Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
THE
JAMAICA- GAZETTE
SUPPLEMENT
PROCLAMATIONS, RULES AND REGULATIONS
281
No. 168
TilE LEGAL PROFESSION ACT
THE LEG,>.L PRoFESSION (C.<:;o;-;s Of P"ROFESSION,>.t. ETHICS) RULE>
In exercise of !he powers conferred upon the Gener~l Legal Council by section !2(7) of
the Legal Profession Act and of every other po•"<r hereunto enabling the following rules
are hereby made:-
1. These rules may be cited a; the legll Prof<>sion (Canons of Professional
Ethics) Rules and shall be read and construed as one with the Legal Profession Act
bereafl<r referred to as the Principal Act.
C.-I..'iON I
A~ ArroR:-:EY SHALL ASSIST 1~ M.<l:-ooAI:-:I~G Til< Dro:-my A:<o lNTEG~ITY OF Til
LEGAL PROFESSION AND SHALl, AVOID !\l!N THE APPEARANCE Of PROfESsiON,>.~ a
biPROPRIETY.
(a} An Attorney who gives a certific~t• of character to anv candidate for enrol me
an attorney shall satis(y him~<!f that the caodidate is" of good character. nt ~
•(b} An Attorney shall nt all titr.es maintain the honour and dignity of the professio
an~ shall ,abslnin from beha,iour which may lend to discredit the profession of
wh1ch he IS n member.
{c) An Attorney shall observe th<!e C~nons and shall maintAin his imegritv and en-
cour:J.ge othe:r attorneys to ac~ similarly. He sha.H not counsel or assist an\'one to
act in any way which is detrirr:eotal to the Legal ?rofession. •
(d} An Attorney shall expos<: .,·ithout. ieor or favour before the proper 1ribunals,
unprofessionnl or dishones: conduc: by any other Attorney and snail not li•hllv
refuse a retainer a,gainsr another Attorney who js aUe~ed [O have wronged hf.s
client.
CANON IT
AN AnoR.'<TI sHALL !'lOT INDVLGE IN oa AssiST m A.>rr UNAtrrno!USED,lMPRoru oR
UNrRoFESSlONAL Plu.cncr. ·
"(a) An Auorney shall not hold out any p<:rsoo (not qualified to practise as :t lawyer) as
a partner~ associate consultant or Auomey.
"(b) An Auorney shall not in the carrying on of his practice or otherwise permit any
act or thing which js like!y or is intended to attr;lct: business unfairly or can reason-
ably be: regarded as [DUring or advertising.
(c) An Attorney shall not endeavour by direct or indirect means to attract the client's
of his fellow Auorneys and where one Attorney refers a client to another Attorney,
tbe client remains the client of the referring Attorney and the Attorney to wbom
the client is referred shall act with due deference to the refationshio hetw<en the
client and the referring .'> ttorney. ·
(cc) Where a referred client offers other work to the Attorney to whom he was referred
and the offer is sufficiently proximate to the referral, that Attorney shall not accept
that offer unless it bas been brought to the attention of the referring Attorney.
'(d) E"ept as permitted by da•Jse (e) ond (f} of Ibis Canon, an Attorney shall n?t in
any \VJY milke use of ,1fl)' fo.rm of pt.:blic adverdse:ncnt calculated lo ::t.H.ract chen.ts
to himself or onv firm •.,;,h whico bo mav be associated and he shall not permn.
a.uch-ori~, or enCou.rngc anyone :o d~J :So: or rew.::lrd ::myone for doiog so. on bi-s
bello If.
(e) No1withstonding the provision> of (Jnon II (d). an Attorney may permit limited
oo.: digniiiod itlentific:ttion of himse:f as on Attorney os follows:-
(i) jn polidc~l advcrtisc:ments rde\':lnr to the course of .l political c4mpaign or
issu~:
37
(f) Notwithstanding the provisions of Canon II (d) an Attorney may speak in public
or write for publication on legal topics provided that be d~oes not thereby emphasize
his own profe~sional competence and is not likely to be regarded as being con-
cerned thereby with the giving of individual advice.
•(g) An Attorney shall not pennit his professional standing to be used for the purpose
of advertising any particular product, service or commercial organization.
