Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
BASIC NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
1. Bus – Backplane
2. RING
user 7
user 1
user 6
user 2
user 5
user 3
user 4
2
3. STAR NETWORK
user user
user user
• The signal from each signal is mixed in the star coupler and
broadcast to all other users on the coupler.
OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
3
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK LAYOUT
WAN
MAN
MAN
LAN
1 LAN LAN
2 1 LAN
2
4
MAN Example
To Long-Haul
Wireless Network
IP Cell
POP
LAN
Access Point Access Point
λ1 λ5
λ1 λ1
λ3
λΝ Drop λΝ
• Access Points- nodes for accessing and sending data to the ring.
5
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES:
A X
MUX DeMUX
B Y
Fast Clocking
C Z
• This scheme is limited by the ability to modulate and sample high bit
rate signals ~100 Gbit/s.
6
Example: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System
Channel A
Channel A
T
Mod T/N Transmission
Fiber
Channel B D
M M Channel B
U U
Mod X X
Multiplexed
Optical
Channel C Signal
Pulse Channel C
Generator
High-speed
Mod Clock
Recovery
7
2. Sub Carrier Multiplexing
Output Spectrum
Data f1
f2
f3
µ−wave fs
Oscillator λο λ
Laser λ ο
8
3. CODE Division Multiplexing (CDM)
C
A Encoder A
DecoderC X
Star
B Encoder B Coupler Destination
C Encoder C
Crossbar
Switch
A B
B A
9
5. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
λA λA
MUX DeMUX
λB λB
λ A λ B λC
λC λC
10
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) Systems:
Tx1 Rx1
λ1 Signal Signal
Multiplexer Demultiplexer λ1
Tx2 λ2
Rx2
λ2
Optical
Transmission
Fiber
λΝ λΝ
Tx N RxN
• For single frequency point-point links the bit rate is limited ~100 Gb/s
due to dispersion. This is well below the capability of the optical carrier
frequency.
B − L = ( B1 + B2 + … + BN ) ⋅ L
11
• Another type of network takes the form of broadcast and select
system and is illustrated below.
• This type uses a star coupler to mix signals of different wavelengths and
wavelength tunable filters to extract the information.
λ1
Tx1 TOF-1
λ1 λ1, λ2,...λΝ
Optical
Transmission
Fiber
λΝ
λΝ
Tx N λ1, λ2,...λΝ TOF-N
• Although the power is decreased by a factor of 1/N this loss can be offset
with the use of an optical amplifier prior to the second star coupler.
• During the past few years dense WDM (DWDM) systems have been
proposed and are being developed. These systems have wavelength
separations on the order of 0.3 – 0.8 nm.
12
DWDM RING TOPOLOGY
STM IP
HUB
(router)
λΝ
λ3
λ2
λ1
OADM
OADM
λ3
λ1 Node 3
OADM
Node 1
λ2
Node 2
IP – Internet Protocol
13
• The HUB acts as a controller to route information over the network.
Wavelength
Modulators and
Manager
Optical Transmitters
14
DWDM COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT
3. ADD-Drop Filters
15
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR DWDM:
16
Optical Filters:
• The wavelength selective mechanism of filters is typically based either
on interference or diffraction. The basic characteristics of the filter
selection process are illustrated below.
∆ν FSR
∆νch ∆ν
bw
1 2 3 4
∆ν sig ν
• The mode spacing of the optical filter ∆νFSR must be narrow enough to
transmit one of the signal frequencies without passing adjacent channel
fre+quencies. In addition the channel spacing must be greater than the
BW of the individual channels. Therefore
17
Fabry Perot Filter:
δ = 2mπ .
• Therefore the frequency is maximum whenever
c
νm = m
2nL cos θ
with θ the angle of the beam relative to the surface normal within the cavity.
c
∆ν FSR ≡ ν m +1 − ν m = .
2nL cos θ
18
• The signal channel bandwidth can be defined as:
∆ν sig = NSch B ,
where N are the number of channels, Sch is the normalized channel spacing
(Sch = ∆νch/B, and B is the bit rate.
• Typically ∆νbw ~ B
∆ν FSR F
∴N < =
Sch ∆ν bw Sch ,
π R
F= .
1− R
• Note that varying the cavity length or the refractive index can change the
pass band wavelength. Either or both parameters can be changed by
mechanical or electrical means to form a tunable filter.
19
Mach Zehnder Filters:
The basic form of a Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is shown below.
• An incident beam is split into two fiber paths and then recombined with
the second 3-dB coupler.
δ = (2π/λ)∆ nL
δ
3-dB 3-dB
Coupler Coupler
• This will effectively produce a time delay (τ) between the phase of the
light propagating in each arm of the fiber interferometer where τ =
∆(nL)/c.
T (ν ) = cos 2 (πντ ) .
20
• Schemes have been developed in which the time delays are made to
successively block alternate channels.
• A 10 stage MZI has been constructed that has an equivalent Fabry Perot
finesse of 1600.
1
τm =
2m ∆ν ch .
1
1
0.8
y( x )
0.6
y2( x ) z( x ) 0.5
y4( x )
0.4
y8( x )
0.2
0
0 1 2 3
x
0
0 1 2 3
x
21
Grating Based Filters:
Optical gratings in the form of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR),
distributed feedback (DFB) gratings as discussed previously in the context
of semiconductor lasers, fiber Bragg gratings, or acousto-optic gratings can
be used for wavelength selection and multiplexing.
