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Paper Battery

PAPER BATTERY
generation gadgets. A paper battery is a
flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
ABSTRACT
production device formed by combining
The Batteries form a significant
carbon nanotubes with a conventional
part of many electronic devices. Typical
sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper
electrochemical batteries or cells convert
battery acts as both a high-energy battery
chemical energy into electrical energy.
and super capacitor, combining two
Batteries based on the charging ability
components that are separate in
are classified into primary and secondary
traditional electronics. This combination
cells. Secondary cells are widely used
allows the battery to provide both long-
because of their rechargeable nature.
term, steady power production and bursts
Presently, battery takes up a huge of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper
amount of space and contributes to a batteries have the potential to power the
large part of the device's weight. There is next generation of electronics, medical
strong recent interest in ultrathin, devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for
flexible, safe energy storage devices to radical new designs and medical
meet the various design and power needs technologies.
of modern gadgets. New research
The various types of batteries
suggests that carbon nanotubes may
followed by the operation principle,
eventually provide the best hope of
manufacturing and working of paper
implementing the flexible batteries
batteries are discussed in detail.
which can shrink our gadgets even more.
Keywords: paper batteries, flexible,
The paper batteries could meet
carbon nanotubes
the energy demands of the next
1. INTRODUCTION TO batteries have become a common power
BATTERIES source for many household and
industrial applications.
An electrical battery is one or
more electrochemical cells that convert Batteries are
stored chemical energy into electrical represented
energy. Since the invention of the first
battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta,
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Paper Battery

symbolically as delivered by a battery on a single


discharge.

1.1.3 Anode - During


discharge, the negative electrode
of the cell is the anode. During
charge, that reverses and the
positive electrode of the cell is
Fig. 1a Symbolic view
the anode. The anode gives up
Fig. 1b conventional battery
electrons to the load circuit and
Electrons flow from the negative dissolves into the electrolyte.
terminal towards the positive terminal.

Based on the rechargeable nature 1.1.4 Battery Capacity - The


batteries are classified as electric output of a cell or battery
on a service test delivered before
a. Non rechargeable or primary
the cell reaches a specified final
cells
electrical condition and may be
b. Rechargeable or secondary cells
expressed in ampere-hours, watt-
Based on the size they are classified as hours, or similar units. The
capacity in watt-hours is equal to
a. Miniature batteries
the capacity in ampere-hours
b. Industrial batteries
multiplied by the battery voltage.
Based on nature of electrolyte
1.1.5 Cutoff Voltage final -
a. Dry cell
The prescribed lower-limit
b. Wet cell
voltage at which battery
1.1 Terminologies discharge is considered complete.

1.1.1 Accumulator - A The cutoff or final voltage is


usually chosen so that the
rechargeable battery or cell
maximum useful capacity of the
battery is realized.
1.1.2 Ampere-Hour
Capacity - The number of
1.1.6 C - Used to signify a
ampere-hours which can be
charge or discharge rate equal to
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Paper Battery

the capacity of a battery divided considered to be reached when


by 1 hour. Thus C for a 1600 the cell or battery delivers only
mAh battery would be 1.6 A, C/5 80% of rated ampere- hour
for the same battery would be capacity.
320 mA and C/10 would be 160
mA. 1.1.11 Electrochemical
Couple - The system of active
1.1.7 Capacity - The capacity
materials within a cell that
of a battery is a measure of the
provides electrical energy storage
amount of energy that it can
through an electrochemical
deliver in a single discharge.
reaction.
Battery capacity is normally
listed as amp-hours (or milli
1.1.12 Electrode - An
amp-hours) or as watt-hours.
electrical conductor through
which an electric current enters
1.1.8 Cathode - Is an electrode
or leaves a conducting medium
that, in effect, oxidizes the anode
or absorbs the electrons. During
1.1.13 Electrolyte - A
discharge, the positive electrode
chemical compound which, when
of a voltaic cell is the cathode.
fused or dissolved in certain
When charging, that reverses and
solvents, usually water, will
the negative electrode of the cell
conduct an electric current.
is the cathode.

