Old Iranian Online

Avestan: Base Form Dictionary

Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey

This Base Form Dictionary index lists, in an alphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique base form
underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each base form a general meaning (if any) is shown, along with links to every
usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link to perform a quick "usage look-up,"
and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms.

A new, experimental feature is being introduced to these EIEOL lessons, namely the addition of pointers to Proto-Indo-European roots
identified by Julius Pokorny in his monumental work, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols. Bern: Franke, 1959-1969; reprinted
in 1989). Because Pokorny is becoming increasingly outdated, we may revise these links in the future; however, for the time being, this
information might prove interesting to those who are curious about Indo-European etymology. Notice of potential error is always welcome.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to (Romanized) Old
Iranian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.
<(hapax) krd>   'send' (?)   --
1.134
<-aya>   '...'   --
4.34
<-ista->   indicates superlative   --
1.130, 3.5, 3.151, 3.427, 4.48, 4.156, 4.160, 4.174, 4.185, 4.187, 4.230, 5.82, 5.133
<-tara->   'more, better'   --   [Pokorny 4: ter-, terə- : tr̥̄-, trā-, teru- :: to cross, get over, etc.]   --
6.111
<-vat->   '...'   --
2.172, 3.191
<a>   'no, none'   --
4.354, 5.180
<a->   'he, this'   --
2.6, 4.115
<a->   (privative)   --   [Pokorny 1: nĕ, nē, nei :: (negative particle)]   --
1.104
<aipi>   'toward, approaching'   --   [Pokorny epi, opi, pi :: at, near]   --
1.160, 4.450
<aiwi>   'toward, with respect to'   --   [Pokorny ebhi? : obhi : bhi :: around, from, (up) to, etc.]   --
5.81, 5.91, 5.103
<aurvaθana->   'adversary'   --
5.206
<aurvant->   'swift, runner, steed'   --   [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion]   --
6.68, 6.177, 6.183
<aēnah->   'sin'   --   [Pokorny 2: ai- :: to close in, drive, harm, overwhelm]   --
4.299
<aēva->   'one, alone'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
2.21, 2.98
<aēšasa->   'wild'   --
3.450
<aēšəma->   'anger, fury, wrath'   --   [Pokorny 1: eis- :: to move rapidly or violently]   --
1.24, 1.91, 4.240
<aēšma->   'anger, fury, wrath'   --
6.160
<aogah->   'power, strength'   --   [Pokorny au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug-, ug- :: to increase, magnify]   --
2.184, 6.23
<aorā>   'down'   --   [Pokorny 3: au-, au̯e, u̯ē̆- :: away from, down]   --
3.354
<aka->   'bad, evil, wicked'   --   [Pokorny 2: ank-, ang- :: to bend, bow]   --
4.107, 4.156, 4.174, 4.230
<aŋhu->   'existence, life'   --   [Pokorny ansu-, ṇsu- :: demon, spirit]   --
3.242, 4.148, 4.244
<ajyaiti->   'death'   --
4.144
<aṯ>   'then, but, and, so, thus'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
 1.184, 2.5, 2.35, 2.136, 2.228, 3.57, 3.178, 3.327, 3.370, 4.5, 4.87, 4.128, 4.158, 4.239, 4.266, 4.294, 4.307, 4.336, 4.392, 4.449
<aθā>   'so, thus, likewise'   --   [Pokorny ant-s :: front, brow]   --
1.42, 1.171, 3.146, 3.274, 6.106
<aθra>   'here, there'   --
6.201, 6.215
<adā>   'then, thereupon, thus'   --
1.54, 4.378
<ana->   'him'   --
3.315, 3.383
<anaēša->   'powerless'   --
2.141
<anya->   'other'   --   [Pokorny 2: an- :: other side, there]   --
1.41, 3.255, 3.256, 6.158
<ans>   'attain'   --
3.304
<apə̄məm>   'last'   --
3.374, 4.147
<amavant->   'strong, powerful, vigorous'   --   [Pokorny omə- :: to proceed energetically; to firm up; to suffer]   --
5.129
<ayah->   'metal, iron'   --
4.284
<ayə̄m->   'this, that'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
1.100, 2.81, 2.92, 2.182, 2.210, 3.229, 3.241, 3.271, 3.298, 3.331, 3.410, 3.422, 3.464, 4.75, 4.169, 4.211, 4.217, 4.253, 4.279, 4.296,
4.321, 4.341
<ar>   'rise'   --   [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion]   --
3.421
<Armaiti->   name of a goddess = 'righteousness, devotion, piety'   --
3.152
<ava>   'away, down'   --   [Pokorny 3: au-, au̯e, u̯ē̆- :: away from, down]   --
4.380, 4.382
<ava->   'this, that'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
1.114, 2.195
<avant->   'as much, so much, so long, such'   --
5.21, 5.23, 5.46
<avar>   'down'   --
2.254
<avah->   'help, helping'   --   [Pokorny 7: au̯-, au̯ē-, au̯ēi- :: to like, help]   --
2.173
<asan->   'stone, heaven'   --
4.188
<asišta->   'fastest'   --
4.393
<asura->   'weak'   --
2.153
<aspa->   'horse'   --   [Pokorny ek̑u̯o-s :: horse]   --
5.194
<aspāna->   patronymic form of aspa- 'horse'   --   [Pokorny ek̑u̯o-s :: horse]   --
3.112
<aspi->   'mare'   --   [Pokorny ek̑u̯o-s :: horse]   --
5.73
<aša->   'truth'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
1.58, 1.101, 2.26, 2.54, 2.114, 2.186, 2.224, 3.28, 3.134, 3.253, 3.314, 3.451, 4.33, 4.183, 4.258, 4.325, 4.355, 4.407, 6.168
<ašavan->   '(in accordance with) Truth'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
3.187, 3.188, 3.461, 4.159, 6.62
<ašavant->   'follower of the Truth'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
4.448, 5.47, 5.59, 5.65, 5.92
<azi->   'fertile'   --   [Pokorny ag̑h- :: animal that may bear young]   --
1.202
<azəm->   'I'   --   [Pokorny eg̑-, eg̑(h)om, eg̑ō :: I (pronoun)]   --
1.10, 1.13, 1.23, 1.38, 1.43, 1.172, 2.93, 2.97, 2.111, 2.209, 2.229, 2.253, 2.255, 4.338, 4.354, 5.16, 5.26, 6.85, 6.107
<ah>   'energy, zest, zeal'   --
1.187
<ah->   'be, become'   --
1.128, 1.173, 2.168, 3.262, 3.330, 3.373, 3.387, 3.429, 4.146, 4.282, 4.339, 4.369, 4.452, 5.62, 6.123
<ahu->   'existence, life, breath'   --
3.318, 4.344, 6.12
<ahu->   'lord'   --
2.22
<ahura->   'lord'   --   [Pokorny ansu-, ṇsu- :: demon, spirit]   --
1.88, 1.170, 1.190, 2.8, 2.51, 2.183, 2.251, 3.30, 3.99, 3.203, 3.462, 4.21, 4.199, 4.323, 4.353, 5.6, 5.28, 5.87
<ahe>   'indeed, certainly'   --
5.111
<ahmaṯ>   'henceforth'   --
6.135
<ā>   '(up) to, toward, etc.'   --   [Pokorny 1: ē̆, ō̆ :: (a particle; he, this, etc.)]   --
1.22, 1.27, 1.191, 2.155, 2.242, 3.33, 3.72, 3.207, 3.316, 3.384, 4.49, 4.218, 4.281, 4.354, 4.395, 6.222
<ā>   (conveys sense of reversal with verbs of motion)   --
3.297
<āaṯ>   'then, thereupon, therefore, and, but'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
5.10, 5.18, 6.163, 6.199, 6.214
<ātar->   'fire'   --
5.85
<ādāna->   'portion, forging together, retaliation'   --
4.285
<ādra->   'lowly'   --
1.119
<āyapta->   'riches, bounty, boon, spoils'   --
3.20
<ārmaiti->   'devotion, piety'   --
