is constant
and equal to 25 m.
The design of deck section in bridge with lateral cable planes (LPS) is in
accordance with the current trend in constructed cable-stayed bridges, disposing two
longitudinal edge steel girders and one upper concrete slab. On the other hand, the cross-
section of the deck adopted in structures with central cable plane (CCP) is a „U‟-shaped
steel section below the concrete slab, which is able to withstand the torsion that is not
resisted by the cable-system.
Table 4.1 and 4.2 included the ratio between the height of the deck (h) and the
main span (Lp) in constructed cable-stayed LCP and CCP bridges. As it may be observed,
the height of the deck is higher in structures with central cable arrangement (CCP) since
the torsional resistance is entrusted to the deck. The average deck ratios from these tables
are
(LCP) (4.2.1)
(CCP) (4.2.2)
However, expression (4.2.1) is questionable since, in real projects, the depth of the
deck in LCP cable-stayed bridges is nearly independent of their main span, instead it is
influenced by the transverse and longitudinal distance between consecutive cable
anchorages. Nonetheless, the depth of the deck slightly increases with the main span
because of the increment in the length of the cables and the consequent increase of the
edibility, which requires a stiffer deck due to wind considerations. The work of Astiz
[Astiz 2001] suggests the variation of the depth of the deck with the main span in several
composite LCP cable-stayed bridges
Static analysis conducted here have varied that the level of stresses in LCP and
CCP composite decks are admissible considering the worst situation; imposing the self-
weight and the live load in the central part of the bridge, where the distance between cable
anchorages is larger (20 meters). Therefore, the relationship between the depth of the deck
and the main span in LCP models proposed by Astiz (expression (4.2.3)) and the ratio
presented in equation (4.2.2) for CCP models are accepted.
Figure 4.2 presents the considered sections of the deck in both LCP and CCP
models (excluding the non-structural mass), being their principal dimensions constant or
variable in terms of the main span. The dimensions of the longitudinal and transverse
girders in LCP deck cross-sections, or the plate thickness and stiffners in CCP models, are
the result of the simple elastic static analysis mentioned above (with 20 m span), preventing
the extreme stresses from exceeding the design allowable values. The longitudinal separation
of the cables at the level of the deck was expressed in figure 4.1.
The dimensions of the towers in proposed models are obtained from the specific
study of a set of constructed cable-stayed bridges, which is deemed representative of each
studied tower shape and cable-system arrangement. The geometric ratios, which lead to
the final cross-sections and proportions of the towers, are presented here in figures below
HA = δ T (NT - 1) (4.3.1)
Where NT Is the number of stays per half main span and cable-plane
(obtained with the expression NT= (Lp-20)/20, which is depends on the main span
LP.
If the area of the tower where the anchorages are located is not vertical but
forms an angle α<90 with the horizontal line.
Due to the large number of cable-stayed bridges studied, and the required
parameterization, the design simplicity is strongly recommended. Hence, constant sections
between different parts of the towers have been considered in the parametric definition. To
facilitate the comparison of the results between models with different towers, the sections
have been established as similar as possible.
The proportions and sections of `H'-shaped towers in terms of the height above the
deck, which in turn depends on the main span (H = LP =4:8), have been obtained from a
set of bridges with the same type of towers, included in table 4.3 and 4.4, along with the
ratios proposed here (X, Y and Z are the longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions
respectively). The final version of the `H'-shaped tower employed in the thesis is
illustrated in figure 4.3.
The proportions of the `Y-shaped' towers with and without lower diamond of several
cable-stayed bridges are summarized in tables 4.5 and 4.6, including the proposed ratios
used in the final version of the towers employed in the thesis, which are presented in
figures 4.4 and 4.5.
Finally, the dimensions of the `A'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond in
several cable-stayed bridges are presented in tables 4.7 and 4.8, besides the proposed
parameters employed in this work which are illustrated graphically in figures 4.6 and 4.7.
Figure 4.5 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `Y'-shaped tower with lower
diamond in terms of the main span LP
Figure 4.6 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `A'-shaped tower without diamond in
terms of the main span LP
Figure 4.7 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `A'-shaped tower with diamond in
terms of the main span LP
The thickness of concrete sections (tc) in the anchorage area of the tower is obtained
so that the maximum allowable compression is not exceed when the self- weight and the
live load are applied to the structure. The same value of the thickness is considered in the
rest of the tower since the stresses are lower. For constructive reason, the vertical pier of
the lower diamond is the exception, where a constant value of 0.45m is considered
regardless of the main span length.