1.1.14 Internal Resistance -


1.1.9 Cycle - One sequence of
The resistance to the flow of an
charge and discharge.
electric current within the cell or
battery.
1.1.10 Cycle Life - For
rechargeable batteries, the total 1.1.15 Open-Circuit Voltage
number of charge/discharge
- The difference in potential
cycles the cell can sustain before
between the terminals of a cell
its capacity is significantly
when the circuit is open (i.e., a
reduced. End of life is usually
no-load condition).
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Paper Battery

removed) at the anode. The electrodes do


1.1.16 Voltage, cutoff - not touch each other but are electrically

Voltage at the end of useful connected by the electrolyte. Some cells

discharge. (See Voltage, end- use two half-cells with different

point.) electrolytes. A separator between half


cells allows ions to flow, but prevents

1.1.17 Voltage, end-point - mixing of the electrolytes.

Cell voltage below which the


connected equipment will not
operate or below which operation
is not recommended.

Fig. 1.2 principle operation


1.2 Principal of Operation of
Each half cell has an
cell electromotive force (or emf), determined
A battery is a device that by its ability to drive electric current
converts chemical energy directly to from the interior to the exterior of the
electrical energy. It consists of a number cell. The voltage developed across a
of voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists cell's terminals depends on the energy
of two half cells connected in series by a release of the chemical reactions of its
conductive electrolyte containing anions electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and
and cations. One half-cell includes carbon-zinc cells have different
electrolyte and the electrode to which chemistries but approximately the same
anions (negatively charged ions) emf of 1.5 volts. Likewise NiCd and
migrate, i.e., the anode or negative NiMH cells have different chemistries,
electrode. The other half-cell includes but approximately the same emf of 1.2
electrolyte and the electrode to which volts. On the other hand the high
cations (positively charged ions) electrochemical potential changes in the
migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive reactions of lithium compounds give
electrode. In the redox reaction that lithium cells emf of 3 volts or more.
powers the battery, cations are reduced
(electrons are added) at the cathode,
while anions are oxidized (electrons are

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Paper Battery

1.3 Types of batteries batteries include zinc-carbon batteries


and alkaline batteries.
Batteries are classified into two
broad categories. Primary batteries Secondary batteries: These
irreversibly (within limits of practicality) batteries must be charged before use.
transform chemical energy to electrical They are usually assembled with active
energy. When the initial supply of materials in the discharged state.
reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells
readily restored to the battery by can be recharged by applying electric
electrical means. Secondary batteries can current, which reverses the chemical
be recharged. That is, they can have their reactions that occur during its use.
chemical reactions reversed by supplying Devices to supply the appropriate current
electrical energy to the cell, restoring are called chargers or rechargers.
their original composition.

Primary batteries: This can


produce current immediately on
assembly. Disposable batteries are
intended to be used once and discarded.
These are most commonly used in
portable devices that have low current
drain, are only used intermittently, or are
used well away from an alternative
power source, such as in alarm and Fig. 1.3b Secondary cell Fig. 1.3a Primary cell

communication circuits where other


electric power is only intermittently
available. Disposable primary cells 1.4 Recent developments
cannot be reliably recharged, since the Recent developments include
chemical reactions are not easily batteries with embedded functionality
reversible and active materials may not such as USBCELL, with a built-in
return to their original forms. Battery charger and USB connector within the
manufacturers recommend against AA format, enabling the battery to be
attempting recharging primary charged by plugging into a USB port

cells. Common types of disposable without a charger USB Cell is the brand
of NiMH rechargeable battery produced

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Paper Battery

by a company called Moixa Energy. The although some batteries can be damaged
batteries include a USB connector to by freezing. High or low temperatures
allow recharging using a powered USB may reduce battery performance. This
port. The product range currently will affect the initial voltage of the
available is limited to a 1300 mAh. battery. For an AA alkaline battery this
initial voltage is approximately normally
distributed around 1.6 volts.

Rechargeable batteries self-discharge


more rapidly than disposable alkaline
batteries, especially nickel-based
batteries a freshly charged NiCd loses
10% of its charge in the first 24 hours,
and thereafter discharges at a rate of
about 10% a month. Most nickel-

based batteries are partially discharged


when purchased, and must be charged
Fig. 1.4 USB cell before first use.

