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Kinematics! Kinetics!
A
v!!,
A A
a P
m
r !
µk!= 0.4
O 30° L
!=5°
300 mm
m
1
Dynamic Studies
Dynamics:!
(Kinematics & Kinetics)!
y B
20 m
!
4 cm
v0
2.8 m h A = (x,y)
1m
• Curvilinear Motion
– Movement of particle along an arbitrary path
through space
2
Rectilinear Motion Overview (Calculus/Physics Review!):
+s
D
• Position - s(t) I
+v
+a
dt
I N ds
F
F • Speed - v(t) T
E s
E G a=0 t
R ds • R
A
v=0
E
N (1) v = =s T v
T dt E
-a
dv
dt
a
I smin
-v vmin
A
T • Acceleration - a(t) -s
E • Typical Functions ??
dv • d 2 s ••
(2) a = =v= 2 =s – Polynomials
dt dt
– Trigonometric
• Basic Calculus!
– Logarithms
– Max’s & Min’s ?
– Exponentials
– Undo Differentiation?
• Acceleration - a(t)
T
E • Alternate form ?
2
dv • d s ••
(2) a = =v= 2 =s (2*) v dv = a ds
dt dt
a(t) => Solid Rocket Propulsion a(v) => aerodynamic drag
3
Given: s =2t2 - 8t + 3
Find: Displacement from t = 1 to t = 3
Distance traveled from t = 1 to t = 3
s = 2t2 - 8t + 3 s(1) = -3 & s(3) = -3 s(2) = -5
v = s• = 4t - 8 v(2) = 0
a = ••
s=4 a(2) = 4
Since, s(3) - s(1) = 0 displacement = 0
Reversal @ v|t=2 = 0 distance traveled = | s(2) - s(1) | + |s(3) - s(2) |
= | -5 - (-3) | + | (-3) - (-5) |
3 = 2 + 2 = 4
s t
-3 -5 -3
4
v t
1 2 3
-8
Solution:
(A) With a, v & t parameters given/requested, use a=dv/dt form
vf dv vf dv
t f = t(v) = !v " t i = !8 +0
i a(v) "kv2
1 v f 1 #% 1 1 &( 8
!tf = = % " ( ! v f = v(t f ) = (knots)
kv 8 k $ v f 8' 8kt f + 1
4
Rectilinear Kinematics: Accel. a function of velocity – a(v)
• Substituting BCʼs helps resolve the unknown constant k!
8 3 "$ 1 %'
! v(1/ 6) = = 4 (knots) ! k =
8k(1/ 6) + 1 4 $# nm'&
8
v f = v(t) = (knots)
6t + 1
• From here, there are two alternatives for resolving the second question!
5
Rectilinear Kinematics: Accel. a function of velocity – a(v)
(B) !METHOD 2: With a, v & s parameters given/requested, use ads=vdv form!
3 2
v 0 = 8 knots a = - v
4
vf vdv 4 vdv
s f = s(v) = !v + si " s(4 ) = !8 +0 s
i a(v) (#3/ 4v 2 )
!and the boatʼs displacement (position?) can again be found by integration!
!4 4 dv !4 4 !4 4 8
s( 4) = "
3 8 v
=
3
ln v 8
=
3
( )
ln 4! ln 8 = ln
3 4
and as was seen before
4
s(t = 1/ 6) ! s(v = 4) = ln(2) (nautical miles)
3
Q.E.D.
• • • •
= ve t = s e t = r e r + r ! e! + z ez
• Acceleration: a = d v / dt
•2
• •• •• •• •• • •
v2
a( t) = v( t) = r( t) = x i + y j + z k = v e t + !" e n = v e t + e
! n
$ •• • 2' $ •• • • ' ••
= && r # r " )) e r + && r " + 2r ")) e " + z ez
& ) % (
% (
6
Curvilinear Kinematics Summary: en
e! a er
• Position et
"
v(t )
r( t) = x( t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k !
= r(t)e r + z ez 2D
r(t) p
• Velocity: v = d r / dt e! j
er
• • • •
v( t) = r( t) = x i + y j + z k
!
