Beruflich Dokumente
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Algonquin Educational Productions
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Links to Curriculum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Student Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Summary of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Pre-Test and Post-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Teacher Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Student Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Description of Blackline Masters . . . . . . . . . . .6
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Follow-Up Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Script of Narration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
The purchase of this program entitles the user to the right to reproduce or
duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and the blackline mas-
ter handouts that accompany it for the purpose of teaching in conjunction
with this program, Compounds and Reactions. This right is restricted
only for use with this program. Any reproduction or duplication in whole
or in part of this guide and the blackline master handouts for any purpose
other than for use with this program is prohibited.
CLASSROOM/LIBRARY
CLEARANCE NOTICE
INTRODUCTION
Compounds and Reactions is part of the Elements of Chemis-
try Series, a six-part series of programs to help students under-
stand the fundamental concepts of chemistry. The attractive
images and engaging narration of the program have been de-
signed by educators and filmmakers to help students understand
the sometimes complicated and obscure explanations of this
important branch of science.
STUDENT OBJECTIVES
After viewing the program and participating in the various fol-
low up activities, students should be able to:
• Explain how the octet rule can be used to understand how both
ionic and covalent bonds are formed.
3
Electrochemistry is a special type of chemical reaction called
redox reactions. There are a wide variety of redox reactions,
from respiration in animals to the rusting of iron. One of the
most interesting is the production of electricity in a battery.
TEACHER PREPARATION
Before presenting this program to your students, we suggest
that you preview the program and review this guide and accom-
panying Blackline Master activities in order to familiarize your-
self with the content. Feel free to duplicate any of the Blackline
Masters and distribute them to your students.
4
modern chemistry, and at this stage it is helpful that students
gain an overview of the concepts and material in the program.
A number of lesson activities will grow out of the content of the
program and, therefore, the presentation should be a common
experience for all students.
• Changes in Matter
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Chemical Reactions
• Electrochemistry
STUDENT PREPARATION
It is important that students work through the material and
familiarize themselves with the vocabulary, concepts, and theo-
ries that scientists use to understand this field.
5
reproduced and distributed to the students. The answers to the
questions appear in the answer key of this Teacher's Guide.
6
ANSWER KEY
Blackline Master #1, Pre-Test
1. False 6. True
2. True 7. True
3. True 8. False
4. False 9. True
5. False 10. False
7
Blackline Master #3, Connected/Not Connected
1. fusion fission
2. changes in state chemical reactions
3. negative ions positive ions
4. mixtures compounds
5. electronegative electropositive
6. ionic covalent
7. negative positive
8. voltaic conventional
9. oxidation reduction
10. anode cathode
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. We see change in the world all around us. Surely when
chemists claim that there are only three different types of
change—nuclear, physical, and chemical—they are exaggerating.
A chemist, like a physicist, focuses on the physical world.
Science has long demonstrated that matter cannot be created or
destroyed. The same amount of matter exists in the universe
today as existed when the Big Bang occurred some 15 billion
years ago. To a chemist, therefore, change can only occur at an
atomic level. There can be a change in the nucleus of atoms,
9
called nuclear change. There can be a change of state as sub-
stances transform from a gas to a liquid or solid. This is almost
always induced by temperature or pressure changes. Or there
can be chemical changes, which occur when the original atoms
are preserved but they combine in such a way that a new sub-
stance is created with a different chemical composition than the
original.
10
5. Why do batteries run down and electricity generated from
other sources does not run down?
Electric power in a battery is created by a chemical reaction.
Electrons are attracted from atoms and flow through a circuit
to create electricity. When the chemicals are exhausted, there
are no more electrons available and the battery is used up.
(Some batteries, like those in cars, can be recharged.) Virtually
all of the electricity that we use in homes, factories, and offices
comes from mechanical energy powered by steam, waterpower
or the wind. This mechanical power generates electricity by
turning a magnet in a coil of wire. As long as the magnet turns,
it will generate electricity.
FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES
The following activities and projects are designed to help stu-
dents understand compounds and reactions.
REFERENCES
There are many excellent books and websites dealing with
compounds and reactions that are appropriate for students. The
following is a short list.
Books:
LeMay, Eugene, Karen M. Robblie, Herbert Beall, Douglas
Brower, Chemistry: Connections to Our Changing World,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.
12
Internet Sites:
www.molecularuniverse.com
http://highschoolhub.org/hub/chemistry.cfm
http://dir.yagoo.com/Science/Chemistry/
www.dist214.k12il.us/users/asanders/chemhome2.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/elec-
trochem.html
http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/creact.htm
http://www.ausetute.com.au/shapemol.html
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Bonding/Electroneg-Bond-
Polarity.html
SCRIPT OF NARRATION
Only 92 elements are found naturally in the universe and yet
chemists have identified more than 12 million different and
unique substances. How can this be possible? The secret lies in
how elements bond together into compounds. When chemists
unraveled the mysteries of compounds and reactions, they were
able to explain the fundamental nature of matter. This remark-
able achievement lies at the very heart of modern chemistry.