•(h) Subject to the provisions of Canon l1 (i) an Attorney shall not use professional
C:lrds. office signs, letter heads, or directory listings or like professional notices or
device.5:~
(i) Notwithstanding the provisions of Canon II (h), the following cards, office signs,
letter heads or directory listings may l:x: used bm in a restrained and dignified
form:-
(i) a professional card identifying the Attomey by name and as an Attorney,
giving his decorations and degrees (legal or otherwise), his addresses, telo-
phone numbers and the name of his Law firm or profess'onal associates,
provided that su~h cards are not published in the news media and are only
handed out on requ~st and for the purposes of identification or address;
(ii) a brief professional announcement card stating new or changed associations
or addresses, changes of firm naroe or like professional matters provided .that
such cards are delivered only to Attorneys, clients, former clients, personal
friends, relations and government bodies;
(Ui} a sign on or near the door of the office. and in the building directory identify-
ing the law office, provided that it is of a size and design coropatiblc with the
existing pr:tctice of the profession;
(iv) a letterhead identifying the Attorney by name und as an Attorney and giving
his decorations and degrees (legal or otherwise), his addresses, telephone
numbers and the nam~ of his law firm and of his associates;
(v} a listing in a teleph<lnc directory, a reputable law list, legal directory or bio-
graphical reference giving brief biographic:d or oth~r relevant information;
and any such professional c:1rd~ office sign, letter he::1d or lis[i"ng may state
that the A norn<y is also a Notary Pubtic.
38
284 PROCLAMATIONS, RULES AND REGULATIONS
[Dec. 29; 197S'
:;·.
(b) An Attorney may accept a gentral or special retainer from a client, and the re-
tainer rules hitherto applicable ir. the case of counsel shall apply 111<1/atis mutandis.
(c) An Attorney shall not be deterred irom accepting proffered employment owing
to the fear or dislik7 of incurring disapproval of officials, fellow Attorneys or
members of the publtc.
*(d) When an Attorney consents to undertake legal aid and he is appointed by tlte
Court or is requested by his professional association to undertake the repre-
sentation of a person unable to afford such repres.entation or to obtain legal
aid such attorney shall not (except for compelling reasons) seek to be excused
from undertaking such repcesentation.
*(e) An Attorney shall not (except for good reasons) refuse his services in Capital
offences.
(f) An Attorney shall not act contrary to the laws of the land, or aid, counsel or
assistany man to break those laws.
(g) An Attorney in undertaking the defence of persons accused of crime shall use
all fair and reasonable means to present every defence available at Jaw, without
regard to any personal views he may hold as the guilt of the accused.
*(h) An Attorney engaged in conducting the prosecution of an accused person has
a primary duty to see that justice is done and he shall not withhold facts or secrete
witnesses which tend to establish the guilt or innocence or the accused.
(i) An Attorney shall not by his actions stir up strife or litigation, and where it is
in the interest of his client he shall seek to obtain reasonable settlements of disputes.
U) An Attorney shall endeavour by lawful means where the needs of society require
to rramote and encour.Jgc- lhe modernization, ::;;implitlc.:Hion and reform of l-aws.
'(k) Where an Attorney commits ony criminal olfence which in the opinion of the
Disciplinory Committee is of a nature likdy to bring the profession into disre-
pute, such commission of the otfence shall constitute misconduct in a professional
respect if-
39
DEC. 29, 1978) PROCLAMATIONS, RULES AND REGULATIONS 285
CAi'ION IV
AN ArroRNEY SHALL Acr tN THE BEST ll-.TIRESrs oF Hrs CttENT AND REPRE.sE~T
HIM HONESTLY, COMPETENTLY AND ZE.UOUSLY WtTHlN THE BouNDS OF TilE
LAw. HE SHALL PRESERVE THE Co"FJDENCE oF Hrs Cue:-;r AND
A VOID CONFLICTS OF imc:REST.
"(a) An Attorney may enter into partnership with ooe or more Attorneys but he shall
not enter into partnership or fee sharing arrangements concerning the practic.o
of law with non~ualified persons or bodies. ..
(b) An Attorney may employ another Attorney for any purpose and on any terms
as may be agreed upon.
(c) An Attorney shall exercise inde~ndent judgment within the bounds of the law
and the ethics of the profession for the benefit of his client
{d) Where an Attorney determines that the interest of his client requires it, he may
with the specific or general consent of the client. refer his business or part of it
to another Attorney whether or not a member of his own firm.
•(e) An Attorney shall not enter into an agreement for or charge or collect an illegal
fee.
(f) The fees that an Attorney may charge sbatl 1>: fair and reasonable and in deter-
mining the fairness and reasonableness of a fee aoy of the foUowiog factors
may be taken into account:-
(!) the time and labour required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
involved and the skill required to perform the legal ><:rvic.o properly;
(ii) the likelihood that the acceptanc.o of the particular employment will preclude
other employment by the Attorney;
(iii) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar kgul services;
(iv) the amount, if any, involved;
(v) the time limi{n.tious imposed .by the dir:ot or by the circum:;tances;
(vi) the nature and length of the professional relationship with tbe client;
(vii) the e~perlence, reput>tion and ability of the Attorney concerned;
(viii) whether the fee is lhed or contingent;
40
2!6 PROCLAMATIONS, RULES A>iD REGULATIONS
[DEc. 29, 1978:
(h) An Attorney on the record may instruct one or more Attorneys to appear as
Advocates, in the same way as a Solicitor on the record has hitherto instructed
Counsel.