1.5 Life of battery 1.6 Hazards related to batteries


Even if never taken out of the
Explosion
original package, disposable (or
"primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20 A battery explosion is
percent of their original charge every caused by the misuse
year at a temperature of about 20°–30°C. or malfunction of a
[54] This is known as the "self- battery, such as
discharge" rate and is due to non- attempting to recharge Fig 1.5 Life cycle

current-producing "side" chemical a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or


short circuiting a battery.
reactions, which occur within the cell

even if no load is applied to it. The rate


Corrosion

of the side reactions is reduced if the Many battery chemicals are corrosive,

batteries are stored at low temperature, poisonous, or both. If leakage occurs,


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Paper Battery

either spontaneously or through accident, 2. PAPER BATTERY


the chemicals released may be dangerous
Energy has always been
Environmental pollution spotlighted. In the past few years a lot of
inventions have been made in this
The widespread use of batteries has
particular field. The tiny nuclear
created many environmental concerns,
batteries that can provide energy for 10
such as toxic metal pollution. Battery
years, but they use radioactive elements
manufacture consumes resources and
and are quite expensive. Few years back
often involves hazardous chemicals.
some researchers from Stanford
Used batteries also contribute to
University started experiments
electronic waste.
concerning the ways in which a copier
Americans purchase nearly three billion paper could be used as a battery source.
batteries annually, and about 179,000 After a long way of struggle they,
tons of those end up in landfills across recently, concluded that the idea was
the country. right. The batteries made from a plain
copier paper could make for the future
1.6.1 Ingestion energy storage that is truly thin.

Small button/disk batteries can be The anatomy of paper battery is


swallowed by young children. While in based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes
the digestive tract the battery's electrical tiny cylinders to collect electric charge.
discharge can burn the tissues and can be The paper is dipped in lithium containing
serious enough to lead to death. solution. The nanotubes will act as
electrodes allowing storage device to
conduct electricity. It’s astounding to
know that all the components of a
conventional battery are integrated in a
single paper structure; hence the
complete mechanism for a battery is
minimized to a size of paper.
One of the many reasons behind
Fig 1.6 Electronic waste
choosing the paper as a medium for
battery is the well-designed structure of
millions of interconnected fibers in it.

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Paper Battery

These fibers can hold on carbon of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly


nanotubes easily. Also a paper has the larger than any other material. These
capability to bent or curl. cylindrical carbon molecules have novel
You can fold it in different shapes properties, making them potentially
and forms plus it as light as feather. useful in many applications in
Output voltage is modest but it could be nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and
increased if we use a stack of papers. other fields of materials science, as well
Hence the voltage issues can be easily as potential uses in architectural fields.
controlled without difficulty. Usage of
They may also have applications
paper as a battery will ultimately lead to
in the construction of body armor. They
weight diminution of batteries many
exhibit extraordinary strength and unique
times as compared to traditional
electrical properties, and are efficient
batteries.
thermal conductors.
It is said that the paper battery
Their name is derived from their
also has the capability of releasing the
size, since the diameter of a nanotube is
energy quickly. That makes it best
on the order of a few nanometers
utilization for devices that needs burst of
(approximately 1/50,000th of the width
energy, mostly electric vehicles.
of a human hair), while they can be up to
Further, the medical uses are particularly
18 centimeters in length (as of 2010).
attractive because they do not contain
Nanotubes are categorized as single-
any toxic materials.
walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-
walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

In theory, metallic nanotubes can


carry an electric current density of 4 ×
109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000
times greater than metals such as copper,
Fig.2 paper battery where for copper interconnects current
densities are limited by electro
3. CARBON NANOTUBES migration.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are In paper batteries the nanotubes


allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical
act as electrodes, allowing the storage
nanostructure. Nanotubes have been devices to conduct electricity. The
constructed with length-to-diameter ratio
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Paper Battery

battery, which functions as both a Step 1: The copier paper is taken.


lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor,
Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black
can provide a long, steady power output
in color is taken. Carbon nano ink is a
comparable to a conventional battery, as
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive
well as a super capacitor’s quick burst of
agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon
high energy and while a conventional
nano ink is spread on one side of the
battery contains a number of separate
paper.
components, the paper battery integrates
all of the battery components in a single Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven
structure, making it more energy at 150C temperature. This evaporates the
efficient. water content on the paper. The paper
and the nano rods get attached to each
Carbon nanotubes have been
other.
implemented in Nano electromechnical
systems, including mechanical memory Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides
elements(NRAM being developed by of the paper and we can see voltage drop
Nantero Inc.) is generated.

Fig 3. Carbon nanotubes

4. FABRICATION OF PAPER
BATTERY

The materials required for the Fig 4. Fabrication process


preparation of paper battery are
After drying the paper becomes flexible,
a. Copier paper light weight in nature. The paper is
b. Carbon nano ink scratched and rolled to protect the nano
c. Oven rods on paper.