4.270
<āvarəna->   'invitation, choice'   --
4.59
<āsu->   'swift'   --   [Pokorny ōk̑ú-s :: quick(ly)]   --
5.73
<āsna->   'successful, effective'   --   [Pokorny sē[i]dh- : sī̆dh-, and sədh- :: to aim at, strive for]   --
5.98
<āzuiti->   'fat, butter'   --
2.50
<āzhuš->   'propulsion implement'   --
3.341
<āhiti->   'defilement, pollution   --
6.138
<iθā>   'thus'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
3.270
<idā>   'here'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
2.94
<iš>   'strive, desire, arrive'   --   [Pokorny 1: ais- :: to desire, wish, search for]   --
4.8
<īšā-xšaθri>   'powerful'   --
2.157
<īšti->   'sacrifice'   --   [Pokorny ēik- :: to possess, be capable]   --
3.6
<uxδa->   'word, saying'   --   [Pokorny ghous- :: to sound, hear]   --
3.48, 3.61
<uγra->   'strong'   --
1.130
<uta>   'and'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
6.70
<utayūiti->   'fresh, lasting, enduring'   --
4.268
<upa>   'near, up on/to, etc.'   --   [Pokorny upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- :: (from) below, under, etc.]   --
3.398, 4.227, 6.9, 6.18, 6.141, 6.144
<uparəm>   'above'   --
6.14
<uruša->   'emaciated'   --
2.67
<urvan->   'soul, self'   --
1.7, 1.200, 2.138
<urvāta->   'rule, order, commandment'   --   [Pokorny 6: u̯er- :: to speak, talk formally]   --
4.421
<urvāza->   'joy, bliss'   --
4.38
<uvaya->   'both'   --
5.60
<ustana->   'stretched forth'   --   [Pokorny 1: ten-, tend- :: to extend, span, stretch]   --
1.186
<erezu->   'straight, just'   --   [Pokorny 1: reg̑- :: (to make) just, right; king]   --
3.95
<ərəš->   'right, correct, true'   --
4.117, 4.213, 5.160, 5.172
<ərəšva->   'lofty'   --
1.120
<ərəzu->   'straight'   --   [Pokorny 1: reg̑- :: (to make) just, right; king]   --
5.82
<ərəžəji->   'living justly'   --
1.215, 3.480
<ə̄əāvā>   'down'   --
2.83
<ə̄nəiti->   'ill-being, lack of freedom'   --
4.435
<ąnman->   'spirit, breath'   --
4.271
<ka->   'who, what'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
1.9, 1.12, 1.85, 2.77
<kainya->   'maiden, girl'   --
3.217
<kaēnā->   'atonement, punishment'   --   [Pokorny 1: ku̯ei-(t-) :: to observe with respect, pay attention to]   --
4.297
<kaθā>   'how, in what way'   --
1.59
<kadā>   'when'   --   [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here]   --
2.165
<kayaδa->   category of evil deed   --
5.45
<kar>   'do, make'   --
4.343, 6.134
<ku>   'where'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
3.460
<kudā>   'where'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
2.223
<kəvi->   'title: adherent to the daevic religion' (?)   --
3.82
<kəhrp->   'form, body, outward appearance'   --   [Pokorny 1: (s)kel- :: to cut]   --
4.267, 6.35
<xratu->   'will, intention, vision'   --
6.10, 6.19
<xraθwa->   'power, will, insight'   --
3.150
<xruš>   'scream, howl'   --
3.397
<xrūnar->   'man-defiling'   --
3.408
<xrūždra->   'hard, firm'   --   [Pokorny 1: kreu-, kreuə- : krū-, kreus-, krus- :: thick (clotting) blood, raw flesh; ice, crust]   --
4.187
<xrvi->   'bloody'   --
6.162
<xsnu>   'satisfy'   --
4.198
<xšaθra->   'power'   --
2.187, 2.227, 3.478, 4.254, 4.310
<xšam>   'accept'   --
2.142
<xšaya>   'ruling'   --
1.73
<xšnā>   'know'   --
2.243
<xšnā->   'recognition' (?)   --
3.70
<xšvid->   'milk'   --   [Pokorny su̯ēid- :: milk]   --
2.65
<xva>   'good, worthy'   --
5.58
<xva->   'self'   --   [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)]   --
4.63
<xvaētu->   'belonging to the family'   --   [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)]   --
3.179
<xvathra->   'good breathing, ease, comfort'   --   [Pokorny ēter- :: intestines]   --
3.305
<xvapah->   'dream-like'   --
6.182, 6.188
<xvafna->   'sleep, dream'   --   [Pokorny 1: su̯ep-, sup- :: to sleep]   --
4.93, 5.180
<xvareiti->   'nourishment'   --
6.121
<xvarətha->   'food'   --
3.303
<xvarənah->   'glory'   --   [Pokorny sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- :: sun]   --
5.113
<xviti->   'well-being, freedom of movement'   --
4.434
<gairi->   'mountain'   --   [Pokorny 3: gu̯er-, gu̯or- :: mountain]   --
6.39, 6.41, 6.75
<gao->   'cow'   --
1.6, 1.56, 1.61, 1.76, 1.105, 1.201, 2.64, 2.137, 5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.152, 5.170
<gaona->   'hair'   --   [Pokorny gēu-, gəu-, gū- :: to bend, curl; a vessel]   --
6.221
<gaoman->   'possessed of milk'   --
6.220
<gaoša->   'ear'   --   [Pokorny ghous- :: to sound, hear]   --
5.174
<gad>   'ask, entreat, supplicate'   --
5.196
<gan>   'smite, strike'   --
6.21
<gan->   'slayer'   --
5.47, 6.111
<ganya->   'slaying, killing, destroying'   --
6.122
<gam>   'go'   --
1.133, 4.133, 4.227, 4.255, 4.298, 5.138
<gaya->   'life'   --   [Pokorny gu̯ā-, gu̯em- :: to come, go]   --
4.143
<gar>   'be awake'   --
5.181
<guš>   'hear'   --
2.100
<gərəz->   'lament, complain'   --
1.8
<gə̄uša->   'ear'   --
4.47
<ca>   'and'   --   [Pokorny 1: ku̯e :: (enclitic) and]   --
1.25, 1.28, 1.29, 1.156, 1.157, 1.158, 1.201, 2.38, 2.39, 2.65, 2.114, 2.136, 2.187, 2.200, 2.225, 2.227, 3.42, 3.45, 3.49, 3.57, 3.62,
3.74, 3.82, 3.86, 3.109, 3.135, 3.176, 3.178, 3.226, 3.228, 3.241, 3.327, 3.352, 3.354, 3.395, 3.406, 3.407, 3.408, 3.409, 3.428, 3.467,
4.20, 4.22, 4.34, 4.102, 4.103, 4.107, 4.128, 4.143, 4.144, 4.145, 4.197, 4.253, 4.258, 4.294, 4.336, 4.352, 4.355, 4.407, 4.434, 4.436,
4.447, 5.64, 5.65, 5.113, 5.139, 5.140, 5.156, 5.157, 5.158, 5.159, 5.160, 6.32, 6.33, 6.87, 6.90, 6.93
<carana->   'moving, feet, support'   --   [Pokorny 1: ku̯el-, ku̯elə- :: to turn; wheel; neck?]   --
6.69
<carəkərəθra->   '(hymns of) praise'   --
2.122
<cašman->   'eye'   --   [Pokorny ku̯ek̑-, ku̯ōk̑-, ku̯ek̑-s- :: to appear, see, show]   --
5.176
<ci>   'discriminate, tell apart'   --
4.118, 4.214
<ciṯ>   gives indefinite or emphatic sense   --   [Pokorny 1: ku̯e :: (enclitic) and]   --
 5.26, 5.47, 6.5, 6.14, 6.113, 6.116, 6.119
<ciθ>   indefinite marker   --
1.148, 1.160
<ciθrəm>   'manifest, clear, visible, plain'   --
6.147
<cinā>   '...'   --   [Pokorny ku̯ene :: (particle: generalization/uncertainty)]   --
4.215
<cisti->   'knowledge, thought'   --   [Pokorny 1: ku̯ei-(t-) :: to observe with respect, pay attention to]   --
4.368
<cīṯ>   '...'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
4.11
<cīṯ>   'indeed, verily, etc.'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
2.26, 2.209
<jaiti->   'going'   --
5.202
<jan>   'smite, slay, destroy'   --
1.103, 5.50
<jə̄naya->   'woman'   --
3.275
<jə̄nar->   'man-killing'   --
3.407
<jyātu->   'life'   --
3.465