{i) Where more than one Attorney appear as Advocate. for the same party in the
same proceeding, the question of who should lead the conduct of that party's
case shal! (subject to the instructions of the client) be settled between the Attornev.
representing that party, before they appear in Court and shall not be altered during
the course of the proceedings; and the l<ader so appointed shall have all the
authority over the conduct of the case as was rutbcrto possessed by the leading
counsel.
(.j) Exe<:pt with. the speci:fic approval of his client given after full disclosure, an Attor- ,
ney shall not act in any manner in which his professional duties and his personal
interests contllct or are likely to conflict.
{k) Subject to the provisions of Canon IV (I), an Attorney shall not accept or contin-
ue his retainer or employment on behalf of two or more clients if their interests
are likely to confiict or.jf the independent professional judgment of the Attorney
is likely to be impaired.
(m) In all situations where a possible conflict of interest arises, ao Attorney shall
resolve all doubts against the propriety of multiple representation.
(q) An Attorney shall withdraw forthwith from employment or from a matter pend·
ing before a Tribuaal-
(i) where the clleot insists upon JUs representing a claim or defence that he can·
not conscientiously advance;
(ii) where the client seeks to pursue a course of conduct which is illegal or which
will result in deliberately deceiving the Coun;
(iii) where a client has in the course of the proceedings perp:tcatcd a fraud upon a
person or tribunal and on request by the Attorney has refused or is unable to
rectify the same;
(iv) where his continued employment Will involve him in the violation of a Rule
of Law or a discipUnary rule;
(v) where the client by any other conduct renders it unreasonably difficult for the
Attorney to carry out his employment as such effectively, or in accordance
with the judgment and advice of the Attorney, or the Canons of professional
ethics;
(vi) where for any good and compelling reason it is difficult for him to carry out
his employment effectively.
*(r) An Attorney shall deal with his client's business With all due expedition and >haU
whenever reosonably so required by the client provide him with all information as
to the progress of the client's business with due expedition.
"(s) In the performance of his dudes an Attorn~y shall not act with incxcus~ble or
deplorable negligence or neglecL
(b) An Attorney shall encourage respect for the Courts and Judges.
(c) An Attorney shal! not wilfully make false accusations against n Judicial officer
and shall support such officers against unjust criticisms.
(d) Where there is ground for complaint against a Judicial officer, an Attorney may
make representation to the proper authorities and in such cases an Attorney shall
be protected.
"(e) An Attorney who holds a Public Office shalt not use his public position to in-
fluence or attempt to iniluence a Tnounal to act in favour of himself or of his
client.
"(f) An Attorney shall not accept private employm-ent in a maw:r upon lhe merirs _of
which he previously acted in a Judicial capacity or for which he had substantial
responsibility while he was in public employment.
•(b) An Attorney shall not give, lend or promise anything of value to a Judge, juror
or official of a tribunal before which there is a pending matter in which be JS
engaged.
"(i) ln any proceeding in a Court an Attorney shall not communicate or cause. any
other person to communicme \"r'ith a juror a.s: 10 the m(;rits of such proctedmgs.
lnd shall only do so with a Judge or person c:<ercising Judicial functions:-
(i) in the normal course of the proceedings, or
(ii., where aulhorised by law, or the practice: of tbe Courts or with the consent
of the parties.
CANON V, contd.
(k) An Attorney shn!l not for the purpose of making any person unavailable as a
witness, advise or cause that person to se<:rete himself or leave the jurisdiction of
the Court
(1) An Attorney shall not pay oroffh to pay or acquiesce in the payment of compen·
sation 10 a. witness for giving evidence in :1ny cause or matter save as rc:imburs.emeot
for expenses reasonably incurred and as reasonable compensation for loss of
time in attending for preparation and for t<stifying, and in the case or an expert
~witness a reasonable fcc:. for his proftssional services.
*(m) An Attorney shall not knowingly use pe~jured testimony or false evidence or
participate ia the creation or use of evidence which he knows to be false.
*(n) An Attorney shaH not counsel or assist his client or a witness, in conduct that
the Attorney knows to be illegal or fraudulent, and where he is satisfied that
his client has in the course of the particular representation perpetrated a fraud
upon a person or tribunal, he shall promptly call upon him to rectify the same.
(o) An Attorney s&al.J not knowingly make a false statement of law or fact.
(p) While appearing on behalf of his client, an Attorney shall avoid testifying on
behalf of that client, e~~pt as to merely formal matters, or when essential to
ends of justice, and if his testimony is material to the .><:ause he shall, wherever
possible, leave the conduct of the case to another Attorney.