• • • • i ref. line
O
= ve t = s e t = r e r + r ! e! + z ez
• Acceleration: a = d v / dt
•2
• •• •• •• •• •
v2 •
a( t) = v( t) = r( t) = x i + y j + z k = v e t + !" e n = v e t + e n
!
$ •• • 2' $ •• • • ' ••
& )
= & r # r " ) e r + & r " + 2r ") e " + z ez
& )
& ) % (
% (
7
Curvilinear Motion: Cartesian Coordinates!
• Projectile Motion y v
– Scale w.r.t. earth such that gravity
g is ~constant r=(x,y)
a=g
|g| = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2
O
– Neglect any air resistance x
! v f (t) = a c (t f " ti ) + v i ac 2
! rf =
2
( t f " ti ) + v i ( t f " ti ) + r i
vx f = 0 (t f ! ti ) + vxi = vxi x f = v x i (t f ! t i ) + x i
vy f = -g (t f ! ti ) + vyi -g 2
yf =
2
( t f ! ti ) + v y i (t f ! ti ) + yi
16
8
Curvilinear Kinematics: Projectile Motion example ref: Hibbler 12-104!
Given:! y
2 a = g = (0,- g )
– Figure shown w/ ground ! y = !kx
– t0=0, (x0,y0)=0, v0=v0 @ θ above horizon!
v = v0 @ θ
Find: In terms of v0 , θ & k
θ
– (A) The location at impact (xI,yI) O x
– (B) Velocity & Speed @ impact, vI, vI
– (C) Elapsed time @ impact, tI 2
y = - kx (x ,y )
Solution: I I
– 2D projectile motion
– Get expressions for vx(t),vy(t) then x(t), y(t)
– Substitute into ground constraint expression
• Solve for time of impact
– With tI known, substitute & solve for (xI,yI)
! v f (t) = a c (t f " ti ) + v i ac 2
! rf =
2
( t f " ti ) + v i ( t f " ti ) + r i
17
[
! (B) v I = a(t I " 0) + v 0 = vx I ,v yI ] v = v 0@ "
!
v x I = v0 cos! O x
v y = -gt I + v0 sin !
I 2
– Speed
y = !kx (x ,y )
I I
•
2 2
s=v = v +v xI yI
18
9
Curvilinear Kinematics: Projectile Motion!
[
! (B) v I = a(t I " 0) + v 0 = vx I ,v yI ] y
a = g = (0,-g )
a
! (A) r I = (t I " 0)2 + v0 (t I " 0 ) + 0 v = v 0@ "
2
x I = v0 cos! t I O x
-g
y I = t I 2 + v 0sin! t I
2 2
y = !kx (x ,y )
2
y = !kx I I
-g 2 2
t I + v 0sin! t I = "k (v0 cos! t I )
2
2v0 sin"
! (C) t I = 2 , tI = 0 – Substitute value for tI into
g # 2k (v 0 cos" ) position, velocity & speed
relations for solution
19
• Max Height
• Max Range a = g = (0,-g )
• Time @ some place along trajectory r =(x ,y )
i i i
• Later w/ Path & Polar Coord O x
– Velocity (speed,direction/tangent)
– Curvature, rate of speed change ….
a(t) = 0i ! g j = [0, ! g]
a 2
! v f = a( t f " ti ) + vi ! rf = ( t f " ti ) + v i (t f " t i ) + r i
2
10
Given: launch at 3600 m altitude vo = 180 m/s angle 30°
180 m/s
30° a=-gj
h
3600
T
.. ..
x. = 0 y. = -9.81
x = 180 (cos 30) = 156 y = 180 (sin 30)-9.81 t = 90-9.81 t
x = 156 t y = 90 t - 4.905 t2 +3600
.
for h set y = 0 t = 9.17 h = y = 4013 m
for tT set y = 0 t = 31.18
21
11
Path Coord. Example ref: Meriam&Kraige 2-8
Solution (cont’d): cg
y
v v 15°
e t = = = cos15°i " sin15°j et
v v en
v = 15
20
km/hr
e n = ± (k " e t ) (2D shortcut!)
a = g = (6,-9)
= # cos15°j # sin15°i x
O
!
(A) an & at =?
C
!