<ṯbiš>   'hate, despise'   --   [Pokorny du̯ei- :: to fear]   --
5.201, 5.207
<ta->   'he, that, this'   --
3.258, 3.369, 3.440, 3.475
<tanu->   'body'   --
3.300, 3.452, 4.64, 5.199
<tas>   'carve, create, fashion, shape'   --
1.14, 2.41, 2.53, 5.175, 6.181
<tašar->   'carver, fashioner, shaper, creator'   --
1.55
<tū>   '...'   --
3.110
<təvis->   'violence'   --
1.29
<tvə̄m->   'you'   --   [Pokorny tū̆ :: thou, you]   --
3.136, 4.280, 4.309, 6.6, 6.15, 6.34, 6.60, 6.178, 6.184, 6.200, 6.222
<θwa>   'you'   --   [Pokorny tū̆ :: thou, you]   --
2.37, 2.212, 3.149
<θwaxša->   'zeal, care, nurture'   --
1.77
<θwarōz>   'carve, fashion, shape, create'   --
1.11
<θwōrəšṯar>   'Fashioner'   --   [Pokorny tu̯erk̑- :: to cut]   --
2.40
<daēnā->   'attitude, intention, insight'   --   [Pokorny dhei̯ə- : dhi̯ā- : dhī- :: to look, see, show]   --
3.46, 3.98, 3.204, 3.240, 5.58
<daēva->   'divine being'   --   [Pokorny 1: dei-, dei̯ə-, dī-, di̯ā- :: to glitter, shine; day, sun; God]   --
1.156, 4.215, 6.124
<dan̨hah->   'skillful'   --   [Pokorny 1: dens- :: mental power; to learn]   --
5.155
<dafšnya->   'powerless'   --
3.386
<dab>   'fit together' (?)   --
3.44
<darəga->   'long'   --   [Pokorny 5: del- :: long]   --
4.437
<darəs->   'wantoness, rage, fury'   --
1.28
<darəsata->   'visible, beautiful to see'   --
4.37
<dah->   'gift'   --
3.94
<dahyav->   'country, region, realm'   --
 5.39
<dā->   'give, put'   --
1.72, 1.76, 1.205, 2.82, 2.127, 2.171, 2.185, 2.201, 3.19, 3.101, 3.137, 3.202, 3.231, 3.411, 3.481, 4.135, 4.269, 4.326, 4.425, 5.15,
5.20, 5.74, 5.84, 5.97, 6.179, 6.185, 6.187
<dāman->   'dwelling, creation, creatures (pl.)'   --
5.132
<dāmi->   'creation'   --
6.179, 6.185
<dugədar->   'daughter'   --   [Pokorny dhug(h)əter- :: daughter]   --
3.122
<duš->   'bad, evil'   --   [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul]   --
3.303, 5.203
<duždā->   'of bad gifts, maleficent'   --   [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul]   --
4.120
<dužvarena->   'choosing badly'   --   [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul]   --
3.437
<dužvarešnah->   'wrong-doers'   --   [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul]   --
3.385
<dəjit->   'violation' (?)   --
3.314, 3.451
<dəbaoman->   'beguilement, deception'   --
4.218
<dərəz->   'shackle'   --   [Pokorny 2: dher-, dherə- :: to hold, support]   --
3.425
<draoga->   'lie, deceive'   --   [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm]   --
5.81, 5.91, 5.103
<drav->   'wood'   --
6.162
<drigu->   'needy, poor'   --
3.482
<drug->   'false'   --
5.41
<druj->   'deceit'   --   [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm]   --
3.283, 3.296, 4.328, 4.381
<drəgvant->   'possessor of the Lie'   --
1.90, 1.219, 3.313, 3.357, 4.157, 4.173, 4.438, 5.54, 5.64
<drvatāt->   'health, vitality'   --
5.198
<dvaesa->   'hatred'   --   [Pokorny du̯ei- :: to fear]   --
1.104
<dvafša->   'distress, ruin, pain, anguish'   --
3.423
<dvar>   'rush together'   --
4.241
<naēda>   'not, nor'   --
2.24
<naman->   'reverence'   --
5.140
<nar->   'man'   --   [Pokorny 1: ner-(t)-, aner-, əner-? :: vital force; man]   --
2.152, 3.273, 4.61, 4.62, 6.22
<narəpi->   'reduction, absence'   --
3.441
<nas>   'be lost, disappear'   --   [Pokorny nek̑- :: death, dying; corpse]   --
3.304, 3.358, 6.132
<ni>   'down'   --   [Pokorny 1: en :: in]   --
6.21, 6.187
<nitəma->   'lowest'   --   [Pokorny 1: en :: in]   --
6.113, 6.116, 6.119
<nivāiti->   'striking down'   --
5.204
<nī>   '...'   --
3.165
<nū>   'now'   --   [Pokorny nū̆- :: now]   --
2.252
<nōiṯ>   'no, none'   --   [Pokorny 1: nĕ, nē, nei :: (negative particle)]   --
1.37, 1.102, 1.115, 1.214, 1.217, 2.20, 4.119, 4.212, 5.80, 5.90, 5.102
<nmāna->   'abode, house'   --   [Pokorny dem-, demə- :: to build; house]   --
6.137
<paiti>   'near, toward, with respect to'   --
1.106, 2.243, 4.79, 5.193, 5.202, 6.38, 6.76, 6.88, 6.91, 6.94, 6.190
<paiti->   'husband, master'   --   [Pokorny poti-s :: host, husband, lord, master, owner]   --
3.176
<paityāstī->   'firm foundation'   --
3.132
<pairi>   'around, among'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
1.148, 1.220, 5.138
<paurvat->   'mountain'   --
6.216
<paouruya->   'first, original'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
2.214, 4.90, 4.134, 4.286
<paθ->   'path, road'   --   [Pokorny pent- :: to go, tread, walk; way]   --
3.96, 5.83
<paθana->   'spacious'   --   [Pokorny 1: pet-, pet-, petə- :: to stretch out (esp. arms)]   --
6.56
<param>   'far, away, opposite, across'   --
6.58
<parā>   'before, beyond, away'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
3.301, 3.352, 3.359, 4.72
<pitar->   'father'   --   [Pokorny pətḗ(r), genitive pətr-és :: father]   --
3.167
<piθa->   'defense'   --
3.299
<peša->   'brought to an end'   --
3.452
<pouru->   'many'   --   [Pokorny 1: pel-, pelə-, plē- :: to fill, pour; full; town?]   --
6.217
<pouru->   'wide'   --
5.200
<Pourucistā->   'Pouruchista' (?)   --
3.111
<pərəθu->   'wide, broad'   --   [Pokorny plā̆t-, plā̆d-, plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət- :: broad, flat, wide; spread out]   --
5.178, 6.55
<pərəs->   'ask'   --
1.57, 4.226
<Ferašaoštra->   'Frashaostra'   --
3.86
<fəraša->   'shining'   --
4.342
<fra>   'forward, toward'   --
5.15, 6.134
<fraorəṯ>   'readily'   --
3.73, 4.202
<frajyāiṯi>   'life's possibility'   --
1.216
<fratarəm>   'opposite'   --
6.5
<fradaxštā->   'guiding, instructive'   --
6.203
<fravaši->   the immortal element in a person, personified as a class of deity   --
5.96
<fravāxš->   'stalk, branch, penis'   --
6.95
<fras>   'inquire, discuss'   --
3.148, 5.55
<frasā->   'question, inquiry'   --   [Pokorny 4: perk̑-, prek̑-, pr̥k̑- :: to ask for, request]   --
1.206
<frasparak->   'sprout'   --
6.92
<frazanti->   'progeny, offspring'   --
5.99
<frāidi->   'growth, prosperity'   --
3.288
<frāxšnəna->   'concern'   --
2.240
<frī>   'devote'   --
1.189
<fsuya->   'breed (esp. cattle)'   --
1.218, 2.38
<baēvara->   'ten-thousand'   --
5.176
<baēšaza->   'remedy, poison'   --
6.148, 6.223
<baēšazya->   'generative, curative'   --
6.146
<baoiδi->   'smell'   --
6.67
<baγa->   'god, deity'   --
6.180, 6.186
<banaya->   'poison, make ill'   --
4.243
<band->   'shine' (?)   --
3.193
<bar>   'bear, carry'   --   [Pokorny ati, ato- :: beyond, over]   --
6.206
<barana->   'carriage, support'   --
4.354
<barəθri->   'mother, womb'   --   [Pokorny 1: bher- :: to bear, bring, carry]   --
6.59
<barəsman->   grass bundle used in the Indo-Iranian sacrifice   --   [Pokorny 3: bhel-, bhlē- :: to grow, spread, swell]   --