The steps involved in the preparation of


the paper battery are as follows

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Paper Battery

5. WORKING OF PAPER
BATTERY

The battery produces electricity


in the same way as the conventional
lithium-ion batteries that power so many
of today's gadgets, but all the
components have been incorporated into
a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.
Fig.5 working of a paper battery
The devices are formed by
Chlorine ions flow from the
combining cellulose with an infusion of
positive electrode to the negative one,
aligned carbon nanotubes. The carbon is
while electrons travel through the
what gives the batteries their black color.
external circuit, providing current. The
These tiny filaments act like the paper electrode stores charge while
electrodes found in a traditional battery, recharging in tens of seconds because
conducting electricity when the paper ions flow through the thin electrode
comes into contact with an ionic liquid quickly. In contrast, lithium batteries
solution. take 20 minutes to recharge.

Ionic liquids contain no water, 6. ADVANTAGES


which means that there is nothing to
freeze or evaporate in extreme  The flexible shape allows the
environmental conditions. As a result, paper battery to be used small or
paper batteries can function between -75 irregularly-shaped electronics:
and 1500C.
One of the unique features of the paper
The paper is made conducting battery is that it can be bent to any such
material by dipping in ink. The paper shape or design that the user might have
works as a conductive layer. Two sheets in mind. The battery can easily squeeze
of paper kept facing inward act like into tight crevasses and can be cut
parallel plates (high energy electrodes). multiple times without ruining the
It can store energy like a super capacitor battery's life. For example if a battery is
and it can discharge bursts of energy cut in half, each piece will function,
because of large surface area of nano however, each piece will only contain
tubes. 1/2 the amount of original power.
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Paper Battery

Conversely, placing two sheets of paper rely on an environmental friendly


battery on top of one-another will double mechanism of fueling battery cells with
the power. the help from our bodies.

 The paper battery may replace  The paper battery can be molded
conventional batteries to take the shape of large objects,
completely: like a car door:
As stated earlier, the key characteristics
By layering sheets of this paper, the
that make the paper battery very
battery's voltage and current can be
appealing are that it can be transformed
increased that many times. Since the
into any shape or size, it can be cut
main components of the paper battery
multiple times without damaging it, and
are carbon nanotubes and cellulose, the
it can be fueled through various ways
body structure of the battery is very thin,
besides the typical harmful battery acid
"paper-thin". Thus to maximize even
that is used in the current day battery.
more power, the sheets of battery paper
can be stacked on top of one another to 7. LIMITATIONS
give off tremendous power. This can
• Presently, the devices are only a
allow the battery to have a much higher
few inches across and they have to be
amount of power for the same size of
scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
storage as a current battery and also be
make it commercially viable.
environmentally friendly at the same
time. • Carbon nanotubes are very
expensive, and batteries with large
 Supply power to an implanted
enough power are unlikely to be cost
pacemaker in the human body by
effective.
using the electrolytes in human
blood: • Cutting of trees leading to
destroying of the nature.
An improvement in the techniques
used in the health field can be aided by 8. APPLICATIONS
the paper battery. Experiments have
taken place showing that batteries can be  Pace makers in heart (uses blood

energized by the electrolyte emitted from as electrolyte)

one's own blood or body sweat. This can


conserve the usage of battery acid and

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Paper Battery

of batteries gives rise to E-waste which


poses great damage to our environment.

In the year 2007 paper battery


was manufactured. The technology is
 Used as alternate to conventional
capable of replacing old bulky batteries.
batteries in gadgets
The paper batteries can further reduce
the weight of the electronic gadgets.

The adaptations to the paper


battery technique in the future could

 Powered smart cards RF id tags allow for simply painting the nanotube
ink and active materials onto surfaces
such as walls. These surfaces can
produce energy.

 Smart toys, children sound books

REFERENCES

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/0
3/technology/samsungs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel
 E-cards, greetings, talking %E2%80%93cadmium_battery
posters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%
 Girls/boys’ apparel E2%80%93acid_battery

http://www.slideshare.net/mkatara1
9. CONCLUSION
43/seminar-report-on-paper-
battery?from_m_app=android
We have discussed the various
terminologies, principle of operation of a http://googleweblight.com/i?u=http:/
/studymafia.org/paper-battery-
battery and recent developments related seminar-ppt-with-pdf-report/&hl=en-
to it. The life of a battery is an important IN
parameter which decides the area of
application of the battery. Increased use

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Department of ECE,AITS,Rajampet

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