The determination of the required area in each cable comprises an initial trial phase
and a subsequent iterative process that takes into account the redistribution of stresses in
the bridge. In the initial trial stage, the area of the cross-section in each cable is obtained
so that the vertical component of the cable force balances the self-weight and the live load
over the corresponding deck length, being their stress equal to 40 % of the ultimate stress
allowed in the prestressing steel of the cables. Figure 4.5.1 shows the areas of the deck
which correspond to each stay in lateral and central cable-system assemblies, along with
the calculation scheme
Figure 4.8 contributing surfaces of the deck associated with each stay and calculation
scheme to determinate their area, both in LCP and CCP modes. Measurement in meter
Chapter 5
Parametric study
A cable stayed bridge with the main span length 300m , width 25m with different
pylon shape is modeled and static analysis is carried out by using sap 2000 (version 18).
The proposed bridges have a conventional configuration with two concrete towers and a
composite deck. The distribution is completely symmetric in the transverse direction (Y)
and also in the longitudinal direction (X). The back span–to–main span ratio and the
tower height (above the deck level)–to–main span ratio are taken from a compilation of
43 constructed cable- stayed bridges which is describe in chapter 4.
Height of the tower above the deck level (H)=( LP/4.8) = 62.5M
The deck holds four lane traffic lanes with steel concrete composite section. This is
commonly used to cover all the considered main spans and side spans. The axis of deck is
horizontal and straight both in plan and elevation. The total width (B) is constant and
equal to 25 m.
Transverse girder is provided every 5m in main span and every 120/28 = 4.28m in side
span.
Load Calculation
1. Dead load
Self-weight of deck slab = 25*0.250 = 6.25 kN/m2
Self-weight of W.C = 1.76 kN/m2
Foot path, kerb & finishes = 0.64 kN/m2
Therefor total dead load form the deck slab = (6.25+1.76+0.64) = 8.65 kN/m2
Self-weight of longitudinal girder = 76.97 * 0.157 =12.084 kN/m
Self-weight of transverse girder =76.97 * 0.0733 = 5.64 KN/m
2. Live load
The bridge is check for combination of loading of IRC Class A and IRC class 70R.
Combination of loading is taken from IRC 6.
Figure 5.1 load combination of irc class A and irc class 70R
Consider 2.5m footpath at each side of deck hence the effective span of the deck will
be 20m.
The cables are provided at every 10m in main span do the panel length is 10m.
For Maximum reaction the critical loading position of IRC class 70R and class A tracked
vehicle loads as show in fig
Live load per meter length for class 7R tracked vehicle= (700/2.28) =307 kN
Live load per meter length for class A tracked vehicle = (228/2.15) =107 kN
Fig 5.3 Position of IRC class 70R loads and IRC class A loads for maximum shear force at
support
= 1.1 [{(306*17.35)/(20)}+{(306*13.25)/(20)}+{(107*9.45)/(20)}+{(107*5.95)/(20)}]
=607.28 kN
1. total uniformly distributed load = due to self-weight of longitudinal girder + live load
=12.084 + 607.28 = 619.36 kN/m
2. point loads due to transverse girder which is show in figure below
As per IS 800
Cables are provided as a lateral cable planes (LCP) in every models of 300m main
span length.
Spacing of cables is 10m in main span and 8.57m in lateral span.
Material: prestressing steel: A416Gr270
Standard specifications of strands
Standard A416Gr270
Nominal diameter(mm) 15.24
Nominal tensile strength(N/mm2) 1689
Nominal steel area(mm2) 140
Nominal weight (kg/m) 1.102
Characteristic breaking load(KN) 260.7
The diameter and the force in each cable is manually calculated and directly applied in
software.
Design of cable
In initial stage , the area of cross section in each cable is obtain so that the vertical
component of cable force balance the self – weight and the live load over the
corresponding deck length , being their stress equal to 40% of the ultimate stress in the
prestressing steel of cable.
Since the allowable stress of stay is limited to 40% of its yield stress
Yield stress of prestressing steel = 1689 N/mm2
There for taken =0.4*1689 = 675.6 N/mm2
=1.1*[{(700*17.35)/(20)+(700*13.25)/(20)+(228/9.45)/(20)+(228*5.95)/(20)}]
=1246.56KN
Total reaction R =2014.63 + 1246.56 = 3261.19 KN
Angle of last cable with horizontal = α =tan-1(60.5/140) =23.37 deg
Therefor area of last cable = R/{(675.6)*sin(α)} = 12180.92 mm2
Therefor diameter = 124.56mm
Force transferring in the cable = 3261.19 / sin(23.37) = 8229.43 KN
The diameter of remaining cables is computed as same procedure as above according
to their panel length.
Main span
Side span
Material property
Concrete M50
All the pylon components have tube section with 0.45m thickness (hollow section)
5.2.3 Modeling of Cable Stayed Bridge with Inverted Y Shape Pylon with
Lower Diamond (YD)
Table 5.8 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond
5.2.5 Modeling Of Cable Stayed Bridge With A Shape Pylon With Lower
Dimond (YA).