5.153
<barəša->   'neck, back'   --
5.192
<barəz>   'high, exalted, loud'   --
6.191
<baršnu->   'high point, peak'   --
6.37
<bāδa>   'true, reliable'   --   [Pokorny 2: bhē̆, bhō̆ :: (an emphatic particle)]   --
6.140, 6.143
<bu>   'be, become'   --
4.366, 4.382, 6.112
<bud>   'be attentive, aware'   --
4.78
<būna->   'ground, base'   --
3.343
<bərət>   'cry' (?)   --
3.302
<bərəz->   'be high, elevated'   --   [Pokorny bhereg̑h-, bherg̑hos- :: high, noble; mountain]   --
6.42
<bərəzant->   'high, elevated, lofty, big, great, clear'   --   [Pokorny bhereg̑h-, bherg̑hos- :: high, noble; mountain]   --
5.177
<ma->   'my'   --   [Pokorny 1: me- :: (1st person singular oblique pronoun stem)]   --
1.199
<maiδyah->   'madness-inducing'   --
6.159
<mainyu->   'spirit'   --
3.356, 4.89, 4.132, 4.170, 4.184, 5.203
<mairišṯa->   'knowing/remembering best'   --
1.144
<mairya->   'false, malicious'   --   [Pokorny 2: mel- :: to deceive]   --
5.40
<maēγa->   'cloud'   --   [Pokorny meigh-, also meik- :: to flicker, twinkle; mist]   --
6.32
<maēδa->   'changing, false'   --
4.370
<maga->   'gift'   --
2.242, 3.332, 3.368
<maθra->   'mantra, magic formula'   --
2.52
<maδa->   'intoxication'   --   [Pokorny mad- :: to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed]   --
6.167
<man>   'know, think'   --
2.213
<manah->   'mind'   --   [Pokorny 3: men- :: to think, mind; spiritual activity]   --
2.79, 2.197, 2.226, 3.60, 3.133, 3.189, 3.193, 3.228, 3.230, 3.245, 4.24, 4.51, 4.102, 4.161, 4.231, 4.256, 4.312, 4.365, 4.398, 6.226
<manahya->   'spiritual'   --
3.317
<marək->   'kill, destroy, bring ruin'   --
5.37
<marəta->   'mortal'   --   [Pokorny 4: mer-, merə- :: to die]   --
2.84, 4.245
<mašya->   'human being'   --
1.157, 2.230, 4.426
<maz->   'large, great'   --   [Pokorny meg̑(h)- : meg̑(h)- :: big, great]   --
2.241, 3.427, 4.73
<mazda->   'wise one'   --   [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious]   --
1.142, 1.204, 2.9, 3.31, 3.71, 3.135, 3.201, 3.476, 4.203, 4.308, 4.352, 4.406, 4.424, 5.7, 5.29, 5.86, 6.71
<mazdā->   'wise'   --   [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious]   --
2.63, 2.112, 2.211, 2.239
<mazdāδa->   'thing to be considered'   --   [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious]   --
4.10
<mā>   used to express prohibition   --   [Pokorny 1: mē- :: (prohibitive particle: lest, that not)]   --
5.49, 5.52, 5.56
<miθ>   'rob of'   --
3.466
<Miθra->   'Mithra'   --
5.12, 5.75, 5.118, 5.134, 5.145, 5.148, 5.169
<miθra->   'contract, agreement, pact'   --   [Pokorny 4: mei- :: to bind, tie]   --
5.41, 5.48, 5.63, 5.79, 5.89, 5.101
<mīzda->   'wages, prize'   --   [Pokorny mizdhó- :: fee, pay, reward]   --
3.329
<mošu>   'soon'   --   [Pokorny mok̑s, Indo-Iranian *mok̑sū̆ :: soon]   --
3.428
<mərəγa->   'forest animal, bird'   --
6.204
<mərəthyu->   'death'   --   [Pokorny 4: mer-, merə- :: to die]   --
3.426
<mąθra->   'formulaic verse, spell, poetic intention'   --
5.156
<mru>   'drive, plunge, beat'   --
3.353
<mrū>   'speak, say'   --
1.106, 3.218, 5.5
<mrc>   'destroy'   --
3.319
<ya->   'who, what, which'   --
1.89, 1.117, 1.131, 1.145, 1.158, 2.80, 2.96, 2.140, 2.154, 2.169, 2.198, 3.42, 3.97, 3.166, 3.243, 3.286, 3.463, 3.479, 4.9, 4.35, 4.91,
4.172, 4.186, 4.197, 4.242, 4.324, 4.340, 4.408, 4.423, 5.13, 5.27, 5.53, 5.57, 5.76, 5.78, 5.88, 5.100, 5.189, 6.11, 6.20, 6.34, 6.108,
6.165
<yaoti->   'pasture'   --
5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.170
<yaṯ>   'when'   --
5.11
<yaθa>   'just as, like'   --
1.174, 4.145, 4.283, 5.25, 5.43
<yaθra>   'where, in order to'   --
3.355, 4.367, 6.43, 6.65, 6.139, 6.142
<yadā>   'when'   --   [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here]   --
4.295
<yam>   'offer'   --   [Pokorny i̯em- :: to hold]   --
3.297
<yav->   'duration, period, time of life'   --   [Pokorny 2: i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g- :: to tie together, yoke]   --
3.32, 3.206
<yavaṯ>   'how long, as long as'   --
3.340
<yavan->   'during life'   --   [Pokorny 3: i̯eu- :: young]   --
2.166
<yasna->   'sacrifice, offering, hymn'   --   [Pokorny i̯ag- :: to venerate, worship]   --
3.74, 5.117, 5.144
<yaz>   'sacrifice, offer'   --
5.115, 5.130, 5.135, 5.142, 5.150, 5.171, 5.190
<yazu->   'youngest'   --
3.121
<yāh->   'pilgrimage, retribution'   --
4.74
<yuj>   'join, unite, yoke'   --   [Pokorny 2: i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g- :: to tie together, yoke]   --
4.394
<yūžəm->   'you'   --   [Pokorny 1: i̯u- :: you (plural)]   --
1.5, 1.40, 2.181, 2.238, 2.256, 3.163, 3.226, 3.254, 3.328, 3.371, 3.477
<yesnya->   'sacrifice, worship'   --   [Pokorny i̯ag- :: to venerate, worship]   --
4.22, 5.22
<yezī>   'as, because, when'   --
3.17
<yə̄ma->   'twin'   --   [Pokorny i̯em- :: to hold]   --
4.92
<rai->   'radiance, wealth, splendor'   --
5.112
<raēθa->   'rush upon, mix with'   --
6.224
<raocah->   'light'   --   [Pokorny leuk- :: to light, shine; to see]   --
4.36
<raod>   'grow, sprout'   --
6.45, 6.66, 6.74, 6.218
<rajī->   'darkness'   --
3.442
<ratu->   'judgement, model, plan'   --
1.62, 2.25
<raθa->   'chariot'   --   [Pokorny ret(h)- :: to roll, run]   --
5.191
<rašah->   'harm, damage'   --   [Pokorny rek̑þh- :: to harm, injure]   --
4.439
<rāta->   'gift'   --
2.255
<rāthəma->   'adhering to'   --
3.285
<rāθ>   'adhere'   --
3.439
<rāda->   'provider'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
2.143
<rāman->   'peace, tranquility'   --   [Pokorny rem-, remə- :: to rest; to support]   --
2.200, 3.409
<ru>   'flow'   --
6.13
<ruθma->   'growth, increase'   --
6.72
<rud>   'howl, cry out, lament'   --
2.139
<rəma->   'bloodlust, violence, chains'   --
1.26
<vaēda->   'provider'   --
2.215
<vaēδayana->   'attainment, discovery, acquisition'   --
5.178
<vaēna->   'see, observe, look'   --
4.49
<vaēm->   'we'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ē̆-, u̯ei- :: we two (dual), we (plural)]   --
4.76
<vaēšah->   'poison'   --   [Pokorny 3: u̯eis- :: to flow (away); poison]   --
3.438
<vak>   'say, speak, declare'   --   [Pokorny u̯eku̯- :: to speak]   --
2.7, 4.7, 5.160
<vaxəδra->   'speech organ'   --
2.128
<vaxš>   'grow'   --
6.104
<vaxšaya->   'cause to grow'   --
6.36
<vacah->   'speech, word'   --   [Pokorny u̯eku̯- :: to speak]   --
3.375, 4.103, 5.157, 5.161, 5.172, 6.8, 6.17, 6.86
<vat->   'like'   --
2.256
<vadman->   (?) 'possessed of speech'   --
3.227
<van>   'surpass, overcome'   --
3.257
<vanta->   'praise, homage'   --
5.139
<vafu->   'prophecy, teaching, solemn words'   --
2.11
<vayu->   'air, wind' (?)   --