(q) An Attorney shall be p"nctual in attendance b<fore the Courts and concise and
direct in the trial and disposition of causes~
(r) An Attorney appearing before the Court shall at all times be auired in such
manner as may be prescribed or agreed by the proper Authorities and as may
befit the dignity of the Court.
CANON VI
AN A TIOP.NF:Y HAS A DUTY TO M.<ISTAI:> " PROPER PROFESSIONAL
ATTITIItl~ TOWARDS HIS FELLOW ATTORl'IEYS
(a) An Attorney's conduct towards his fellow Attorneys shall be characterized by
courtesy and good faith and he shall ne< permit ill-feeling between clients to
affect his relationship with his fellow Atwrneys or his demeanour towards the
opposing party.
• (cc) A? Attorney shall .not knowingly represent. falsely to a Judge. o Cour~ or other
tn_bunal or an offictol of a Court, or other tnbunal, that a p:lrticular srate of facts
t:tlStS~ · ·
'(d) An Anorney shall not give a professional un~em.king which he cannot fulfil aod
shall fulfil every such undertaking which he gtves.
'(e) Where an Attorney has been ;em money, documents or other thin~s by another
Attorney which (at the time oi «nding) are expressed to be sent only on the bosis
th:::u the Attorney to whom tb!y ::~:r~ sent will receive them on his undtrtakin!! to
do or refrain from doing some a<:t, the receiving Attorney shall forthwith return
such things if he is unable to accept them on such undenaking, but otherwise
must comply with such under;aking.
(f) An Attorney shall not in any way communicate upon o subject in controversy or
onempt to negotiate or compromi« a maner directly with any pany represented
by another Attorney except through such other Attorney or with his prior consent.
(g) An Attorney sball not ignore the customs or practices of the Profession even when
the Jaw expressly permits it, without giving timely notice to the opposing A!lorney.
"(h) An Attorney shall not accept instructions to act in Court proceedings in which to
his knowledge the client has previously been represented by another Attorney,
unless he first notifies the other Attorney of the change. Provided that an Attornq
shall be deemed to have notiii<d the other Anorney if he bas mode reasonable
effons to notify him.
(i) An Attorney shall not accept instructions to act in proceedings (other than Court
proceedings) in which to his knowledge, another Attorney has previously repre-
sented the client unless he makes re:t.Sonable efforts to ascertain tbat the retainer
ol that Attorney has been determined by the client, or that the client wishes both
Attorneys to represent him.
•(j) An Attorney who instructs or employs another Attorney to act on behalf of his
diem, tmless otherwise agreed, shall pay the proper fee of such Attorney whether
or not he has received payment from his client.
CANON VII
A~ AnOR>tEY SHAt~ MAINTAI:< PROPER Accoo>JTS -'"D Oss~RVE PROPER
ACCOUNTING PRINCtnES IN THE CO"Dt:CT OF HIS ACCOUNTS EsPEC!AlU AS
R~CARDs Accout-.Tt~G roR THE FUNDs oF ws CliENTs.
'(a) An Attorney shall comply with ruks as may from time to time be prescribed by
the O~ncral Legal Council reloting to the keeping in separate occounts-
(i) !he funds of himself or any firm with which he is associated; and
(ii) those of his clients.
CA<':OI' nn
GENEIUL
(a) Nothing herein contained shall be construed as derogating from any existing
rules of profession!l! conduct and dudes of an Attorney which are in keeping with
the traditions of the legal profession, although not specifically mentioned herein.
(b) Where in any panicu!ar matter explicit ethical guidance docs not exist, an Attorney
shall determine his conduct by acting in a manner that promotes public coatidence
in the integrity and efficiency of the legal system and the legal prof~ion.
*(c) Where no provision is made herein in respect of any matter, the rules and practice
of the legal profession whlch formerly governed the particular matter shall apply
in so far as is practicable, and a br"'"-'leh of such rules and practice (depending <in
the gravity oi such breach) may constitute misconduct in a professional respect.
(d) Breach by an Allorncy of any of lbe provisions of Canons I(b), II(a), (b}, (d), (g),
(h), (j), lii(d), (e), (h), {k), !V(a), (e), (g), (J), (o), (p), (r), (s), (t), V(e), (f), (g}, (b),
(i), (m), (n), (s), VI(c), (cc), (d), (e), (h), (i), (J), YJI(a), (b), VIII(b) >hall con-
stitute misconduct in a professional respect and an Attorney who commits such a
breach shall be subject to any of the orders conmined in section 12(4) of the
Principal Act.
(e) The Canons of Professional Etiquette for Attorneys-at-Law published in the
Jamaica Gazette Ext.rnordinary of the 6th January, 1972 are hereby repealed but
nothing contained herein shall be construed as derogating from the right of the
Disciplinary Cotomittee of the Genera I Legal Council to bear and determine
complaints relating to acts of misconduct alleged to have been committed before
lbe coming into effect of these rules.