Adafruit Arduino Lesson 15 DC Motor Reversing PDF

Arduino Lesson 15.
DC Motor Reversing
Created by Simon Monk
Last updated on 2016-07-25 02:03:29 AM UTC

Guide Contents
Guide Contents 2
Overview 3
Parts 4
Part 4
Qty 4
An Experiment 6
In1 7
In2 7
Motor 7
Breadboard Layout 9
Arduino Code 10
L293D 12
Other Things to Do 14
https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-arduino-lesson-15-dc-motor-
© Adafruit Industries Page 2 of 14
reversing
Overview
In this lesson, you will learn how to control both the direction and speed of a small DC
motor using an Arduino and the L293D motor driver chip.
The project uses a pot to control the speed of the motor and a push button to control the
direction.
reversing
Parts
To build the project described in this lesson, you will need the following parts.
Part
Qty
Small 6V DC Motor
L293D IC
10 kΩ variable resistor (pot)
Tactile push switch
Half-size Breadboard
Arduino Uno R3
reversing
1
Jumper wire pack
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An Experiment
Before we get the Arduino board to control the motor, we should experiment with the
L293D motor control chip to get an idea how it works.
We can start by just using the Arduino to supply 5V to the motor.
Note which way the motor is spinning. You can do this by pinching the motor shaft between
your fingers. Swap over the motor leads so that the motor lead that was going to +5V now
goes to GND and vice-versa. The motor will turn in the opposite direction.
This gives us a clue as to how the L293D chip works. Its control pins allow us to do the
equivalent of swapping over the motor terminals to reverse the direction of the motor.
Build up the breadboard as below. The Arduino is still just supplying power, but we can
experiment manually with the control pins before we let the Arduino take over.
reversing
The three pins of L293D that we are interested in are Pin 1 (Enable), Pin 2 (In1) and Pin 7
(In2). These are attached to either 5V or GND using the purple, yellow and orange jumper
wires.
As shown above, the motor should be turning on one direction, lets call that direction A.
If you move Pin 1 (Enable) to GND the motor will stop, no matter what you do with the
control pins In1 and In2. Enable turns everything on and off. This makes it useful for using a
PWM output to control the motor speed. Reconnect Pin 1 to 5V so that the motor starts
again.
Now try moving In1 (pin 2, yellow) from 5V to GND. In1 and In2 are both now connected to
GND, so again the motor will stop.
Moving In2 from GND to 5V will cause the motor to turn in the opposite direction (direction
B).
Finally, moving In1 back to 5V so that both In1 and In2 are at 5V will again cause the motor
to stop.
The effect of the pins In1 and In2 on the motor are summarized in the table below:
In1 In2 Motor

GND GND Stopped
reversing
Turns in Direction
5V GND
A
Turns in Direction
GND 5V
B
5V 5V Stopped
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Breadboard Layout
Now that we have got the hang of controlling the motor directly, we can let the Arduino
manage the Enable, In1 and In2 pins.
When you build the breadboard, you need to ensure that the IC is the right way around.
The notch should be towards the top of the breadboard.
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Arduino Code
Load up the following sketch onto your Arduino.
/*
Adafruit Arduino - Lesson 15. Bi-directional Motor
*/
int enablePin = 11;

int in1Pin = 10;
int in2Pin = 9;
int switchPin = 7;
int potPin = 0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(in1Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(enablePin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT_PULLUP);
}
void loop()
{
int speed = analogRead(potPin) / 4;
boolean reverse = digitalRead(switchPin);
setMotor(speed, reverse);
}
void setMotor(int speed, boolean reverse)

{
analogWrite(enablePin, speed);
digitalWrite(in1Pin, ! reverse);
digitalWrite(in2Pin, reverse);
}
Pins are defined and their modes set in the 'setup' function as normal.
In the loop function, a value for the motor speed is found by dividing the analog reading
from the pot by 4.
The factor is 4 because the analog reading will be between 0 and 1023 and the analog
output needs to be between 0 and 255.
If the button is pressed, the motor will run in forward, otherwise it will run in reverse. The
value of the 'reverse' variable is just set to the value read from the switch pin. So, if the
reversing
button is pressed, this will be False, otherwise it will be True.
The speed and reverse values are passed to a function called 'setMotor' that will set the
appropriate pins on the driver chip to control the motor.
void setMotor(int speed, boolean reverse)

{
analogWrite(enablePin, speed);
digitalWrite(in1Pin, ! reverse);
digitalWrite(in2Pin, reverse);
}
Firstly, the speed is set, by using an analogWrite to the enable pin. The enable pin of the
L293 just turns the motor on or off irrespective of what the in1 and in2 pins of the L293 are
set to.
To control the direction of the motor, the pins in1 and in2 must be set to opposite values.
If in1 is HIGH and in2 is LOW, the motor will spin one way, if on the other hand in1 is HIGH
and in2 LOW then the motor will spin in the opposite direction.
The '!' command means 'not'. So the first digitalWrite command for in1 sets it to the
opposite of whatever the value of 'reverse' is, so if reverse is HIGH it sets it to LOW and
vice versa.
The second digitalWrite for 'in2' sets the pin to whatever the value of 'reverse' is. This
means that it will always be the opposite of whatever in1 is.
reversing
L293D
This is a very useful chip. It can actually control two motors independently. We are just
using half the chip in this lesson, most of the pins on the right hand side of the chip are for
controlling a second motor.
A second motor would be attached between OUT3 and OUT4. You will also need three
more control pins.
reversing
EN2 is connected to a PWM enabled output pin on the Arduino
IN3 and IN4 are connected to digital outputs on the Arduino
The L293D has two +V pins (8 and 16). The pin '+Vmotor (8) provides the power for the
motors, and +V (16) for the chip's logic. We have connected both of these to the Arduino
5V pin. However, if you were using a more powerful motor, or a higher voltage motor, you
would provide the motor with a separate power supply using pin 8 connected to the positive
power supply and the ground of the second power supply is connected to the ground of the
Arduino.
reversing
Other Things to Do
You could try changing the sketch to control the motor without using the pot or switch. It
could start slow in the forward direction, gradually get faster, slow down and then go into
reverse, repeating the pattern.
Click Here for the Next Lesson

http://adafru.it/aUC
About the Author
Simon Monk is author of a number of books relating to Open Source Hardware. The
following books written by Simon are available from Adafruit: Programming
Arduino (http://adafru.it/1019), 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius (http://adafru.it/868)
and Programming the Raspberry Pi (http://adafru.it/aM5).
© Adafruit Industries Last Updated: 2016-07-25 02:03:28 AM UTC Page 14 of 14

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Arduino Lesson 15.

Last updated on 2016-07-25 02:03:29 AM UTC

10 kΩ variable resistor (pot)

Tactile push switch

Jumper wire pack

We can start by just using the Arduino to supply 5V to the motor.

In1 In2 Motor

int enablePin = 11;

void setMotor(int speed, boolean reverse)

void setMotor(int speed, boolean reverse)

IN3 and IN4 are connected to digital outputs on the Arduino

Click Here for the Next Lesson

© Adafruit Industries Last Updated: 2016-07-25 02:03:28 AM UTC Page 14 of 14

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