3.302
<vayoi>   'woe'   --   [Pokorny u̯ai :: woe; wolf]   --
3.372
<vaȳxana->   'assembly-speaking, rhetorically skilled'   --
5.173
<var>   'choose'   --   [Pokorny 2: u̯el-, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)- :: to choose, want, wish]   --
3.165, 4.171
<varav->   'wide, broad'   --
5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.170
<varəz->   'work, perform'   --   [Pokorny 2: u̯erg̑-, u̯reg̑- :: to do, be effective]   --
3.153
<varšak->   'root, tree'   --
6.89
<vas>   'be clothed, swathed'   --
4.189
<vas>   'desire, wish'   --
1.87, 1.176, 2.113, 2.156, 4.453
<vasəiti->   'liberty, prosperity'   --
3.467
<vaz>   'marry'   --
3.216
<vahma->   'glorification, praise'   --
3.72
<vahmaya->   'worthy of praise'   --
5.24
<vahya->   'better'   --   [Pokorny u̯ē̆su- :: good]   --
3.483, 4.106
<vā>   'indeed, for, etc.'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
1.185
<vāc->   'voice'   --
2.151
<vādāya->   'destroy'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯edh- :: to hit, push]   --
1.92
<vāra->   'rain'   --
6.33
<vāstar->   'herdsman'   --
1.39
<vāstrya->   'herdsman; pasture'   --
1.46, 1.75, 2.39, 3.177
<vi>   'wide, apart'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ī̆- :: apart, separate from, in two; both]   --
3.367, 4.118, 4.214, 6.206, 6.218
<vid>   'see, know, obtain'   --   [Pokorny 2: u̯(e)id- :: to know, see]   --
1.116, 2.10, 3.168, 3.239, 4.12, 4.313
<vis>   'find'   --
2.23, 2.95
<vispa->   'everyone/thing, all'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ī̆- :: apart, separate from, in two; both]   --
3.396
<viž->   'clan'   --
3.413
<vīciδa->   'decision, judgement'   --
4.60
<vīcira->   'discerning'   --
1.169
<vīspa->   'all, every'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ī̆- :: apart, separate from, in two; both]   --
3.33, 3.207, 5.38, 6.87, 6.90, 6.93, 6.156
<Vīštāspa->   'Vishtaspa'   --
3.83
<vīzxvanca>   'in every direction' (?)   --
6.205
<verəz->   'perform an action'   --
4.175
<vohu->   'good'   --   [Pokorny u̯ē̆su- :: good]   --
1.45, 2.78, 2.196, 2.225, 3.5, 3.47, 3.131, 3.190, 3.205, 3.244, 4.23, 4.48, 4.160, 4.257, 4.311, 4.397, 4.410, 5.93, 6.225
<vərəθra->   'attack, victory'   --   [Pokorny 5: u̯er- :: to close, cover, shut; to guard, save]   --
6.111
<vərən->   'choose'   --
4.229
<vərəz>   'do, make, perform'   --
1.147, 1.159, 6.84
<vərəzyah->   'working, productive'   --
6.57
<vyāna->   'insight, perception'   --   [Pokorny 3: u̯ei-, u̯eiə- : u̯ī- :: to go for, pursue, reach towards, wish; strong]   --
2.12
<saošyant->   'giving power; savior (?)'   --
3.100
<saxvār->   'invocation, poetically formulated vow'   --
1.143
<saŋh>   'announce, proclaim'   --
4.77, 4.322
<sac>   'learn, understand'   --
3.45, 4.422
<sata->   'hundred'   --
5.44
<sand>   'show, seem'   --
1.44
<sar->   'protection, alliance'   --   [Pokorny k̑erə-, k̑rā- :: to cook]   --
1.103, 3.138
<sareδa->   'kind, sort, species'   --   [Pokorny k̑erdho-, k̑erdhā :: line, row; herd]   --
6.217
<sava->   'benefit, salvation'   --
4.447
<sāxvan->   'doctrine, teaching, instruction'   --   [Pokorny k̑ās-, k̑əs- :: to teach, show the way]   --
3.215
<sāsnā->   'teaching'   --   [Pokorny k̑ās-, k̑əs- :: to teach, show the way]   --
2.69, 2.99
<sūca->   'light, pure, clear'   --
4.50
<sūra->   'strong, powerful'   --   [Pokorny 1: k̑eu-, k̑eu̯ə- : k̑ū-, k̑u̯ā- :: to swell]   --
5.94, 5.131, 5.133, 5.179
<skənda->   'destruction'   --   [Pokorny (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d- :: to crush, split to pieces]   --
4.383
<staota->   'hymn, song of praise'   --
4.20
<stavana->   'praising, being praised'   --
6.105
<stā>   'stand, stay, remain'   --
5.191
<stu>   'praise, laud, extol, celebrate'   --
6.9, 6.18, 6.31, 6.40, 6.53, 6.63, 6.110, 6.144
<stūiti->   'song of praise, prayer'   --   [Pokorny 2: steu- :: to praise (aloud)]   --
6.118
<stra->   'spread-out' (?)   --
4.354
<spaxšti->   'vision'   --
5.200
<spayaθra->   'atonement, prosperity'   --
4.384
<spas-̨ spašu->   (?) 'perceive'   --   [Pokorny spek̑- :: to spy on, watch]   --
3.287
<Spitāma->   'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)   --
2.109, 3.16, 3.85, 3.120, 5.8, 5.17, 5.42, 5.51
<spənta->   'beneficent, holy, sacred'   --   [Pokorny k̑u̯en- :: to celebrate; saint]   --
2.68, 3.151, 4.185, 5.95, 6.202
<spərəd->   'zeal'   --   [Pokorny sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)- :: to rush, spring; running]   --
3.164
<sravas->   'fame'   --
4.411
<srāvay->   'cause to be heard'   --
2.123
<sru>   'give'   --
3.7
<sru>   'hear, listen'   --
4.46, 4.94, 5.116, 5.143
<šava->   'drive forth, set in motion'   --
1.118
<ši>   'dwell'   --
3.412
<šyaoθana->   'act, deed'   --   [Pokorny kēi- :: to move, set in motion]   --
3.49, 3.62, 4.104, 4.201, 5.158
<zairi->   'yellow'   --
6.221
<zaoθra->   'libations'   --   [Pokorny 1: g̑heu- :: to pour]   --
5.120, 5.136, 5.147, 5.159
<zan>   'bear, give birth'   --
6.141
<zam->   'earth, ground'   --   [Pokorny g̑hðem-, g̑hðom-, genitive-ablative g̑h(ð)m-és :: earth, ground]   --
6.54, 6.64
<Zaraθuštra->   'Zarathustra'   --   [Pokorny 3: u̯es- :: to dampen; wet]   --
2.108, 3.8, 3.123, 5.9
<zaraθuštri->   'descendent of Zarathustra' (?)   --   [Pokorny 3: u̯es- :: to dampen; wet]   --
3.84
<zava->   'call, request'   --
1.132
<zasta->   'hand'   --   [Pokorny g̑hesto- :: arm, hand]   --
1.188, 2.172, 4.327
<zahya->   'weakened'   --
3.395
<zā>   'abandon, relinquish'   --
3.367
<zā>   'conquer, win, come in first'   --
4.409
<zāvar->   'strength, vitality, vigor'   --   [Pokorny g̑eu-, g̑eu̯ə-, also geu̯ə- :: to hurry, promote]   --
5.195
<zi>   'for, indeed'   --   [Pokorny ghe-, gho- :: (an enclitic (emphatic?) particle)]   --
1.146, 2.36, 3.162, 3.259, 4.379, 5.61, 6.157
<zrazdišta->   'most believing'   --
3.342
<ha->   '(s)he, this'   --   [Pokorny so(s), sā :: (demonstrative stem) he, she]   --
1.71, 1.86, 1.129, 1.168, 1.175, 2.49, 2.66, 2.110, 2.125, 2.167, 2.170, 3.18, 3.43, 3.58, 3.109, 3.161, 3.260, 3.298, 3.424, 4.6, 4.88,
4.130, 4.337, 4.420, 4.451, 5.19, 5.114, 5.128, 5.137, 5.141, 6.109, 6.164
<ha->   'you'   --
1.60
<haiθya->   'true, real'   --   [Pokorny es- :: to be]   --
3.272, 4.200
<haēcaṯ->   '...'   --
3.112
<haoma->   plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant   --
5.151, 6.44, 6.61, 6.73, 6.103, 6.114, 6.117, 6.120, 6.145, 6.166, 6.219
<hak>   'instigate, strive for' -- with instrumental 'go after, follow, partake of'   --
 6.161, 6.169
<haxti->   'thigh'   --   [Pokorny (s)keng- :: to hobble; lame, slanted]   --
3.344
