property castor seed oil waste cooking oil CSO + WCO

density
kinematic viscosity
Refractive index
pour point
flash point
acid value

Biofuel which is made up by mono-alkyl-esters of long chain fatty acids, derived from
triglycerides (vegetable oils or animal fat) is known as biodiesel (BD). It can be used as
a partial or total substitute of petro diesel in compression ignition engines or for
electricity generation. Trans esterification process which involves the exchange of the
glycerin in the triglycerides molecule by the alkyl group of the utilized alcohol which is
mainly methanol or ethanol in the presence of either an acid catalyst or a base catalyst.

Many edible and non-edible feed stocks were utilized for BD production. Nonetheless,
availability and cost of the oil feedstock restrict the BD production. Therefore, non-edible
oil feed stocks, such as waste cooking oils [3–5], lipids from food waste [2,4], non-edible
vegetable oils [6–11] and waste animal fats [2,12–15] were utilized as cheaper feed
stocks for BD production were reported so as to decrease the production cost of BD.
Among non-edible oils that has been received more attention as a feedstock for BD
production is castor due to it is not suitable for human consumption and thus it does not
compete with food crops, its high content of oil which amounts 50% in addition to the
high oil yields which could reach about 1188 kg oil per hectare annually. Furthermore,
the castor plant does not necessitate a great deal of maintenance or high quality water
and it can grow in marginal soils. On these basis, castor oil is an attractive low cost
feedstock for BD production [16].

Production of BD from mixed CSO and WCO through base-catalyzed trans esterification
with methanol is the main target of the present investigation. Different blends of CSO
and WCO were prepared and th
 Blend of WCO +CSO Acid value % FFA
WCO 1.12 0.563
10 ml WCO + 90 ml CSO 1.05 0.528
20 ml WCO + 80 ml CSO 1.01 0.508
30 ml WCO + 70 ml CSO 0.97 0.488
40 ml WCO + 60 ml CSO 0.9 0.453
50 ml WCO + 50 ml CSO 0.87 0.437
60 ml WCO + 40 ml CSO 0.8 0.402
70 ml WCO + 30 ml CSO 0.75 0.377
80 ml WCO + 20 ml CSO 0.687 0.345
90 ml WCO + 10 ml CSO 0.59 0.297
CSO 0.568 0.285
eir properties were evaluated to select the optimal oils blend that is having properties
closer to those reported for oils used in BD synthesis. Optimization of trans esterification
parameters of the optimal oils blend were optimized.

10 % 20 % 30% 40 70 80 90%
WCO WCO WCO %WCO
Kinematic 13.4 13.6 10.52 8.44 10.93 9.08 6.34 5 5.6
viscosity at 40
C(mm2/sec)
Raw Catalyst Type of Reaction Reaction Performance Ref.
material and its alcohol& conditions time and
amount Alcohol/oil its
molar ratio temperat
ure
Cotton KOH methanol & 21% of 7 min 92.4 Azkan &
seed oil (1.5 wt 6:1 1200 W 333 K ( % yield) Danisman
%) 2007
Safflower NaOH Methanol 300 W 6 min 98.4 Dltz et.Al
seed oil (1 wt%) & 10:1 333 K (% 2007
conversion)
Rapeseed NaOH Methanol 300 W 1 min 97% Hernando
oil (%1.3) 18:1 1.27 60 °C 95 %(yield) et
Soybean ml al., 2007
oil
Waste Methano NaOH & 600 W 5 min 93.36 Yücel et
frying l 1 wt % 6:1 64°C %(methyl al.,
oil ester 2010
content)
Castor oil H2SO4/ Methanol 200 W 60 min 94% (yield) Yuan et
C5 &1:12 338 K al.,
2009
Frying oil NaOH Ethanol& 50% of 750 4 min 87 % Saifuddin
0.5 wt % 1:6 W 60°C (conversion) &
Chua,
2004
Maize oil NaOH Methanol - - 98 % Öztürk et
1.5 wt % &10:1 (conversion) al., 2010

Jatropha KOH Methanol - 2 min 97.4 % Shakinaz

oil 1.50 wt &7.5:1 65°C (conversion) et
% al., 2010
Crude KOH Ethanol & 70 W 5 min 85 % (yield) Suppalak
palm oil 1.50 wt 8.5:1 70°C 98.1 % pany
% (conversion) a et al.,
2010

