SECTION 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5.10.8.1.2c—Negative Moment Reinforcement
At least one-third of the total tension reinforcement
provided for negative moment at a support shall have an
embedment length beyond the point of inflection not
less than the greatest of the following:
 The effective depth of the member;
 12.0 times the nominal diameter of bar; and
 1/16 of the clear span.
5.10.8.1.2d—Moment Resisting Joints
Flexural reinforcement in continuous, restrained, or
cantilever members or in any member of a rigid frame
shall be detailed to provide continuity of reinforcement
at intersections with other members to develop the
nominal moment resistance of the joint.
In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, joints shall be detailed to
resist moments and shears resulting from horizontal
loads through the joint.
5.10.8.2—Development of Reinforcement
Development lengths shall be calculated using the
specified minimum yield strength of the reinforcement.
Use of nonprestressed reinforcement with a specified
minimum yield strength up to 100 ksi may be permitted
for elements and connections specified in Article
5.4.3.3.
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5-175
C5.10.8.1.2d
Reinforcing details for developing continuity
through joints are suggested in the ACI Detailing
Manual (ACI SP66, 2004).
C5.10.8.2
Most of the provisions in the Article are adapted
from ACI 318-14 and its attendant commentary. In
addition, results of NCHRP Report 603 on Transfer,
Development, and Splice Length for
Strand/Reinforcement in High Strength Concrete
(Ramirez and Russell, 2008) are incorporated to include
applications with compressive strengths of concrete
used in design up to 15.0 ksi. The NCHRP 603 Report
examined an extensive database of previous tests
compiled by ACI Committee 408. Previous tests
(Azizinamini et al. 1993, and 1999) had indicated that
in the case of concrete with compressive strengths
between 10.0 and 15.0 ksi, a minimum amount of
transverse reinforcement was needed to ensure yielding
of reinforcement splices of bars with less than 12.0 in.
of concrete placed below them. Although NCHRP
Report 603 recommended replacing the minimum
transverse reinforcement with a development
modification factor of 1.2, a conservative value of 1.3 is
used in this article. The bar size factor of 0.8 for No. 6
and smaller bars was recommended to be removed to
generalize application to concrete strength higher than
10.0 ksi. The procedure described here is more
conservative for reinforcement with yield strengths
greater than 60.0 ksi than for those presented in recently
published reports such as that by Hosny et al. (2012),
and by Darwin et al. (2005).
Research by Shahrooz et al. (2011) showed that
calculated tensile splice lengths and calculated tensile
development lengths for both straight bars and standard
hooks are adequate for applications in Seismic Zone 1
for reinforcement with yield strengths up to 100 ksi
combined with design concrete compressive strengths
up to 15.0 ksi.
5-176 AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, EIGHTH EDITION, 2017

5.10.8.2.1—Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in C5.10.8.2.1

Tension

The provisions herein may be used for No. 11 bars
and smaller in normal weight concrete with a
compressive strength of concrete for use in design up to
15.0 ksi and lightweight concrete up to 10.0 ksi
Transverse reinforcement consisting of at least No. 3
bars at 12.0-in. centers shall be provided along the
required development length where the design concrete
compressive strength is greater than 10.0 ksi.
For straight bars having a specified minimum yield
strength greater than 75.0 ksi, transverse reinforcement
satisfying the requirements of Article 5.7.2.5 for beams
and Article 5.10.4.3 for columns shall be provided over
the required development length.
The extension of this article to design concrete
compressive strengths between 10.0 and 15.0 ksi is
limited to No. 11 bars and smaller based on the work
presented in NCHRP Report 603 (Ramirez and Russell,
2008). The requirement for minimum transverse
reinforcement along the development length is based on
research by Azizinamini et al. (1999). Transverse
reinforcement used to satisfy the shear requirements
may simultaneously satisfy this provision.
Confining reinforcement is not required in bridge
slabs or decks.

5.10.8.2.1a—Tension Development Length

The modified tension development length, ℓd, shall
not be less than the basic tension development length,
ℓdb, specified herein adjusted by the modification factor
or factors specified in Articles 5.10.8.2.1b and
5.10.8.2.1c. The tension development length shall not
be less than 12.0 in., except for development of shear
reinforcement specified in Article 5.10.8.2.6.
The modified tension development length, ℓd, in in.
shall be taken as:

 λ rl  λ cf  λ rc  λ er  (5.10.8.2.1a-1)
 
d db

 λ

 

in which:

fy
 db  2.4db (5.10.8.2.1a-2)
f c
where:

ℓdb = basic development length (in.)