<haŋhuš->   'profit, harvest'   --
3.192
<haca->   'follow, accompany' (?)   --
3.59
<hacā>   'from, out of'   --   [Pokorny 1: seku̯- :: to follow]   --
2.27, 3.29, 3.284, 6.136
<haθra>   'together, at the same place/time'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
4.364, 5.204, 6.133
<hadā>   'together with'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
1.74
<ham>   'together'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
6.13
<hamərəθa>   'enemy'   --   [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion]   --
5.205
<haraitī->   name of a mountain   --   [Pokorny 2: ser- :: to guard, protect, shelter, watch over]   --
6.189
<havana->   'pressing stone'   --
6.7, 6.16
<haza->   'power, violence, oppression'   --
1.25
<hazaoša->   'like-minded'   --
2.55
<hazara->   'thousand'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
5.174, 6.122
<hi>   'indeed'   --
4.105
<hita->   'team of horses'   --
5.197
<hišāy->   'bind, tie up'   --
1.27
<hizu->   'tongue'   --   [Pokorny dn̥g̑hū, dn̥g̑hu̯ā :: tongue]   --
5.154
<hu>   'well, good, beautiful'   --   [Pokorny su-, sū- :: good, well]   --
5.175, 6.10, 6.19, 6.58, 6.67, 6.72
<huxšaθra->   'good rule'   --
3.406
<hudah->   'of good gifts, beneficent'   --
4.116
<hudānu->   'blessed'   --
3.153
<hudəma->   'sweetness'   --
2.126
<humązdra->   'careful, good to see'   --
4.32
<hušiti->   'good dwelling, comfort, safety'   --
2.199, 4.396
<hušə̄na->   'profitable'   --
3.261
<hūiti->   'pressure'   --
6.115
<həm>   '...'   --
3.466, 4.241
<hə̄m>   'together, with'   --
3.147, 4.131
<hyaṯ>   'if, so, when'   --
1.70, 1.203, 2.124, 4.11, 4.419, 4.436
<hyat>   'as, since, because'   --
4.129, 4.216, 4.228, 4.363
<hva->   'this'   --   [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)]   --
6.216
<hvaŋhaoya->   'good existence'   --
3.34
<hvar->   'sun'   --
 3.191

Old Iranian Online

Old Persian: Base Form Dictionary

Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey

This Base Form Dictionary index lists, in an alphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique base form
underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each base form a general meaning (if any) is shown, along with links to every
usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link to perform a quick "usage look-up,"
and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms.

A new, experimental feature is being introduced to these EIEOL lessons, namely the addition of pointers to Proto-Indo-European roots
identified by Julius Pokorny in his monumental work, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols. Bern: Franke, 1959-1969; reprinted
in 1989). Because Pokorny is becoming increasingly outdated, we may revise these links in the future; however, for the time being, this
information might prove interesting to those who are curious about Indo-European etymology. Notice of potential error is always welcome.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to (Romanized) Old
Iranian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.
<a->   'this'   --
7.75, 7.134, 7.174, 7.289, 9.113
<aita->   'he, this'   --
9.350, 9.409, 9.420, 10.29, 10.85, 10.180
<aiva->   'one'   --   [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)]   --
9.62, 9.72
<Auramazdāh->   'Ahura Mazda'   --
7.74, 7.117, 7.173, 7.219, 7.261, 7.292, 7.294, 7.320, 8.375, 8.384, 8.457, 8.461, 9.7, 9.163, 9.207, 9.363, 9.372, 9.393, 9.418, 9.428,
10.50, 10.61, 10.108, 10.145, 10.193, 10.202, 10.252, 10.261, 10.285, 10.295
<atar>   'within, among'   --
10.28, 10.84
<ada>   'then'   --
9.294, 9.316
<adam>   'I'   --   [Pokorny eg̑-, eg̑(h)om, eg̑ō :: I (pronoun)]   --
7.49, 7.64, 7.93, 7.132, 7.171, 7.191, 7.280, 7.294, 7.353, 7.354, 7.382, 8.17, 8.34, 8.197, 8.291, 8.337, 8.340, 8.371, 8.374, 8.384,
8.401, 8.447, 8.458, 8.463, 9.82, 9.184, 9.186, 9.196, 9.208, 9.226, 9.231, 9.372, 9.385, 9.397, 9.410, 9.420, 10.17, 10.49, 10.71,
10.109, 10.144, 10.170, 10.182, 10.202
<aniya->   'other'   --   [Pokorny 2: an- :: other side, there]   --
7.305, 7.324, 8.136, 8.234, 10.157
<anušiya->   'follower, ally'   --
8.428
<apa>   'away'   --   [Pokorny apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of]   --
7.204, 7.216, 7.250
<apara->   'later, after'   --   [Pokorny apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of]   --
10.225
<aparam>   'after'   --   [Pokorny apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of]   --
7.19, 7.88, 7.413
<apiy>   emphatic particle   --   [Pokorny epi, opi, pi :: at, near]   --
9.123, 9.328
<abiy>   'to, toward, against'   --   [Pokorny ebhi? : obhi : bhi :: around, from, (up) to, etc.]   --
8.219
<ay>   'go'   --
10.250, 10.283
<ar>   'move toward'   --
8.372
<Arakadri->   a mountain in Persia   --   [Pokorny ond-, n̥d- :: rock, stone]   --
8.166
<arika->   'treacherous, evil, hostile'   --
7.337, 8.110
<ariya->   'Aryan'   --   [Pokorny ario-? :: host, lord, master]   --
9.144, 9.145
<arta->   'Truth'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
10.154, 10.270, 10.304
<artāvan->   'blessed, righteous'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
10.239, 10.320
<arštā->   'righteousness, Truth'   --
7.357
<aršti->   'spear, weapon'   --
9.307
<ava>   'away, down'   --   [Pokorny 3: au-, au̯e, u̯ē̆- :: away from, down]   --
8.74, 8.78, 8.92, 8.322, 8.336, 8.416, 8.445, 10.62
<ava->   'this, that'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
7.36, 7.158, 7.319, 7.384, 7.389, 7.429, 8.47, 8.72, 8.220, 8.295, 8.327, 8.412, 9.20, 9.228, 9.253, 9.360, 10.110, 10.169, 10.248,
10.274
<avaθa>   'thus, then'   --
7.47, 7.200, 8.188, 8.252, 8.400
<avadā>   'then, there'   --
8.170, 8.444, 9.285, 10.143
<avahya->   'ask for help'   --
8.383
<avā>   'thus, as'   --
7.159
<asman->   'sky'   --
9.21
<azdā>   'known'   --   [Pokorny 1: med- :: to give advice, healing; to measure]   --
8.88, 9.295, 9.317
<ah>   'be'   --
7.20, 7.35, 7.51, 7.157, 7.161, 7.308, 7.334, 7.338, 7.341, 7.351, 7.414, 7.418, 7.421, 8.46, 8.59, 8.152, 8.183, 8.199, 8.251, 8.277,
8.350, 8.399, 8.429, 9.205, 9.240, 9.252, 10.27, 10.87, 10.165, 10.228, 10.240, 10.317, 10.328
<i>   'go'   --
7.358
<idā>   'here'   --
8.44
<ima->   'he, this'   --   [Pokorny 1: med- :: to give advice, healing; to measure]   --
7.62, 7.89, 7.121, 7.206, 7.248, 7.278, 8.15, 9.9, 9.173, 9.407
<u>   'well, good'   --   [Pokorny su-, sū- :: good, well]   --
7.37, 7.385, 7.390, 7.433
<utā>   'and'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
7.230, 7.234, 7.264, 7.304, 7.323, 8.124, 8.126, 8.128, 8.229, 8.231, 8.233, 8.417, 9.397, 9.406, 10.73, 10.83, 10.120, 10.156, 10.237,