Dry micro KOH Methanol 800 W 6 min 80.13 % Patil et

algae 2 wt % &9:1 - (conversion) al.,
2011

Yellow Heterop Methanol & 500 W 10 min 96.22 Zhang et

horn oil ol 12:1 60°C (FAMEs) al.,
yacid 2010
(HPA)
1 wt %
Crude KOH Methanol 180 W 150 s - 89.9 Venkates
karanja 1.33 %33.4 (conversion) h etal.,
oil (w/w) 2011
Microwave assisted method studies of transesterification reaction in the literature
Raw Catalyst Type of Microwave Reaction Performa Ref.
material and its alcohol& conditions time and its nce
amount Alcohol/oil temperature
molar ratio
Canola KOH Methanol & 20 kHz, 25 C& 50 >95 Thanh et
0.7wt % 5:1 1000 W min (conversi al.,
on) 2010a
Palm KOH Methanol & 45 kHz,600 38–40 C 95 % Stavarache
6:1 W 20 min (yield) et
al., 2007b
Waste KOH Methanol 20 kHz, 20-25 C 81 (yield ) Thanh et
cooking 0.7 wt % 2.5:1 (mol) 1000W 10 min 99 (yield) al.,
0.3 wt % 1.5:1 (For each 20 min 2010b
step)
Coconut KOH Ethanol & 24kHz, 200 7 min >92 Kumar et
0.75 6:1 W %(yield) a2010a
wt %
Soybean NaOH Methanol & 197 kHz, 45 C 10 min 99 (yield) Ji et al.,
1wt % 6:1 150W 2006
Refined KOH 1.5 Methanol & 20 kHz, 40 C 15 min >99.4 Colucci et
soybean wt % 6:1 14.49 W (conversi al.,
oil on) 2005
Triolein NaOH Methanol 40 kHz, 25 C 25 min >95 Hanh et
KOH Ethanol & 1200 W Ultrasonic (conversi al.,
1wt % 6:1 cleaner on) 2009b
Beef KOH Methanol & 40 kHz, 60 C 70 s >92 Teixeira et
Tallow 0.5 wt 6:1 1200 W (conversi al.,2009
% on)
Waste KOH Methanol & 20 kHz, 45 C 40 min 89 Hingu et
cooking 1wt % 6:1 200 W (conversi al.2010
oil on)
Mechanical stirring machine consist of temperature controller to control temperature
within the range of 0- 100º C and speed controller is for controlling speed of stirrer in
terms of revolution per minute (rpm). In this machine hot plate functions as a heating
source to maintain the temperature of the solution. The beaker is placed on the hot
plate then blend oil as per the requirement was poured into it at the beginning. The
reaction started when a quantities amount of methanol liquor dissolved in catalyst was
poured into the beaker and then immediately drops the magnetic stirrer so that through
its stirring action at a particular rpm, dilution of mixture can take place by switching the
button on. The Tranesterification reaction was carried by conventional mechanical
stirring process, photograph is shown in figure. Mechanical stirring machine consist of
temperature controller to control temperature within the range of 0-100º C and speed
controller is for controlling speed of stirrer. In this machine hot plate functions as a
heating source to maintain the temperature of the solutions. The beaker (500 ml) is
placed on the hot plate and blend oil (25ml) was poured into it at beginning. The
reaction started when a quantitative amount of methanol as per molar ratio (8:1) is
dissolved with KOH (0.25gm) was poured into the beaker. The magnetic stirrer due to
its stirring action enhances the Tranesterification reaction
Tranesterification also called alcoholysis is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by
another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis except that an alcohol is used instead
of water. This has been widely used to reduce the viscosity of the triglycerides.

Hot plate

Mechanical stirrer
 930

920
Density
910

900

890

880

870

860
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

% of WCO in Blends

16

14

12

10

kinematic 8
viscosity
(mm2/sec) at 6
40 C 4

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
% of WCO in Blends
 43
42.5

Calorific 42
value 41.5
(MJ/KJ) 41
40.5
40
39.5
39
38.5
38
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

% of WCO in Blends

94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

% of WCO in blends
Ultrasound

16

14
stirring
12
Ultrasound
10
kinematic 8
viscosity at
40 C 6

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
% of WCO in blends
 44
stirring
43
ultrasound

42
calorific
value ( 41
MJ/KJ)
40

39

38

37
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
% of WCO in Blends
 100 stirring
ultrasound
95

90
% yield

85

80

75

70
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

% of WCO in blends

930
stirring
920
ultrasound
910

900
Density
890
(kg/m3)
880

870

860
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
% of WCO in blends