CHANGES IN MATTER
There are only three different types of changes in matter:
nuclear, physical, and chemical changes. Nuclear changes are
those that occur in the nucleus of atoms. Fusion occurs in the
sun and stars when two hydrogen nuclei fuse together to
become helium. In the process, enormous amounts of energy
are released, which travels to us in the form of electromagnetic
radiation, or light.
13
Physical changes in matter occur when a substance undergoes
change, but retains its chemical composition. Water can be in
the form of liquid, a solid—ice, or a gas—water vapor, but it
always has the same chemical composition, H2O. Another term
for this is changes of state.
IONIC BONDS
A neutral atom is made up of an equal number of positively
charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Protons in
the nucleus of atoms rarely become free, but electrons have the
ability to move and it is the valence electrons—those electrons
in the outer energy level—that move and give the element its
chemical characteristics.
When ions are close together, they assemble into a pattern. Ne-
gative and positive electrical charges attract each other. For
example, in sodium chloride, or table salt, the sodium ions are
surrounded by the chloride ions, which in turn are surrounded
by the sodium ions and so on. They are arranged in this way to
maximize the electrical attraction among them.
COVALENT BONDS
Ionic bonds occur when electrons are transferred between
atoms, but there are many substances formed when electrons
are shared between atoms in covalent bonds in structures called
molecules.
16
The principle that influences covalent bonding is the octet rule,
the same rule that influences ionic bonds. In a molecule of
water, H2O, the oxygen atom has 8 electrons, 6 of which are in
its valence energy level. As this Lewis Dot drawing shows,
when the oxygen joins with hydrogen, the two electrons from
the hydrogen atoms complete the valence energy level of the
oxygen atom and satisfy the octet rule. The molecule also com-
pletes the valence energy level of the hydrogen atoms.
Although the octet rule predicts the structural formulas for mil-
lions of molecules, there are many exceptions. Some atoms,
particularly those elements that are beyond the second row in
the periodic table, often form bonds that have an irregular num-
ber of electrons in the valence energy level. This is true of
phosphorous and sulfur.
The length of the bonds varies and many molecules have slight
negative and positive charges. This is called polarity and results
from unequal distribution of the electrical charges.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
When we crack an egg into a hot pan, it changes from a semi-
liquid, runny goop into a fried egg, ready to eat. The egg can't
be uncooked and put back into the eggshell. It has undergone a
chemical reaction.
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more sub-
stances are converted into new substances with different physi-
cal and chemical properties. During a chemical reaction, atoms
can form molecules, molecules can break apart, or react with
other molecules and new bonds are formed. Some substances
readily go through chemical reactions, but others do not be-
cause of the arrangement of the electrons in the atoms and mol-
ecules.
17
There are an incredible number of chemical reactions going on
around us all of the time. All life processes—respiration, diges-
tion, and reproduction—are chemical reactions, as are the com-
bustion of gasoline in car engines, the rusting of metal, and the
decomposing of plants.
The system that chemists have developed for writing the equa-
tions for chemical reactions and the formulas for compounds
are precise ways of describing the structure and reactions of
elements at an atomic level.
18
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
One special type of chemical reaction is called oxidation-re-
duction, or redox reaction. Oxidation refers to the loss of elec-
trons, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons.
Oxidation-reduction reactions occur when electrons are trans-
ferred from the atom that is oxidized to the atom that is reduced.
On the copper side, when the two electrons are received, they
reduce a copper ion in the copper-sulfate solution into a neutral
copper atom, which attaches itself to the cathode. As this pro-
cess continues, an imbalance of charge is very quickly built up
in the battery, as positive charges are generated on the left and
negative charges accumulate on the right. For the voltaic cell to
continue to produce an external electric current and power the
light bulb, there must be a movement of sulfate ions in solution
19
from the right to the left, to balance the electron flow in the
external circuit wire.
20
Name ____________
Directions: This will help you discover what you know about compounds and reactions before you begin
this lesson. Answer the following True or False.
