01-07-2015

Major attractions
•High position accuracy
•Signals available anywhere in the world
•High tech positioning service with no charge

Global Positioning •All weather system, available 24 hours

•Three dimensional information (x,y,z)
System •At present more civilians user than military
•Developed by US Military
•Network of 24 Satellites

Design Considerations
•suitable for all classes of platform: Aircraft,
ship, land (vehicle mounted), space (satellite,
missiles)
•real time positioning, velocity and time
determination, capability to an appropriate
accuracy
•the positioning results were to be available on
a single global geodetic datum
•highest accuracy to be restricted to a certain
class of users
Design Considerations (Cont..)
• redundancy provision to ensure the survivability
of the system
• passive positioning system that does not require
transmission of the signal from user to the
satellite
• able to provide service to an unlimited number of
users
• Total replacement of the transit satellite and
other terrestrial navaid equipments

GPS System Elements

Core concepts
• One way ranging system
• In which satellite transmit signals but are
unaware who is using the signals $12 Billion
• User can’t be easily detected and charged for
using Cost
• Use of the latest atomic clock and microwave
transmission technology including spread
spectrum technology
• Satellite signals that are not affected by the rain
and cloud
• Positional accuracy degradation

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GPS System Elements GPS System Elements

The space segment
•The space segment •Receive and store data transmitted
by control stations
•The control segment •Maintain accurate time by means of
several onboard atomic clocks
•The user segment
•Transmit information and signals to
users on two L-band frequency
(carrier)
•Provide stable platform and orbit for
L-band transmitters
• Satellites Developed by Rockwell
and General Electric Corporations

GPS Satellite signal Components

Fundamentals
Frequency
10.23 MHz

L1 Career P-Code C/A Code

1575.42 MHz 10.23 MHz 1.03 Mhz

L2 Career P-Code C/A Code

1227.60 MHz 10.23 MHz 1.03 Mhz

50 Bps Navigation Message

Navigation message: Satellite, orbit information, satellite clock

parameters, and other information to compute real time navigation

GPS System Elements

GPS Equipment
The control segment
Generic GPS Receiver
•Five monitoring stations (Hawaii,
Colorado Springs- master station components Antenna

Assassin Island, Diego Garcia and RF section

Kwajalein)
Control Recording
•Responsibility of US Air force space and display
Microprocessor
Device
command segment
•Satellite position coordinate and Battery

atomic clock position the most

important control parameter
•Satellite speed-4km/sec

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GPS Information
Elevation Accuracy
Technological Advances
• Space system reliability
• Atomic clock technology
Number and – Atomic frequency oscillators (rubidium and cesium)
Location of
Satellites – Long term frequency stability (1 second in 3,000,000
Satellite Signal
Strength
yrs)
• Quartz crystal technology (user side)
• Precise satellite tracking and determination
LATITUDE • Spread spectrum technology
LONGITUDE • Large scale integrated circuit technology

Pseudo-Random Noise (PRN) Code

Internal Key

Received Signal

Observation model of the pseudo model

• Number of satellites are used to compute the position of

the receivers
Each observation made by receiver can be
parameterized as follows
p= ρ+ εrc(tr).c
(xs-x)2+(ys-y)2+(zs-z)2=(ρ - εrcc)2
Xsyszs are satellite co ordinates where x,y,z receiver
coordinates. ρ is true geometric range εrc is receiver
clock error caused by receiver oscillator , c is speed of
light
Each satellite forms a equation for the xyz position

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How GPS Identify the location

•The distance to the GPS satellites can be

determined by estimating the amount of time it takes
for their signals to reach the receiver
•Distance=Velocity * time

G
P
S

The line
where two
spheres
intersect
forms a
circle.
G
P
S

Sources of GPS error

• Control segment mistakes due to computer or human error can
cause errors from one meter to hundreds of kilometers.
• User mistakes, including incorrect geodetic datum selection, can
cause errors from 1 to hundreds of meters.
• Receiver errors from software or hardware failures can cause
blunder errors of any size
• The atmosphere Ionosphere delays: (10 meters) from 50 to 500 km
about half of the possible 70 ns of delay leaving a ten meter un-
modeled residual.
• Tropospheric delays: (1 meter) The troposphere is the lower part
(ground level to from 8 to 13 km) of the atmosphere that
experiences the changes in temperature, pressure, and humidity
associated with weather changes.
• Multipath Error
• Selective Availability

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Differential Corrections
• Differential corrections may be used in real-time
or later, with post-processing techniques.
• Real-time corrections can be transmitted by
radio link.
• Corrections can be recorded for post
processing. Many public and private agencies
record DGPS corrections for distribution by
electronic means.
• Private DGPS services use leased FM sub-
carrier broadcasts, satellite links, or private
radio-beacons for real-time applications.
• Selective availability has been removed (may 1-
2000)
GPS Applications
•Surveying and mapping
•Land sea and air navigational
and tracing
•Military applications
•Recreational uses
•Time transfer
•Multi billion dolor market
Integration of GPS and GIS
• GPS can be integrated into GIS system
• GPS use the a single WGS coordinate
system of earth worldwide, so GPS
collected data are more compatible than
any other system.
• Today’s modern cars are equipped with
such maps and the GPS system which
guides the driver to reach the destination
01-07-2015
DGPS (Differential corrections)
Differential GPS (DGPS) relies on the concept that the errors in the position at
one location are similar to those for all locations within a given (local) area. By
recording GPS measurements at a point with known coordinates, these errors
can be quantified and corrections can be applied to the other locations
What people say about GPS
• BRADFORD PARKINSON: It's particularly
useful in cases of limited war where you
don't want to damage things that you're
not really shooting at. And so GPS is
actually a surgical strike weapon, which
minimizes collateral damage.
• CLARK COHEN: I don't think there will
ever be a time when the pilot is not
needed in an aircraft.
GPS in cars
• SPENCER MICHELS: This new BMW,
sticker price $72,000, comes equipped
with a $2500 built-in navigation system
right out of the electronic battlefield. David
Hall of Trimble Navigation is piloting the
car.
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GPS in car
• SPENCER MICHELS: What's guiding us
through the suburban streets of Silicon
Valley is an array of satellites called GPS,
or Global Positioning System. The
satellites send signals to receivers in our
car which are used to calculate our precise
position.
Thank You
01-07-2015
A double-edged sword for the
military !
• SPENCER MICHELS: U.S. Air Force pilot Scott O'Grady,
honored here by President Clinton, provided the most
dramatic use of GPS. He was rescued by American
forces, after he was shot down by a Bosnian Serb missile
over Bosnia in 1995. He used a hand held unit to find his
exact position and radio it to rescuers before he could be
captured by hostile forces. The device O'Grady had with
him was made in California's Silicon Valley by Trimble,
the firm founded and headed by Charlie Trimble. The
company makes a whole line of military and civilian GPS
units. .