( ) ( )
at = a • e t = 6i ! 9j • cos15°i ! sin15°j = 8.12 (m / s2 ) = at
y cg
Solution (cont’d): 15°
et
• en
(D) ! = ?? v = 20
15 km/hr
– Look either at an or velocity a = g = (6,-9)
x
O
•2
an = !" C
2
• an 7.14 (m / s ) 1
#" = = 6
= 12.9 *10$4
! 4.32 *10 (m) s
•
v = !"
• v 20*10 3 km/ hr $ 1hr 103 m'
# " = = &
& * )) = 12.9 *10 *4 m
! 4.32 *106 (m) % 3600s km (
12
B
RELATIVE MOTION
rB = rA + rB/A rB
rB/A
vB = vA + vB/A
aB = aA +aB/A
A
rA
13
Relative Motion: ref ~DWY/WNW FE Review
v R = 5 m/s
Solution (cont d): y
VB = VR + VB/R
DM DM DM
vB i = vR j + vB/R (cos θ i + sin θ j) A x B
vB i = -5 j + 10 (cos θ i + sin θ j) (m/s)
• Equating components:
i => vB = 10 cos θ (m/s)
j => 0 = -5 + 10 sin θ (m/s)
• 2 equations <-> two unknowns v =
B ?i
Ov
sin θ = 5/10 = 1/2 (m/s)
v R = -5 j m/s
=> θ = sin-1 (1/2) = 30° !
v B/R = 10 m/s @!
• Lagniappe
vB = 10 cos 30° (m/s)
27
28
14
Relative Motion: ref ~Meriam & Kraige 2/13 x
A
Given:!
• Two cars A & B at the instant shown! y
Solution:
• Convert to consistent units
1 v A = 72(km / hr) = 20(m / s)
(km / hr)* = (m / s) !
3.6 vB = 54(km / hr) = 15(m / s)
30°
30
15
Relative Motion: ref ~Meriam & Kraige 2/13
x
A
(B) Relative Acceleration
a =
A 1.2 m/s 2
a A = 1.2 i (m / s2 ) y
2 2
• v (15 m / s) 30°
a B = v et + e n (m / s 2 ) = en
! 150 m 150 m e
n
2
= 1.5e n (m / s ) a = 1.5 m/s
2
B B
a B/A = a B ! a A et
= 1.5 e n ! 1.2i ( m / s 2 )
= 1.5(cos 30°i ! sin 30° j) ! 1.2i ( m / s 2 )
a B/A = 0.1 i ! 0.75 j ( m / s 2 ) = 0.76( m / s 2 ) @ ! 82°
2
a =
B
1.5 m/s
aB/A = 0.76 m/s2!
• Acceleration Polygon (Graphical) -82°! 30° Oa
a B = a A + aB/A a =
A 1.2 m/s 2
! aB/A = a B " aA
31
16
• ••
Given: The ferris wheel rotates at θ= 2 r/s, θ = -1 r/s2 and the boy (B)
walks to the right at a constant speed of 2 m/s.
Find: The velocity and acceleration of girl (G) on the ferris wheel
relative to boy B => vG/B = vB - vG = ? aG/B = aB – aG = ?
Solution:
er Defining unit vectors i, j, er, & eθ shown
eθ
velocities & accelerations are then:
vB = 2i (m/s) aB = 0
G
vG = 4 m (2 r/s) eθ = 8 eθ (m/s)
• ••
R= 4m θ θ θ aG = -4 m (2 r/s)2 er + 4 (-1 r/s2) eθ
= -16 er - 4 eθ (m/s2)
j Must convert axes to combine vectors:
B i vG/B = vG - vB = 8 eθ - 2i
= -(8 sin θ + 2) i + 8 cos θ j OR
= -2 cos θ er + (2 sin θ + 8) eθ (m/s)
er = cos θ i + sin θ j or i = cos θ er - sin θ eθ and since aB = 0 :
eθ = -sin θ i + cos θ j j = sin θ er + cos θ eθ
aG/B = aG = -16 er -4 eθ (m/s2)
33
θ VA
vA AB ωAB sinθ
=
A vB AB ωAB cosθ
17
Using Instant Centers (IC):
B I.C.