10.294, 10.307, 10.318
<ud>   'up'   --   [Pokorny ū̆d- :: away; up(wards)]   --
8.156, 8.185
<upariy>   'over, above, in accordance with'   --   [Pokorny upér, upéri :: above, over]   --
7.356, 7.358, 10.39
<upastā->   'aid, support'   --
7.295, 7.321, 8.385, 9.373, 10.51, 10.203
<uvāmaršiyu->   'self-inflicted death'   --
8.264
<I>   'one'   --
8.149
<IX>   'nine'   --
8.248
<kaufa->   'mountain'   --   [Pokorny 2: keu-, keu̯ə- :: to bend]   --
8.168
<kan>   'dig'   --
10.119
<kamna->   'few'   --
8.403
<Kambūjiya->   'Cambyses'   --
8.30, 8.48, 8.62, 8.64, 8.76, 8.94, 8.105, 8.203, 8.218, 8.263
<kar>   'do, make'   --
7.65, 7.77, 7.94, 7.133, 7.162, 7.176, 7.199, 7.281, 7.293, 7.371, 8.18, 8.308, 9.54, 9.195, 9.229, 9.352, 9.371, 9.383, 9.384, 10.167,
10.168, 10.179, 10.190, 10.194, 10.213, 10.214
<kašciy->   'any, anyone, anything'   --   [Pokorny ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --
8.293, 8.354, 8.357
<kā>   (denotes generalization)   --
7.16, 7.79, 7.403, 10.216
<kāma->   'wish, desire'   --   [Pokorny kā- :: to desire, like, wish]   --
9.239
<kāra->   'man, person; the people'   --   [Pokorny koro-s, kori̯o-s :: army, war, warrior]   --
7.201, 7.217, 7.260, 8.79, 8.109, 8.187, 8.213, 8.309, 8.320, 8.335
<Kūru->   'Cyrus'   --
8.32, 8.201, 8.352
<X>   'ten'   --
8.396
<XIV>   'fourteen'   --
8.180
<xšaça->   'kingship, sovereignty, kingdom'   --   [Pokorny kþē(i)-, kþə(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess]   --
8.236, 8.253, 8.306, 8.446, 8.462
<Xšayāršan->   'Xerxes'   --   [Pokorny kþē(i)-, kþə(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess]   --
10.6
<xšāyaθiya->   'royal, king'   --   [Pokorny kþē(i)-, kþə(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess]   --
7.7, 7.17, 7.61, 7.109, 7.145, 7.155, 7.186, 7.246, 7.277, 7.318, 7.401, 7.404, 8.14, 8.21, 8.45, 8.140, 8.275, 8.459, 9.53, 9.64, 9.84,
9.93, 9.94, 9.102, 9.112, 9.162, 9.187, 9.197, 9.264, 9.349, 10.14, 10.25
<xšnā>   'learn, know'   --
8.326, 8.338, 9.286
<Gaumāta->   'Gaumata'   --
8.153, 8.296, 8.367, 8.413
<gam>   'go'   --
9.315
<Garmapada->   fourth month of the Persian calendar, June - July   --   [Pokorny gu̯her- :: hot, warm]   --
8.246
<gasta->   'evil, harm'   --   [Pokorny gu̯edh- :: to hit, push; to harm, injure]   --
9.396
<gāθu->   'place, throne, battlefield'   --   [Pokorny gu̯ā-, gu̯em- :: to come, go]   --
9.216, 9.276, 10.74
<gud>   'hide'   --
7.204, 7.216, 7.250
<grab>   'seize, grab'   --
8.245, 8.261
<ca>   'and, but'   --
10.154, 10.157, 10.270, 10.304
<cayakaram>   'how much, how many'   --
9.251
<ciça->   'seed, lineage'   --
9.145
<jatar->   'smiter'   --
7.262
<jad>   'pray, ask'   --
9.419
<jan>   'smite, strike, slay'   --
8.74, 8.78, 8.92, 8.322, 8.336, 8.416, 8.445, 9.339, 10.72
<jiva->   'living'   --   [Pokorny 3: gu̯ei̯-, and gu̯ei̯ə- :: to live]   --
10.236, 10.308
<jīvā->   'life'   --   [Pokorny 3: gu̯ei̯-, and gu̯ei̯ə- :: to live]   --
7.236
<taumā->   'family'   --   [Pokorny teuk- :: germ, offspring, seed, sprout]   --
7.231, 7.265, 7.355, 8.35, 8.292
<taxš>   'be active, build, carve, make'   --
7.374
<tars>   'fear, be afraid'   --
8.312
<tunuvat->   'possessing power'   --   [Pokorny tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆- :: to swell]   --
7.369
<tuvam->   'you'   --   [Pokorny tū̆ :: thou, you]   --
7.15, 7.78, 7.103, 7.188, 7.220, 7.230, 7.261, 7.264, 7.402, 9.294, 9.316, 10.215
<tya->   '(so/in order) that'   --   [Pokorny 1: to-, tā-, ti̯o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)]   --
7.104, 8.90, 8.337, 9.243
<tya->   'he, this, that'   --   [Pokorny 1: to-, tā-, ti̯o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)]   --
 7.146, 8.304, 8.368, 8.414, 10.88
<tya->   'who, which; that'   --   [Pokorny 1: to-, tā-, ti̯o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)]   --
7.63, 7.92, 7.190, 7.279, 7.307, 7.333, 8.16, 8.339, 8.418, 9.218, 9.262, 9.275, 9.351, 10.16, 10.38, 10.166, 10.181, 10.251, 10.284
<tya->   (corrupt form) 'that'   --   [Pokorny 1: to-, tā-, ti̯o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)]   --
10.132
<θakatay->   'past'   --
8.182, 8.250, 8.398
<θard->   'autumn, year'   --
7.76, 7.135, 7.175, 7.290
<θah>   'speak, say, declare'   --
7.5, 7.59, 7.107, 7.143, 7.177, 7.218, 7.244, 7.259, 7.275, 7.309, 7.399, 8.5, 8.138, 8.273, 8.358, 9.153, 9.227, 9.340, 10.5
<daiva->   'daiva'   --
10.97, 10.111, 10.122, 10.134
<dauštar->   'friend'   --
7.228, 7.431
<dar>   'hold, support'   --
9.272
<dargam>   'long'   --   [Pokorny 5: del- :: long]   --
7.235
<dars>   'dare'   --
8.356
<daršam>   'greatly, mightily, steadfastly'   --
7.23, 8.311
<dahyu->   'country, land, region'   --
7.49, 8.121, 8.137, 8.235, 8.442, 9.103, 9.254, 9.408, 10.37, 10.63, 10.86
<dā>   'give, take'   --
8.307, 9.429
<dā>   'put, make, create'   --
9.18, 9.29, 9.32, 9.42
<dāta->   'law'   --   [Pokorny 1: dhē-, reduplicated dhē-dh(ē)- :: older family member (nursery word)]   --
10.249, 10.282
<dāna->   'offering'   --
10.111
<Dārayavahu->   'Darius'   --
7.6, 7.60, 7.108, 7.144, 7.185, 7.245, 7.276, 7.310, 7.400, 8.13, 8.139, 8.274, 9.52, 9.83, 9.161, 9.263, 9.348
<di>   'see, look'   --
9.274
<di->   'this'   --
9.183
<didā->   'fortress, wall'   --   [Pokorny dheig̑h- :: to build, knead clay]   --
8.432
<dipi->   'inscription'   --
7.90
<diy>   (used for emphasis)   --
7.433
<dī>   'take, seize'   --
8.448
<duruxta->   'false'   --
7.124
<duruva->   'durable, stable, firm, secure'   --   [Pokorny deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu̯ə- : drū- :: firm, solid; tree, wood]   --
7.50
<duš>   'difficult, bad, evil'   --
10.167
<dūra>   'far'   --
9.123, 9.328
<dūraiy>   'afar, far away'   --   [Pokorny 3: deu-, deu̯ə-, du̯ā-, dū- :: to move forward, pass]   --
9.306
<drauga->   'deceit, the Lie'   --   [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm]   --
7.22, 7.105, 8.120
<draujana->   'deceitful, follower of the Lie'   --   [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm]   --
7.34, 7.340, 7.417
<drug->   'lie, deceive'   --
8.196
<naiba->   'beautiful, pious'   --   [Pokorny 2: nei-, neiə-, nī- :: to be excited, moved; to shine]   --
10.178
<naiy>   'not'   --   [Pokorny 1: nĕ, nē, nei :: (negative particle)]   --
 7.123, 7.160, 7.215, 7.258, 7.336, 7.339, 7.342, 7.352, 7.354, 7.366, 7.368, 8.87, 8.276, 8.286, 8.288, 8.290, 8.341, 8.355
<nāθ>   'injure, rend'   --
7.388
<nāma>   'by name, named, called'   --
8.31, 8.58, 8.154, 8.167, 8.431, 8.434
<ni>   'down'   --
9.217, 10.40, 10.75, 10.260, 10.293