2. Chemical reactions occur when there is a change in the chemical composition of substances.
T_______ F_______
4. In an ionic bond, the protons in the nucleus attach themselves to other atoms.
T_______ F_______
7. A molecular formula precisely describes how many atoms there are in a single molecule.
T_______ F_______
8. A molecule of water, H2O, has two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom.
T_______ F_______
10. A battery produces electricity by passing electrons back and forth from the anode to the cathode.
T_______ F_______
The following words and terms used in the program may be unfamiliar to you. Try to listen for these terms while
viewing the program, pay close attention so you can later include them in your scientific descriptions, observa-
tions, and creative writing assignment activities.
anode - Where oxidation, or the giving up of electropositive elements - Those elements negative ion - An ion that has more elec-
electrons, occurs. that tend to lose electrons. They are on the trons than protons.
left-hand side of the periodic table.
atom - The fundamental unit of matter in the neutral atom - When an atom has an
universe, made up of a nucleus of protons element - An atom with a unique number of equal number of protons and electrons, its
and neutrons and orbiting electrons protons. electrical charges are balanced and the
atom has a neutral electrical charge.
atomic number - The number of an element energy levels - Electrons orbit the nucleus
determined by the number of protons in its of atoms with different levels of energy. neutron - Particles in the nucleus of atoms
nucleus. These energy levels are sometimes called that have no electrical charge.
shells or levels. The energy levels corre-
spond to the periods of the periodic table. nuclear change - A change that occurs in
atomic mass - The mass of the element.
the nucleus of atoms.
cathode - Where reduction, or the gain of fission - When the nucleus of atoms are split
apart releasing energy. This is the energy of octet rule - Atoms tend to gain, lose, or
electrons, occurs.
nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors. share electrons in order to acquire a full set
of valence electrons.
change of state - Most substances can
fusion - When two hydrogen atoms fuse
undergo changes from a gas, to a liquid, to a
under extreme heat, energy is released. physical change - When a substance under-
solid, but still retain their chemical composi-
Fusion is the energy of the sun and stars. goes change but retains its chemical compo-
tion. This is sometimes called physical
sition. This is sometimes called change of
change. groups - Vertical columns of the periodic state.
table.
chemical bonds - When valence electrons polarity - Molecules with slight negative or
of elements are lost, gained, or shared ions - Atoms with more electrons than pro- positive charges.
between different atoms to create substances tons or fewer electrons than protons are
with unique chemical properties. called ions. positive ion - An ion that has fewer elec-
trons than protons.
chemical equations - Descriptions of what ionic bonds - Two or more ions held to-
happens in a chemical reaction using chemi- gether by the electrical attractions be-tween proton - Positively charged part of the
cal symbols. them. nucleus of atoms.
chemical reaction - A change in the che- Law of Constant Composition - A given Quantum Theory - The theory that ex-
mical composition of a substance. compound always contains the same ele- plains matter and energy at atomic and sub-
ments in the same proportion by mass. atomic levels.
compounds - When valence electrons of
elements are lost gained or shared between Lewis Dot drawings - Representations of radiation - When the nucleus of an atom
different atoms to create substances with elements by showing the valence electrons decomposes to form a new nucleus, it re-
unique chemical properties. as dots around the nucleus. leases radiation in the process.
covalent bonds - When electrons are shared reduction - The gain of electrons.
matter - Material that makes up objects.
between atoms, they are called covalent Matter cannot be created or destroyed. single replacement - When an element
bonds, or molecules.
replaces another element.
mass - The total quantity of an object's mat-
double replacement - An exchange of ele- ter. synthesis - A union of substances into a new
ments to form a new compound. molecular structure.
mixtures - When substances are mixed but
electrochemistry - The study of the chemi- do not chemically bond. valence electrons - The outer ring of elec-
cal effects of electrical action. trons of an element.
molecules - When electrons are shared
electron - Negatively charged particles that between atoms. Molecules are covalent Volta, Alessandro (1745-1827) - Italian
orbit the nucleus of atoms. bonds. physicist best known as the developer of the
voltaic battery, which is named after him.
electronegative elements - Those elements molecular formula - The precise descrip-
that tend to attract electrons. They are on the tion of the type and number of atoms in a voltaic cell battery - A devise for producing
right-hand side of the periodic table. single molecule. an electric current by the action of two plates
of different metals in an electrolyte.
© 2003 Algonquin Educational Productions Published and Distributed by United Learning
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name ____________
Directions: Find the right word from the vocabulary list that completes the following sentences.
1. Fusion is an example of ____________ ____________ because it is the change in the nucleus of atoms.
2. ___________ ____________ occurs when there is an actual change in the chemical composition of sub-
stances.
4. "Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of valence electrons," is called
the ____________ ____________.
5. Substances formed when electrons are shared between atoms in covalent bonds are called __________.
6. ____________ ____________ are precise descriptions of the number and type of elements in a single
molecule.
7. Many molecules have slight negative or positive electrical charges. This is called ____________.
9. ____________ refers to the loss of electrons, while ____________ refers to the gain of electrons.