C
VA = AC ω AB [ i ]
VB = - BC ωAB [j]
ωAB
VB
AC = AB sinθ
BC = AB cosθ
θ VA
vA AB ωAB sinθ
=
A vB AB ωAB cosθ
O A VA
VB ⊥ OB
VA = (OB / CB) CA ωo
18
Given: ωc = 2 r/s
αc = 6 r/s2 | 6”| 6"| 8” |
C
A ωc
αc
Find: vD, aD
D
19
Given: ro = 3' ri = 2' vo = 10 f/s no slip
O 45°
Find: vB B
vo = 10 ft/s
vA = ?
vc = vo + ω r = 10 - 2 ω = 0
ω=5 or -5 k
vB = vo + ω x rB/o = 10 i + -5k x -3j = -5 i [ft/s]
or vB = vc + ω x rB/c = 0 + 5k x -1j = -5 i [ft/s]
Kinetics Summary
• Three general solution approaches for establishing the governing
equations of motion (EOM) => Which one to use?
i) Newton’s Laws
20
Particle Kinetics: Free Body Diagrams!
• Free Body Diagrams:!
– Isolate the particle/system of interest (i.e. boundaries)!
– For noting action-reaction between particles/bodies it is
important to identify the common normal-tangent @ the
point of contact (often one or the other is easily identified)!
F BA
The image part with
relationship ID rId6
was not found in the
file. t!
mA
mB t!
F AB n!
n!
Kinetics: Σ F = maC Σ MC = IC α
F1
M1
maC
F2 C = cg C IC α
etc.
FBD EFD
21
Given: the 20# force is applied to the sliding door which weighs 100 #
Find: the reactions at the frictionless roller supports
20#
6' 5'
10 '
A B
10 '
20#
6' 100# 5' 100 a
g
ΣF → = 20 = (100/g) a a = g/5
ΣF = A + B - 100 = 0 => B = 54 #
ΣMCG = 5B - 5A - (20) 2 = 0 A = 46 #
22
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/74!
Given:!
#2!
• The slider (m=2 kg) fits loosely in the smooth slot of α
the disk which lies in a horizontal plane and rotates et!
about a vertical axis through point O.! #1! er! en! 100 mm!
• The slider is free to move only slightly along the slot in
either direction before one (but not both) of the two
45°!
O! eθ!
wires #1 or #2 becomes taut. !
• The disk starts from rest at time t = 0 and has a
constant clockwise angular acceleration of α=0.5 r/s2.!
Find:!
(A) Determine the TENSION (T2) in wire #2 at t =1 second! er!
(B) Determine the REACTION FORCE (N) between the eθ!
slot and the block, again at t =1 second.!
et!
(C) Determine the TIME (t ) at which the tension in wire #2 en!
goes slack and wire #1 becomes taut.
Solution:!
• Asks for FORCES (T,N) so we must first establish kinematics (accelerations!)!
• “Move only slightly” means it is effectively fixed relative to the slot/disk, thus!
• The slider travels a circle about O & path (en-et) axes !
! ! ! ! !or polar (er-eθ) axes are convenient!
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/74!
Solution (continued):!
#2!
• Construct FBD! α
• Use disk kinematics (α=0.5 r/s2 CW constant) to et!
determine sliderʼs total acceleration! #1! er! en! 100 mm!
! T2 or -T1 !
• Not instantaneous - integrate angular acceleration!
! N!
" t t et ,eθ
# 0
d" = # 0 $ dt = # 0 0.5dt
45°! en ,-er!
" = 0.5t
a s = " r e# $ r % 2 e r
• v2
!
= v et + en = " r et + % 2 r en
&
23
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/74!
Solution (continued):! α
#2!
• Newtonʼs Law can be applied along ANY two
independent directions to resolve unknown reactions! et!
#1! er! en! 100 mm!
– Sum force components along (n-t, r-θ)
T2 cos 45+ N sin 45 = m" r O! eθ!
45°!
2
T2 sin 45# N cos 45 = # m$ r
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/74!
Solution (continued):!
#2!
• Substituting the known expressions for α & ω(t)
α
mr 2 et!
N,T2 =
2
(" ± # 2 ) #1! er! en! 100 mm!
