skin provides a physical barrier to pathogens.

chemical sections produced by skin inhibit

growth of pathogens . Teas, mucus and saliva wash bacteria away

White blood cells destroy pathogens or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Fever
elevates the temperature of the host of the pathogen in order to kill the pathogen.

Pathogens are identified by T & B cells. B Cells secrete antibodies that target a
specific antigen.
 It includes physical barriers (i.e. the skin) that
This is the first and second line of defense.
prevent the entry of pathogens; and non-specific internal defense (i.e phagocytosis, fever)
This is the third line of defense it includes special B & T cells identifying the organism

and targeting it with specific proteins called antibodies

vulnerability to disease

The ability to ward off disease/ pathogen

The process where human cells, called phagocytes, ingest and digest microbes via endocytosis

Caused by the release of histamines from basophils. It increase blood flow and lymph for to

an injury area, so that white blood cells can fight off pathogens and tissue can repair itself
Caused by a release of heparin from basophil. Fever can kill some pathogens or slow their growth/
reproduction by denaturing their enzymes and other important proteins.

Ingests and digest pathogens

Trap incoming pathogens & prevent them from reaching

cells they could infect
pH is unfavorable to pathogens

Prevent pathogen growth

Target specific pathogens

denature enzymes & important proteins of pathogen

Activation of T-cells which differentiate into cells that

activate B cells, and cells that destroy pathogens and infected
body cells

Increase blood supply to injured or infect area.

 These microbes inhibit over growth
of disease causing pathogens

Genes on the chromosome 6 that code for

membrane proteins for our body's cells. This allows our immune system to recognize it own cells and distinguish

the body cells from a foreign/ disease causing cell.

Allows the immune system to recognize diseases

blood transfusions & Organ transplants

 phagocytes

changes
the white blood count increases when a person is infected and the ratio of types of white blood

phagocytes , but they can inhibit

Some microbes can kill phagocytes once ingested, some microbes can enter
lysomes from fusing with vessels contain pathogens. Some microbes can hide in phagocytes and remain
dormant until favorable situation arises
 Non-cellular part of the blood (i.e antibodies secreted by B cells)

associated with T-cell

Bone marrow
Thymus
Bone marrow

B cells become memory cells and store information about a pathogen and associated antibody
B cells that produce and secrete antibodies
Activates other T cells and B cells
Turns off immune system with infection is gone

protect against pathogens

destroys target cells on contact

If the immune system encounters the same pathogen a second

time it will know how to fight it and which antibodies to produce

 Also called immunoglobins, are a globular protein, produced by B-cells. Each antibody targets a

specific antigen associated with a pathogen. They are secrete from B plasma cells into the plasma of the blood

and they can recognize a specific antigen and destroy it.

Foreign molecules that are able to bond to antibodies or help T cell receptors

So the immune system attacks and kills pathogens and not the body cells.

B cells that react to the body's own antigens are destroyed & this selects for b cells that are tolerant of

the body's own tissues

autoimmune disorder
multiple sclerosis , Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes

Neutralize by binding to viruses binding sites and coat bacterial toxins allows for easy recognition by
phagocytes

Sticking together particulate antigens. allows for easy recognition by phagocytes

soluble antigens are stuck together to form a solid allows for easy recognition by phagocytes

Activation of complement. Tags for cells for destruction. allows for easy recognition by phagocytes

Enhances (see above)

enhances and increase blood supply and thus white blood cells to the infected area

causes destroy bacteria.