_____________________________________________________________
Acousto-Optic Filters
• The tuning range achieved with etched gratings and voltage induced
electrorefraction changes is relatively small.
22
• An AO wave in an AO medium induces a periodic (period = Λa) change
in the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices (no, ne) of the
medium.
• If the refractive indices nTM and nTE of the TE and TM modes satisfy the
Bragg condition then light couples from one polarization mode to the
orthogonal state.
nTM nTE 1
= ±
λ λ Λa
• If only one waveguide is used the device will be sensitive to the state
of the input polarization.
TE+TM
Randomly Polarized LiNbO waveguides (unshifted)
TE+TM 3
Input λ1, λ3,...λΝ
TE TM
λ1, λ2,...λΝ
TM
TE λ2
TE+TM
(Bragg matched)
Surface acoustic
wave
23
Fiber Bragg Gratings:
Gratings can be formed directly within the core of silica fibers either by
using holographic exposure or by using a phase mask and patterning.
2θ
Phase Mask
2θ Holographic
Exposure
• The inter beam angle between the exposing beams determines the grating
period and the wavelength that is selected by the filter.
• If the angles of the exposing beams relative to the surface normal are
equal (i.e. both = θ) then the grating period set within the core is equal to
λ
Λ=
2ncore sin θ .
The grating formed within the core sets up a reflection grating as indicated
below:
L
λ1
λ1
λ2 λ2
λ3 λ3
Λ n n+ ∆ n
24
• The wavelength λ2 selected in this case is the Bragg wavelength where
λB = 2nΛ
• The diffraction efficiency of a reflection grating is given by
ηrefl = tanh 2 (κ L ) ,
π ∆n
with κ the grating coupling coefficient given by κ = .
λo
∆λ λB
=
λB nL .
25
λB
Case B: When ∆n >> (i.e. ∆n is large)
L
∆λ ∆n
=
λB n .
A typical form for the diffraction efficiency of fiber Bragg gratings with
different coupling strengths are shown below.
26
The fiber format of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) make them extremely
useful for a variety of applications in fiber optic communications
systems.
• For instance they can be used in the design of fiber amplifiers and lasers,
for add-drop applications, and for dispersion compensators.
λ long λ short
λ long λ sh
Compressed Spectrum
λcomp
• Longer wavelength components are reflected earlier into the FBG than
shorter components and equalizes the time delay of different spectral
components.
• This effectively compresses the spectrum of the pulse emerging from the
fiber.
27
Optical ADD-DROP Filters
Filter Filter
λ1, λ2, . . . ,λΝ
λ1, λ2, . . . ,λΝ
λ1 λ1
Micro-Ring Resonators
λ2
La
28
The system below shows an add/drop filter based on FBGs and a MZI:
1 Coupler Coupler 3
FBG
λ2 2 4
λ1, ...λ M
• FBGs are formed on two arms of a MZI and multiple wavelength signals
enter the system through Port1.
• A single channel with λch1 is within the stop band of the FBG will be
totally reflected from the FBG and comes out of the coupler through Port
2.
• The remaining wavelengths that are not within the stop band will pass out
of the device at Port 4.
29
Temperature Tunable Mach Zehnder
Temperature
λ2
Tunable
Element
30
Switches:
Output 2
Input Signal
Mirror
Actuator
Output 1
31
• Lucent MEMS ADD-Drop Filter Switch.
In In
Pass Pass Add
Drop
V V
Air Air
Gap 3λ/4
0V Gap λ/2
12V
Silicon Silicon
Mirror Mirror
32
• AT&T Labs MEMS Cross Connect
Pop-Up
Mirror Inactive
Pathways
Coupled
Pathways
Input
Signals
33
MEMS Cross – Connect
(L-Y Lin, et.al. JOLT, Vol. 18, 482-489, 2000)
34
Passive Optical Network (PON) Components:
Circulator
λ1 1 λ2 λ1 λ3 λ4
2
λ2
λ3
λ4 Bragg Grating
Drop λ2
Output
Waveguides
Input
Waveguides
Diffraction
Element
N:N
35
Arrayed Waveguide Grating – A planar optic device for separating
multiple wavelengths on an input waveguide to individual output
waveguides. Commonly used as a DWDM multiplexer and
demultiplexer.
Input Output
Waveguides Focusing Slab Waveguides
Regions
λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4,... λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
Planar Substrate
N-Waveguides N-Waveguides
36
• The difference in distance from an input waveguide (i) to an arrayed
waveguide (k) is d ikin . Similarly the distance difference from the
arrayed waveguide (AW) output to the output wavguide entrance is
d ikout .
• The difference in path length between arrayed waveguide k and k-1 is
∆L.
• Relative phase from input I to output j is:
2π
φijk =
λ
(n d in
1 ik + n2 k ∆L + n1d ikout ) ; k = 1,… , M
n1 is the index of the input and output couplers and n2 is the index of the
Aws.
• λs such that φijk , k = 1,… , M differ by 2π add in phase at output j.
37
R
....
Arrayed Waveguides
Input Waveguides
....
Grating Circle
38
High Performance DWDM System
λ1
λ3 λ1
λ5 λ3
λ5
DWDM DWDM
Odd Odd
λs λs
Transmission
Fiber
OADF
λ2
λ4 λ2
λ6 Interleaver λ λ De-Interleaver λ4
in out λ6
DWDM DWDM
39
REFERENCES
40