2 kg* 0.1 m* 2 2
O! eθ!
=
2
{ }
0.5 ± (0.5 t ) (r /s2 ) 45°!
2
N,T2 =
20
{ 1 ± 0.5 t 2} (N)
T2 or -T1 !
(A) !So for t=1, the TENSION T2 is
! 2 2 N!
T2 =
20
{ 1 " 0.5(1)2} ( N )= 40 ( N ) = 0.035( N )
et ,eθ
(B) !At t=1, the NORMAL REACTION N is
2 3 2 45°! en ,-er!
!
N=
20
{ 1 + 0.5(1)2} ( N ) = 40 ( N ) = 0.106( N )
24
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/74!
Langiappe:!
• The acceleration vector starts off completely in the lateral (θ or t) direction here
(ω=0). Since cables/wires/ropes cannot PUSH, only T2 can be engaged in
balancing the (r or n) component of the side wall reaction N!
• The tangential acceleration component remains constant!
• As the disk speeds up (ω >0), the normal component increases!
• When the total acceleration vector aligns with the normal reaction force
between the block & slot, the cord/wire tensions are both zero momentarily,
and as T2 goes slack, T1will become taut.!
T2 or -T1 !
N!
et ,eθ
a t= 0 = a t or a"
increasing
ω
45°! en ,-er!
!
T1=T2=0!
t2
Impulse / Momentum ∫ F dt = ∫ madt
t1
= ∫ mdv
= mv2 - mv1
Angular Momentum: ∫ Mc dt = ∫ Ic α dt
° °
= ∫ Ic dω
°
= ∫ Ic ω2 - Ic ω1
° °
25
Example: Conservation of Momentum
Given:
vP
• An artillery gun (mG) fires a shell
(mP) with a speed vp vR x!
Find:
(A) The recoil speed (vR) of the gun mPg!
FBD! mGg!
Solution:
• FBD of system components, just as Fpropellant!
shell leaves the gun
• Rectilinear motion (i.e. only horizontal
motion of interest here)
N!
• Propellant firing is internal to the
system
– System momentum is conserved in the mP
horizontal direction "L sys = 0 v R = " vG = vp
"Lx#system = mG (vG # 0) + mP (v P # 0) = 0 mG
!
!
!
Example: Conservation of Momentum
Given: vP/G
• More often, a “muzzle velocity” (vP/G)or
speed of the shell relative to the gun barrel
is specified vR x!
Find:
(A) The recoil speed (vR) of the gun
mPg!
Solution: FBD! mGg!
• FBD (same), Rectilinear motion & Propellant
firing is internal
Fpropellant!
"L sys = 0
"Lx#system = mG (vG # 0) + mP (v P # 0) = 0
N!
v P = vG + v P /G
! mG vG + mP (vG + v P /G ) = 0 # mP &
! v R = " vG = % (v P /G
$ mG + mP '
!
!
!
26
Example: Conservation of Momentum!
Given:! B
Solution:!
• Similar conservation of momentum relations !
"L sys = 0
F
– Good opportunity to look at the SYSTEM of particles in
n
simplifying the problem (reactions are internal!)
27
Particle Kinetics: Impulse-Momentum/ Impact
• Impact F
t
e =
(Vrelative Separation) vA
vA* B
– Central & Oblique Impacts
Oblique* Impact
• Velocities are NOT co-linear with the line n vB
of impact (i.e. the common normal)
vB*
28
Particle Kinetics: Impulse-Momentum/ Impact! n
vA vA*
• Solving constraint relations !!
(2) v* *
Bn = e (v An ! v Bn )+ v An
(2) v* *
Bn = e (v An ! v Bn )+ v An
29
Given: two balls of equal mass with the velocities shown collide,
coefficient of rest = 0.8
Find: velocities after impact
. .