10. A device for producing an electrical current by the action of two plates of different metals in an elec-
trolyte is called a ____________ ____________ battery.
2. ____________ are NOT connected to ____________ because a substance undergoes change in one while
in the other there is a change in the chemical composition of the substance.
3. ____________ are connected to ____________ because the opposite electrical charges holds them togeth-
er.
4. ____________ are NOT connected to ____________ because in one the substances do not bond and in
the other there is a chemical bond of the substances.
5. ____________ elements are connected to ____________ elements because one tends to lose electrons
and the other tends to gain electrons.
6. ____________ bonds are NOT connected to ____________ bonds because the electrons in one type of
bond are lost or gained between the elements and the electrons in the other type of bond are shared between
the elements.
7. Molecules with a slight ____________ charge and molecules with a slight ____________ charge are con-
nected because they tend to attract each other.
8. A ____________ cell battery is NOT connected to ____________ electric power because in one the elec-
tricity is the result of a chemical reaction and in the other the electricity is generated by mechanical energy
when a magnet is spun in a coil of wire.
9. ____________ is connected to ____________ because one refers to the loss of electrons and the other
refers to the gain of electrons.
10. An ____________ is NOT connected to a ____________ because one electrode is where oxidation occurs
and the other is where reduction occurs.
1 2
4 5 6
8 9
10 11
12
13
14
15
Across Down
3. Atoms with greater or fewer protons than electrons. 1. Molecules with slight negative or positive charges.
4. Where reduction occurs. 2. Negatively charged particle.
7. When substances mix, but do not bond. 5. The loss of electrons.
8. Release of energy when a nucleus decomposes. 6. The study of the chemical effects of electrical
11. Positively charged particles in the nucleus of action.
atoms. 9. Where oxidation occurs.
12. _____ cell battery. 10. The rule of how elements gain, lose, or share
13. Covalent bonds. electrons.
14. Union of substances into new molecular structures.
15. The gain of electrons.
Directions: Choose from one of the ideas listed below and write a story or dramatization. Include plot
1. You have been asked by a prominent politician to write a speech advocating the expenditure of several bil-
lions of dollars to research fusion techniques for the generation of electricity. What is the text of the speech?
2. Chemists working in a private company have synthesized a new group of substances that are resistant to
the effects of heat, light, water, organic pests, and radiation. The company president has asked them to come
up with some ideas about how these new products might be commercialized. Write a story that dramatically
illustrates how they come to their conclusions.
3. Four university chemists have collaborated to analyze the chemical structures of a group of newly discov-
ered substances. Some have worked very hard at the project and made major contributions while others have
done little or nothing, but all four are very anxious to be recognized because those given credit for the
achievement will gain enormous prestige and their careers will be greatly enhanced. Write a short story
describing what happens when the association of chemists meets to give rewards and credit for the work.
4. Write a film script with a story line that involves four high students in a chemistry lab trying to understand
the molecular structures of various substances. A little humorous dialogue might lighten up the story.
5. Write a story that explores the reaction that people in the early nineteenth century might have had when
they saw how a voltaic cell battery actually worked. Perhaps the Italian physicist, Alessendro Volta, could be
in the story demonstrating this startling new technology.
Directions: Answer the following either true or false, or fill in the blank with the correct word to
make it true.
1. There are only 92 elements that are found naturally in the universe.
T_______ F_______
2. The process when atoms are broken apart to release energy is called fusion.
T_______ F_______.
3. When there is a change in the chemical composition of a substance, it is called a chemical __________.
5. The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of
valence electrons.
T_______ F_______
6. When electrons are shared between atoms in covalent bonds, they are called ____________.
8. A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances
with different physical and chemical properties.
T_______ F_______
9. Chemical equations do not need to balance. There can be different numbers of atoms on each side of
the equation.
T_______ F_______
Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate term from the list below.
7 anode
cathode
electron
element
mixtures
molecules
polarity
proton
chemical reaction ionic bond orbitals radiation
electrochemistry mass oxidation reduction
2. When two or more ions are held together by the electrical attractions between them it is called an
____________.
3. A covalent bond is when electrons are shared between atoms. These bonds are usually called
____________.
4. In a battery, the place where oxidation, or the giving up of electrons, occurs is called the ____________.
True or False
Directions: Fill in the blank with True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make the state-
ment true. Rewrite the true statement in the space provided.
5. __________ Nuclear changes occur when electrons move from atom to atom.
6. __________ Ionic bonds occur when the electrons of one atom merge with the electrons of another atom.
7. __________ When electrons are shared between atoms, they form covalent bonds, or molecules.
Essay Section
Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Use the back of this page or a sep-
arate sheet of paper to complete your answers.