λrl = reinforcement location factor
λcf = coating factor
λ = concrete density modification factor as
specified in Article 5.4.2.8
λrc = reinforcement confinement factor
λer = excess reinforcement factor
fy = specified minimum yield strength of
reinforcement (ksi)
db = nominal diameter of reinforcing bar or wire
(in.)
f c = compressive strength of concrete for use in
design (ksi)

Modification factors shall be applied to the basic

development length to account for the various effects
specified herein. They shall be taken equal to 1.0 unless
they are specified to increase ℓd in Article 5.10.8.2.1b,
or to decrease ℓd in Article 5.10.8.2.1c.

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SECTION 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES 5-177

5.10.8.2.1b—Modification Factors which C5.10.8.2.1b

Increase ℓd

The basic development length, ℓdb, shall be

modified by the following factor or factors, as
applicable:

 For horizontal reinforcement, placed such that

more than 12.0 in. of fresh concrete is cast below
the reinforcement, λrl = 1.3.
 For horizontal reinforcement, placed such that no For horizontal reinforcement, placed such that no
more than 12.0 in. of concrete is cast below the more than 12.0 in. of concrete is cast below the
reinforcement and f c is greater than 10.0 ksi, reinforcement and f 'c is not greater than 10.0 ksi, no
λrl = 1.3. modification factor is necessary or λrl could be said to
 For lightweight concrete use λ as specified in be equal to 1.0.
Article 5.4.2.8.
 For epoxy-coated bars with cover less than 3db or
with clear spacing between bars less than
6db, λcf = 1.5.
 For epoxy-coated bars not covered above, λcf = 1.2.
The product λrl × λcf need not be taken greater
than 1.7.

5.10.8.2.1c—Modification Factors which C5.10.8.2.1c

Decrease ℓd

The basic development length, ℓdb, specified in The provisions in this Article are adapted from ACI
Article 5.10.8.2.1a, modified by the factors specified in 318-14.
Article 5.10.8.2.1b, as appropriate, may be multiplied The parameters cb and n in Eqs. 5.10.8.2.1c-2 and
by the following factors: 5.10.8.2.1c-3, as well as assumed crack locations, are
shown in Figure C5.10.8.2.1c-1.
 For reinforcement being developed in the length In tests to determine development lengths, splitting
under consideration, λrc shall satisfy the following: cracks have been observed to occur along the bars being
developed as illustrated in Figure C5.10.8.2.1c-1. When
0.4 ≤ λrc ≤ 1.0 (5.10.8.2.1c-1) the center-to-center spacing of the bars is greater than
about twice the distance from the center of the bar to the
in which: concrete surface, splitting cracks occur between the bars
and the concrete surface. When the center-to-center
db spacing of the bars is less than about twice the distance
 rc  (5.10.8.2.1c-2) from the center of the bar to the concrete surface,
cb  ktr splitting cracks occur between the bars along the plane
of the bars being developed. The presence of bars
ktr = 40Atr/(sn) (5.10.8.2.1c-3) crossing the plane of splitting, as denoted by Atr,
controls these splitting cracks and results in shorter
where: development lengths.
In any member, Atr may be taken conservatively as
cb = the smaller of the distance from center of bar zero in Eq. 5.10.8.2.1c-3. When cb > 2.5 in. and there
or wire being developed to the nearest concrete are no bars crossing the plain of splitting, Atr = 0 and
surface and one-half the center-to-center λrc = 0.4 for bar sizes of No. 8 and smaller. Otherwise,
spacing of the bars or wires being developed λrc is calculated using Eq. 5.10.8.2.1c-1.
(in.)
ktr = transverse reinforcement index
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse
reinforcement which is within the spacing s
and which crosses the potential plane of
splitting through the reinforcement being
developed (in.2)

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5-178 AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, EIGHTH EDITION, 2017

s = maximum center-to-center spacing of

transverse reinforcement within ℓd (in.)
n = number of bars or wires developed along plane
of splitting
 Where anchorage or development for the full yield
strength of reinforcement is not required, or where
reinforcement in flexural members is in excess of
that required by analysis,

 A required 
s (5.10.8.2.1c-4)
λ er

 A provided 
s

Figure C5.10.8.2.1c-1—Parameters for Determining

Development Length Modifier λrc

5.10.8.2.2—Deformed Bars in Compression

5.10.8.2.2a—Compressive Development
Length

The modified development length, ℓd, for deformed

bars in compression shall not be less than either the

© 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.