4
x - mom.: u1 + u2 = 5/√2 - 8 45° 3
10 m/s
5 m/s
5/√2 8 u1 u2
u2 = 2.76 u1 = -7.23 y
5/√2 6 x
Work / Energy :
T1 + V1 + WNC = T2 + V2
where T = 1 m vc2 = 1 Ic ω2 = 1 Ic ω2
2 2 2
Vgrav = -mgh
30
Work-Energy Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/11
A
x
Given: 10 m
y
• A crate of mass m slides down an incline
B v
• m =50 kg, θ=15°, µk=0.3, µ!!=0.3
k
• Reaches A with speed 4 m/s !=15°
Find:
(A) Speed of crate vB as it reaches a point B
10 m down the incline from A θ mg
T
Solution: h
e
61
31
Work-Energy: Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/13 sp
Given: C
• Block (m =50 kg) mounted on rollers y lA P=300N
• Massless spring w/ k=80 N/m The image part with 0.9 m
relationship ID rId10 was not
• Released from rest at A where spring has k
found in the file. x
initial stretch of 0.233 m
• Cord w/ constant tension P=300 N attaches x 1.2 m
to block & routed over frictionless/ A AN B
massless (ideal) pulley @ C P
Find: !
(A) Speed of block vB as it reaches a point B Fs
directly under the pulley.
mg
Solution:
• Again, rectilinear motion, align axes
accordingly N P
• FBD of block in general position (working
over a motion interval here) R
Fs
• Look at alternative - include the rope in as
part of the SYSTEM - reduce FDB to an mg
ACTIVE Force Diagram! 63
WORK!}
x 1.2 m
– Weight (mg) & Roller reactions (N) A A B
– Pulley force on rope (R) N P
• Active forces DO work on the system
– Spring Force (Fs) => opposes motion Fs R
Fs = !kx
mg
xB xB 1 xB P
UABFs = !x Fsdx = !x "kxdx = kx 2 x
A A 2 A
Fs Active Force
1 Diagram
= " k(x 2B " x 2A )
2
– Assuming block can actually reach B
1
UABFs = ! 80(N / m){(1.2 + 0.233)2 ! 0.2332}(m 2 ) = !80 Joules64
2
32
Work-Energy: Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/13 y
sp
Solution (cont’d): C
• Calculate Work done on system
lA P=300N
x
– Cord Tension (P) => constant The image part with 0.9 m= lB
relationship ID rId24 was not
– Displacement of P k
found in the file.
Lcord = sP + l = constant
x 1.2 m
!sP = "!l = lA " lB A A B
N P
= 1.2 + 0.9 " 0.9 # 0.61m
2 2
Solution: FBD
mg
• FBD of crate in general position (working
over a motion interval here) Fs
N
• Identify
– Conservative Forces
33
Conservation-Energy Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/17
Solution:
• ALL Forces are either Conservative or 0.6m
A
Non-working constraints, therefore Cons. R=0.6m
Of Energy applies!
k=350 N/m
!ETOT = !T + !Vg + !Ve = 0
1 1 y vB
B
!TAB = m( v2B " v 2A ) = m(v 2B " 0)
2 2
!VAB g = mg(y B " y A ) = mg(0 " R)
1 FBD
!VAB e = k {(l B " l0 ) 2 " (lA " l0 )2 } mg
2
Fs
• Pulling together all components & isolating vB N
k 2
v B = 2gR +
m
{
R ! ( 2R ! R)2 }
• Incorporating numerical values of all terms
350N /m
v B = 2 * 9.81(m /s2 )(0.6m) +
3kg
{(0.6m)2 " ( 2 * 0.6m " 0.6m)2} = 6.82 m /s
67
Given: k, m, Θ
block released from rest with spring compressed δ
T1 = 0 V1= 1/2 k δ2
WNC = -Fd
where N = mg cosΘ, F = µkN while sliding
T2=0 V2 = 1/2k(d - δ)2 - mgd sin Θ
34
Given: k, m, R, Θ, I
released from rest, no slip, no initial deflection in spring
Find: speed after 1/2 revolution
k πR
m,R
T1 = 0 Θ
V1 = 0
WNC = 0
Kinetics Summary
• Three general solution approaches for establishing the governing
equations of motion (EOM) => Which one to use?
i) Newton’s Laws
35
Given: Box placed on conveyor with zero initial velocity.