<Nisāya->   'Nisaya'   --
8.433
<nūram>   'now'   --   [Pokorny nū̆- :: now]   --
7.187
<paiθ>   'inscribe, engrave'   --
10.40
<Paišiyāuvādā->   'Paishiyauvada'   --
8.158
<pat>   'fly, fall'   --
8.156, 8.185
<patikara->   'picture, carved/incised likeness'   --
9.273
<patiy>   'against, during, with respect to'   --   [Pokorny po-ti :: against, opposite, toward]   --
7.31, 7.91, 8.383, 9.241, 9.339, 10.121
<paranam>   'before'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
8.324
<parā>   'forth, forward, beyond'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
9.315
<pariy>   'toward, with respect to'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
8.366, 10.250, 10.283
<paru->   'much, many'   --   [Pokorny 1: pel-, pelə-, plē- :: to fill, pour; full; town?]   --
9.63, 9.73
<paruva->   'before, previous'   --
7.154
<paruvam>   'previously, before'   --
10.96, 10.133
<partara->   'battle'   --
9.338
<parsa->   'examine, read'   --
7.91
<pasāva>   'after(wards)'   --
8.19, 8.63, 8.93, 8.108, 8.119, 8.141, 8.212, 8.262, 8.373, 9.183, 10.49, 10.99
<pā>   'protect'   --
7.31, 9.394
<Pārsa->   'Persia'   --
8.125, 8.230, 8.287, 9.330
<pārsa->   'Persian'   --
9.134, 9.135, 9.297, 9.326
<pītar->   'father'   --
8.61
<puça->   'son'   --
8.33, 8.202, 8.353, 9.132, 9.143
<fra>   'to, toward, forth'   --
8.464, 9.185
<fratama->   'first, foremost'   --   [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond]   --
8.419
<fraθ>   'ask, inquire, investigate, indict'   --
7.37, 7.38, 7.390, 7.398, 7.433, 7.434
<framātar->   'lord, master'   --   [Pokorny 3: mē-, m-e-t- :: to measure]   --
9.74
<baga->   'god'   --
7.306, 7.332, 9.5
<bar>   'bear, carry'   --
7.303, 7.322, 7.386, 8.386, 8.464, 9.185, 9.284, 9.374, 10.59, 10.204
<bartam>   'well-born'   --
7.385
<Bardiya->   'Bardiya', known from Greek sources as Smerdis   --
8.57, 8.73, 8.77, 8.91, 8.198, 8.325, 8.342
<Bāgayādi->   seventh month of the Persian calendar, September - October   --
 8.387
<bu>   'be, become'   --
7.229, 7.233, 7.263, 7.274, 7.432, 8.29, 8.89, 8.111, 8.123, 8.216, 8.460, 9.296, 9.318, 10.26
<būmi->   'earth'   --   [Pokorny bheu-, bheu̯ə-, bhu̯ā-, bhu̯ē- : bhō̆u- : bhū- :: to grow, prosper]   --
9.17, 9.114, 9.174
<brazmaniya->   'reverent'   --
10.155, 10.271, 10.305
<brātar->   'brother'   --   [Pokorny bhrā́ter- :: brother, family member]   --
8.49, 8.204
<magu->   'Magian'   --   [Pokorny magh- : māgh- :: to help, be able; power]   --
8.151, 8.305, 8.369, 8.415
<man>   'think'   --
7.48, 7.106, 9.242, 10.226
<mar>   'die'   --
8.265, 10.238, 10.319
<martiya->   'mortal, man, human being'   --   [Pokorny 4: mer-, merə- :: to die]   --
7.32, 7.372, 7.415, 8.150, 8.278, 8.404, 8.420, 9.31, 9.43, 9.305, 9.327, 10.272
<mā>   (expresses prohibition)   --   [Pokorny 1: mē- :: (prohibitive particle: lest, that not)]   --
7.104, 7.203, 7.273, 7.430, 8.337, 10.130
<mātar->   'mother'   --
8.60
<Māda->   'Media'   --
8.127, 8.232, 8.289, 8.443
<māha->   'month'   --
8.172, 8.247, 8.395
<Mudrāya->   'Egypt'   --
8.95, 8.106
<yaud>   'rise up, bubble over'   --
9.175, 10.48
<yaθā>   'as, when, because'   --
7.120, 7.170, 7.335, 8.20, 8.75, 8.104, 9.164, 9.230, 10.15
<yad>   'revere, worship'   --
10.98, 10.131, 10.142, 10.146, 10.262, 10.296
<yadā>   'where'   --
10.88, 10.132
<yadiy>   'if, when'   --   [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here]   --
7.39, 7.205, 7.247, 8.184, 9.241, 10.226
<yātā>   'until, while, as long as'   --
7.156, 8.370, 9.382, 10.212
<raucah->   'day'   --   [Pokorny leuk- :: to light, shine; to see]   --
8.181, 8.249, 8.397
<ranga->   'speed, haste'   --
7.118
<rādiy>   'on account of'   --   [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --
7.202, 7.319, 8.327
<vaina->   'see'   --
9.172
<var>   active 'cover', middle 'choose, convince'   --   [Pokorny 2: u̯el-, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)- :: to choose, want, wish]   --
7.95, 7.189
<vart>   'turn'   --
7.119
<vasiy>   'greatly, utterly'   --
7.232, 8.122, 8.321
<vašna->   'will, favor'   --   [Pokorny u̯ek̑- :: to want, wish]   --
7.73, 7.172, 7.291, 8.449, 9.206, 9.362, 10.60, 10.100, 10.192
<vazraka->   'great'   --   [Pokorny u̯eg̑- :: fresh, strong]   --
9.6, 9.85, 9.122
<vā>   'or'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
7.419
<vi>   'wide, apart'   --
7.388, 10.119
<viθ->   'house(hold), clan, royal court'   --
7.383, 9.405
<Viyaxna->   twelfth month of the Persian calendar, February - March   --
8.171
<visa->   'all, every'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ī̆- :: apart, separate from, in two; both]   --
 9.361, 10.191
<vispa->   'all, every'   --   [Pokorny 1: u̯ī̆- :: apart, separate from, in two; both]   --
9.104
<Vištāspa->   'Hystaspes'   --
9.124
<sa->   'he, this'   --
8.418
<Sikayauvati->   'Sikayauvati'   --
8.430
<ša->   'he, this'   --
8.170, 8.309, 8.444, 8.446, 9.218
<ši->   'she, this'   --
9.208, 10.73
<šiyati->   'welfare, peace, happiness'   --   [Pokorny ku̯ei̯ə-, ku̯ii̯ē- :: to rest comfortably; peaceful, quiet]   --
9.41
<šiyāta->   'happy'   --   [Pokorny ku̯ei̯ə-, ku̯ii̯ē- :: to rest comfortably; peaceful, quiet]   --
10.227, 10.316
<šiyu>   'set out, go'   --
8.103, 8.107, 8.228
<škauri->   'weak'   --
7.367
<šta>   'sit, set, place'   --
10.260, 10.293
<zana->   'man'   --
9.104
<zūra->   'evil'   --
7.370
<zūrakara->   'evil-doer'   --
7.350, 7.420
<zbā->   'call'   --
10.121
<hauv->   'he, this'   --   [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- :: other; that (one)]   --
8.43, 8.155, 8.186, 8.237, 10.306
<haxāmanišiya->   'Achaemenid'   --   [Pokorny 3: men- :: to think, mind; spiritual activity]   --
9.133
<hacā>   'from, out of'   --   [Pokorny 1: seku̯- :: to follow]   --
7.21, 8.157, 8.169, 8.217, 8.310, 9.329, 9.395
<had>   'sit'   --   [Pokorny sed- :: to sit]   --
9.217, 10.75
<hadā>   'with, together with'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
8.402
<hadugā->   'record, statute'   --
7.214, 7.249
<ham>   'together'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
7.374
<hama->   'same'   --   [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together]   --
7.75, 7.134, 7.174, 7.289, 8.60, 8.61
<hamiçiya->   'rebellious'   --
8.215
<haruva->   'all'   --   [Pokorny solo-, sol(e)u̯o- :: well-kept, whole]   --
8.214
<hašiya->   'true'   --   [Pokorny es- :: to be]   --
7.122
<hya->   'who, what, which'   --   [Pokorny so(s), sā :: (demonstrative stem) he, she]   --
7.18, 7.33, 7.80, 7.373, 7.387, 7.412, 7.416, 7.419, 8.200, 8.294, 8.323, 8.351, 9.8, 9.19, 9.30, 9.33, 9.51, 10.217, 10.273