Chapter 6
Software Validation
Software validation is carried out by manually calculated cable forces are matching
with cable forces is obtained from software sap2000.
For calculation of the cable force only the dead load was considered.
Main span
Cable no 14,
Manually calculated
Chapter 7
14
12
10
H shape
8
inverted Y
Mode no
6 inverted YD
A
4
AD
2
0
0 2 4 6 8
Time in sec
Fig 7.2 Natural time period for various shapes of pylons
Up to four modes there is no significant difference in natural time period for all shape,
because all models have same heights and approximately same mass. After mode no 4
there is change in time period appear in all shape of pylon shape cable stayed bridge,
because different geometries of the pylon. After mode no 4 the time period of h shape
cable stayed bridge is relatively large then others.
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 0.061 0.006229 0.157 0.082604 0.168033
level of
65.75 cable stat 0.2744 0.003542 0.4899 0.2567 0.68799
level of
91.75 cable end 0.36167 0.05631 0.8533 0.138179 0.84621
93.75 top 0.361606 0.06 0.8805 0.121022 0.8522
Height (m)
Fig 7.3 Displacement of different shapes of pylon in transverse direction with respect to height
shape and A shape with lower diamond shape pylon. Due to larger inclination angle o in A
shape pylons then Y shape pylons which result more displacement in transverse direction.
60000
50000
Base Reaction (KN)
H shape
40000
inverted Y
30000 inverted YD
20000 A
AD
10000
0
1
Fig 7.4 base reaction of cable stayed bridge in transverse direction of different shape of pylon
Base reaction of inverted Y shape without lower diamond cable stayed bridge is
very low with compare to other.
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 5.935 6.6589 5.26 8.274 6.85
level of
65.75 cable stat 9.55 6.95 9.134 17.27 9.08
level of
91.75 cable end 12.456 9.2498 16.37 10.57 11.2
93.75 top 12.453 9.46781 16.91 9.585 11.28
100
90
80
70
60 H shape
50 y shape
Height (m)
YD shape
40
A shape
30
AD shape
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Acceleration (m/s2)
Fig 7.5 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in transverse direction with respect to height
This chart show the acceleration of different shape of pylon in transverse direction
at different levels such as level bottom bracing , level at which cable start, level of cable
ending and top of pylon. We can show that in all shape of pylon there is decrease in the
value of acceleration at the level of cable start which is because of at the level of cable
start in all shape of pylon there is increment in the stiffness, in H shape of pylon there is a
bracing at cable start point, in Y shapes of pylon at the level of cable start there is merge
both the leg of pylon which increase the stiffness of pylon at the level of cable start. Also
in A shapes of pylon there is merge of legs of pylon which increase the stiffness.
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 0.025898 0.061366 0.025244 0.048043 0.025219
level of
65.75 cable stat 0.12894 0.11775 0.08125 0.106271 0.093407
level of
91.75 cable end 0.149284 0.082694 0.07983 0.082424 0.083247
100
90
80
70
60 H shape
Height (m)
50 Y shape
40 YD shape
30
A shape
20
AD shape
10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Displacement (m)
Fig 7.6 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal direction with respect to height
12000
10000
Base reaction (kN)
8000 H shape
Y shape
6000
YD shape
A shape
4000
AD shape
2000
0
1
Fig 7.7 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in longitudinal direction of different shape of pylon
Above chart shows the base reaction in longitudinal direction in all five shapes of
pylon. Chart shows that the base reaction of lower diamond shapes such as YD and AD
shape pylon is less than other shape of pylon.
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 5.935 6.6589 5.26 8.274 6.85
level of
65.75 cable stat 9.55 6.95 9.134 17.27 9.08
level of
91.75 cable end 12.456 9.2498 16.37 10.57 11.2
93.75 top 12.453 9.46781 16.91 9.585 11.28
100
90
80
70
60
H shape
50
Height (m)
40 Y shape
30 YD shape
20 A shape
10
0 AD shape
0 2 4 6 8
Acceleration (m/s2)
Fig 7.8 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal direction with respect to height
Chapter 8
Conclusions
In this study dynamic analysis of cable stayed bridge with 5 different pylon shapes
were carried out in SAP2000 by time history method. It concludes that the shape of pylon
1. After 4 mode the natural time period of H shape cable stayed bridge is relatively
large then other shapes, so H shape pylon prove to be flexible than other. On other
hand the natural time period of inverted Y and A shape pylon is less which show
2. Inclination of pylon legs above deck plays an importance role in transverse seismic
3. After study the different parameters, the inverted Y shape without lower diamond
4. The pylon with lower diamond shape proves more effective when we considering