Find: Time during which slip occurs
µk
VBelt
VB= 10 ft/s
mg ma
µ = 0.333
F = µN
N
ΣF↑ = N - mg = 0
during slip
ΣF→ = µN = ma
µmg = ma a= µg once slip stops F = 0
VBox
v = µgt
slip stops where v = vB VB
so t = vB/ µg
t
36
Given: ball of radius r released from rest on incline, no slip, Θ = 30°
Find: acceleration
ΣF →= N - mg cos 30 = 0
ΣF = mg sin 30 - F = ma
Iα
ΣMG = rF = 2/5 mr2α mg
G
F c G c
ma
N 30°
37
Given: given v , r
Find: Φ; tension Φ
Φ
T r
v
ma
ΣF ↑ = T cos Φ - mg = 0
mg
ΣF → = T sin Φ = m v2/r
ma = m r ω2 or ΣF = mg sin Φ = ma cos Φ
ma = m v2/r a v2
so tan Φ = g = gr
d
k
m2
State 1 as shown
State 2
vp
38
State 3
vʹ′p
vm
State 4
Vibrations
..
k kx mx
m
c .
cx
x
. ..
ΣF = ..- kx -. cx = mx
Or mx
.. + .cx + kx = 0
x + cx / m + kx / m = 0
..
general x + 2 ζ ω x + ω2 x = 0
where w = natural freq.
ζ = damping factor
ζ<1 underdamped
ζ>1 overdamped
39
Particle Kinetics: Cartesian Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/5!
Given:! F
• A collar of mass m slides vertically on a shaft with !
kinetic coefficient of friction, µk.!
• Applied force F is constant but its direction varies as!
! ! !θ = k t k=> constant
• Collar starts from rest @ θ=0°!
Find:! µkN!
F!
(A)! Magnitude of F which results in collar
coming to rest at θ=90°. ! θ!
x
N
Solution:!
• Rectilinear motion! Constrained vertically so
align axes accordingly! y
• FBD of collar in general position mg!
(working over a motion interval here)!
• Newtonʼs Laws!
! N = Fsin"
! Fx = Fsin " # N = 0 !
F
! Fy = #F cos " + mg + Nµk = ma y & (sin"µk # cos" ) + g = ay
m
40
Particle Kinetics: Cartesian Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/5!
Solution (continued):! F
• Now using the final BC for t=π/2k, vyf=0
!
F
v yf = {[1" cos(kt)]µk " sin(kt)} + gt
mk
F g#
0= {[1" cos(# /2)]µk " sin(# /2)} + µkN!
mk 2k F!
! F g#
θ!
x
N
0= {µk "1} +
mk 2k
! " mg
!F = y
2(1 # µk ) mg!
!
Langiappe:!
• What are:!
– The collarʼs vertical displacement as a function of time?!
– The collarʼs total distance traveled?
41
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/7!
Given:!
A
• A box of mass m (particle) is released
! R
from rest @ top of a smooth circular track.!
Find:! N! B
(A) !Normal force N as a function of
r ω!
position θ along the circular track.!
!(B) !The angular velocity (ω) of the pulley B such that
the boxes donʼt slide onto the conveyor belt ! mg
Solution:! !
• FBD of box in general position - working over n
motion interval A-B, then instantaneous @ B!!
!
– Track smooth ==> µ=0, no friction!! N t
• Attach normal-tangential coordinate axes!
• Newtonʼs Laws for general θ!
• Must use kinematics to resolve
! F = N " mgsin # = ma
n n
unknowns!!
! F = mgcos # = ma
t t
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/7!
Solution (contʼd):! A
• Kinematics: Circular track-> path coord! ! R
v2
s = R θ!
!
0
vdv = !0 gR cos "d" • Now using the normal direction!
1 2 ! v2
v = gRsin! 0 = gRsin! ! N=m + mgsin "
2 R
2
v = 2gRsin! = 2mgsin " + mgsin "
(A) N = 3mgsin !
42
Particle Kinetics: Path Coord Example ref ~Meriam & Kraige 3/7!
Solution (contʼd):! A
• Belt Kinematics:! ! R
– From previous page, the s=R!
box speed as it reaches B!
B
N
v = 2gRsin! " = 2gR !
!= r
2
v B = vbelt B vB
vbelt
2gR = ! r r
!
2Rg
(B) ! =
r
43