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Names:
Tessar
by
H. H. Nasse
Like many other brand-named products, the path of a single ray of light through a
camera lenses also have their own single lens surface. During this time, the
names. The simplest method is for the search for usable solutions with which
respective manufacturer to use a the aberrations of the lens elements
protected designation for all of its lenses. could be sufficiently reduced was
Additional product families are often accordingly difficult. Intuition, experience
distinguished through a special name or and extensive knowledge of the general
suffix. Suffixes in the form of long listings lens interactions were in demand even
of abbreviations have become fashionable more than today to design and optimize
to refer to the use of prestigious good lenses. This makes it much more
technologies such as aspheric lens under-standable that the successful
elements or special types of glass. result to what was often years of work
required a name.
Cross section of the lens elements from the Anastigmat 1:9 and from the first ZEISS Tessar 1:6.3
based on the Unar design.
In the European optical industry and at The word Tessar is an acronym derived
Carl Zeiss, in particular, this has always from the Greek word tessares meaning
been understated. On the other hand, four. It expresses that this lens is
lenses with different design principles comprised of four lens elements.
were given special names: Tessar, Correspondingly, the patent from 1902
Planar, Sonnar, Biogon and Distagon stresses the following properties:
are examples of famous ZEISS lens
names. In a new series of articles, we will “A spherical, chromatic and astigmatic
identify the origins of these names and corrected lens comprised of four lens
introduce the special properties of these elements divided into two groups by the
lenses. diaphragm. One of these groups consists
of two elements separated by air, the
Almost all of these lens names come from other of two cemented elements. The
a time when optical calculations were refractive power of the surfaces
done without the help of computers. While separated by air is negative, that of the
we can now calculate several thousand cemented surface positive."
surfaces each second with ray tracing,
back then it took two minutes to calculate
Cross section of a four-element lens for the camera module in a mobile phone. The head of a match is
provided to demonstrate how small it is on a 24x36 mm image sensor. You can clearly see the strong
aspheric surfaces of the lens elements.
100 100
MTF [%] MTF [%]
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
u' [mm] u' [mm]
Performance data (modulation transmission) of a historical Zeiss anastigmat from 1897. At first
glance, the curves look like those of modern lenses – but the measurement was made at much
lower spatial frequencies of 4, 8 and 16 line pairs per mm. If you remember that this lens was
intended for the 13x18 plate format, it is understandable why so many pictures from the time
were so razor sharp. A lens for the 35 mm format then had to have the same curves for 20, 40
and 80 Lp/mm. In optics, as with a car – size plays a role.
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
u' [mm] u' [mm]
100 100
MTF [%] MTF [%]
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
u' [mm] u' [mm]
f-number k = 4 f = 85 mm f-number k = 8 f = 85 mm
100 100
MTF [%] MTF [%]
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
u' [mm] u' [mm]
100
MTF [%]
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
u' [mm]
Performance data of a Tessar lens for a mobile phone camera measures with 20, 40
and 80 Lp/mm. It is better than the best 35 mm lenses – but only for a very small
image.
Anastigmat (left front), Unar (back middle) and Tessar lenses for different camera formats.