BACTERIA AND

VIRUS…

By:
JATIN
What are viruses?
Viruses are too small to be seen by the
naked eye. They can't multiply on their own,
so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take
over its machinery in order to be able to
make more virus particles.
Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or
RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of
protein. They are capable of latching onto
cells and getting inside them
 BACTERIA

What are bacteria?

Bacteria are organisms made up of just
one cell. They are capable of multiplying
by themselves, as they have the power to
divide. Their shapes vary, and doctors
use these characteristics to separate
them into groups.
Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on
our bodies. Most of them are completely
harmless and some of them are very
How are infections with viruses and
bacteria spread?
Viral and bacterial infections are both
spread in basically the same ways.
A person with a cold can spread the
infection by coughing and/or sneezing.
Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by
touching or shaking hands with another
person.
 CONTINUE….

Touching food with dirty hands will also

allow viruses or bacteria from the
intestine to spread.
Body fluids such as blood, saliva and
semen can contain the infecting
organisms and transmission of such
fluids, for example by injection or sexual
contact, is important, particularly for viral
infections like hepatitis or AIDS.
How to avoid infection
Wash your hands thoroughly (often one of
the best ways to avoid catching a cold).
Shaking hands with someone who has a cold
is risky, so avoid rubbing your eyes or nose
afterwards.
Food should be cooked or cooled down as
quickly as possible.
Vegetables and meat must be stored
separately and prepared on separate
chopping boards.
How can the doctor treat bacterial
infections?
Bacterial infections are usually treated
with a special antibiotic that only kills the
bacterium that has caused the disease.
To make sure that you get the right
treatment, your doctor may take a
sample, for example a swab from the
throat or a urine sample.
How can the doctor treat viral
infections?
Viruses can't multiply until they are inside
the body's cells. This is the reason why
the treatment of virus infections is
usually left up to the patient's own
immune system, although it may be hard
to accept when the doctor says the only
cure is for 'nature to take its course'. The
treatment of virus infections such as
influenza will usually involve:
 Classification

Classification seeks to describe the

diversity of viruses by naming and
grouping them on the basis of
similarities…Viruses were grouped
according to their shared properties (not
those of their hosts) and the type of
nucleic acid forming their genomes.[109]
Later the
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viru
The general taxonomic structure is as
follows:
Order (-virales)
Family (-viridae)
Subfamily (-virinae)
Genus (-virus)
Species (-virus)
The genetic material within viruses, and
the method by which the material is
replicated, vary between different types
of viruses.
DNA viruses  The genome replication of
most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's
nucleus. If the cell has the appropriate
receptor on its surface, these viruses
enter the cell by fusion with the cell
membrane or by endocytosis. Most DNA
viruses are entirely dependent on the
host cell's DNA and RNA synthesising
machinery, and RNA processing
RNA viruses  Replication usually takes
place in the cytoplasm. RNA viruses can
be placed into about four different groups
depending on their modes of replication.
The polarity (whether or not it can be
used directly to make proteins) of the
RNA largely determines the replicative
mechanism, and whether the genetic
material is single-stranded or double-
stranded. RNA viruses use their own RNA
replicase enzymes to create copies of
their genomes
Reverse transcribing viruses  These
replicate using reverse transcription,
which is the formation of DNA from an
RNA template. Reverse transcribing
viruses containing RNA genomes use a
DNA intermediate to replicate, whereas
those containing DNA genomes use an
RNA intermediate during genome
replication. Both types use the
reverse transcriptase enzyme to carry out
the nucleic acid conversion. Retroviruses
often integrate the DNA produced by
reverse transcription into the host
genome. They are susceptible to
 “THANK
YOU”…