THREE STOREYS HOUSES WITH SHOPING AREA

PROPOSED THREE STOREYS

HOUSES WITH SHOPING AREA

Ratnam Tharusan

UWE Student Number: 16034088

Module Code: UBGLT4-30-3

Submitted to the Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of

the West of England, UK in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
BEng (Hons) degree in Civil Engineering

29th July 2017

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Acknowledgement
This project has taken a considerable amount of time and resources and I would like to
acknowledge the help of all of those who have made the project possible. First and
foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Eng. Mr.Nadun Kongahage
For his time, patience and guidance, and also vast technical knowledge of structural
design specific to reinforced concrete structures played an instrumental role in my
project.

I express my sincere thanks to our module leader of Civil Engineering Design Project,
Mrs. Amashani Kariyawasam, for her daily support and individual guidance which was
vital to my development as BEng. Student.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge and express my sincere thanks to Lecturer

Mrs. Dayani of School of Construction and Civil Engineering at Northshore College of
Business and Technology for their encouragement and guidance for providing full-
fledged support for the design of this project.

Ratnam Tharusan.
(16034088)
Northshore College of Business and Technology,
Mattakuliya.

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Abstract
This report outlines the structural design of a Three-story reinforced house with
shopping area in accordance with EN 1992 – EC2. The framing arrangement and
column location of the building was provided based on architectural and structural
requirements. The structure system of the house with shopping area building is a
reinforced concrete frame with a two-way slab and beam floor system. This report
covers the design process in the following order: the calculation of the expected loads
on the structure, the analysis of the slab, the design of slab reinforcement, calculation to
check crack control, the analysis of beam, the design of the L-beam reinforcement for
both flexural and shear, the calculation to check L-beam deflection and design of
isolated footing reinforcement.

The details of the design can be found within the report. The basic design of the house
with shopping area includes 125 mm slab throughout, 200mm x 400mm rectangular
columns and T-beam and L-beam depths of 450mm for the longer span direction and
500mm depth for the shorter span direction. Due to complexity of manual calculations
in beam analysis the design was restricted to a shorter span L-beam.

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Contents
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. i
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii
1. Introduction of the Project ......................................................................................... 1
2. Design Narrative or Commentary .............................................................................. 2
2.1 Site Analysis ....................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology ............................................................... 2
2.1.2 Most significant Engineering Geological Condition................................... 3
2.1.3 Field Investigation ....................................................................................... 3
3. Client Requirements................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Budget and Time Requirements ............................................................................. 6
4. The Technology Chosen and the Site Processes ........................................................ 9
4.1 Feasibility Study ..................................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 Environment Feasibility .............................................................................. 9
4.1.2 Social Feasibility ......................................................................................... 9
4.1.3 Positive impacts .......................................................................................... 9
4.2 Nature of the construction ................................................................................ 10
5. The Engineering Principles Involved and the Design Protocols ............................. 11
5.1 Design Concept ..................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Soil Investigation .............................................................................................. 11
5.3 Structure of the Building .................................................................................. 12
5.4 Design Codes, Manuals and Loadings ............................................................. 12
5.1 Testing of Materials .......................................................................................... 13
5.2 General Requirements ...................................................................................... 14
5.3 Structural Requirements ................................................................................... 14
6. An Appraisal of the Sustainability ........................................................................... 15
6.1 Sustainable constructions ................................................................................. 15
6.1.1 Sustainable site .......................................................................................... 15
6.1.2 Water efficiency ........................................................................................ 16
6.1.3 Materials and resources ............................................................................. 17
7. Health and Safety ..................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Risk assessment ................................................................................................ 19
7.2 Design development based on risk assessment ................................................ 20
7.2.1 Safe design consideration at concept design stage .................................... 20
7.2.2 Safe design consideration at functional design stage ................................ 20
7.2.3 Safe design consideration at detailed design stage ................................... 21

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8. Hazards That Would Occur and Control Measures Are Described In the Table
Below. ...................................................................................................................... 22
9. Architectural Layout Plan of the Two Storied Building .......................................... 26
10. Analysis and Design Calculations ........................................................................... 28

FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF PROPOSAL SITE ............................................................................ 2

FIGURE 2: ABILITY TO INFLUENCE SAFETY ON A PROJECT ................................................ 19
FIGURE 3: FRONT ELEVATION .......................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 4: TYPICAL HOUSE PLAN ...................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 5: SHOP PLAN....................................................................................................... 27

FIGURE 6: SECTIONAL VIEW X-X ..................................................................................... 27

TABLE 1: DETAILS OF SUBSURFACE LAYERING .................................................................. 4

TABLE 2: DETAILS OF SUBSURFACE LAYERING .................................................................. 5
TABLE 3: ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE-1 ..................................... 7
TABLE 4: ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE-2 ..................................... 7
TABLE 5: ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE-3 ..................................... 8
TABLE 6: RATING FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE BASED ON SEVERAL CRITERIA ......................... 8
TABLE 7: IMPOSED LOAD ................................................................................................. 12
TABLE 8: HAZARDS AND CONTROL MAESUES ................................................................. 22

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1. Introduction of the Project

The proposed building is a three story building. This building has shops and store in
ground floor and first and second floor House units. The proposed building is located at
Sinsaba Road, Wellawattat, Colombo 6. Estimated value of the project is 60 Million
rupees and estimated duration of the project is one year. This property is owned by
D.Ramanayakka and this project construct by Peak Engineering (pvt) ltd.
 Total length of Building is 19.08 m and width is 9.74 m.
 Area of a one floor is 185.75 m2
 Total floor area is 743 m2
 Land area is 345 m2
 And each floor have staircase and lobby area
 Ground floor to 1st floor height is 4m.
 Other floor to floor height is 3m

The building compressed with:

 Shops with store

 Master bedroom

 Bedroom

 Kitchen

 Dinning

 Living

 Bathroom

 Water Tank

 Balcony

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2. Design Narrative or Commentary

2.1 Site Analysis

2.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology

The proposed project is located at the entry point to Wellawatta by the side of the Galle
main road. The area consists of many residential apartments. The land is close to St.
Peter’s College.

Proposed
site

Proposed
Land

Figure 1: Location of proposal site

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2.1.2 Most significant Engineering Geological Condition

Using these profiles the most significant geotechnical conditions have been
identified as:

In general, the near surface profile is 0.60m thick filling of pale reddish brown lateritic
clay followed by loose to medium dense yellowish brown fine sand with trace of clay
down to about 2.50m depth.

The above profile is followed by medium dense very dense series of fine & fine to
medium sand profiles down to 10,00m depth followed by medium dense to very dense
clayey sand down to 15.00m depth.

The profile below 15.00m is around 0.30m thick decomposed organic matter followed
by very stiff sandy clay down to 17.00m depth and followed by very dense clayey sand
profiles of completely weathered rock down to the bedrock level at 24.50m depth

2.1.3 Field Investigation

General
This investigation was carried out as per the following standards / codes:

 BS 5930: 1981, Code of practice for Site Investigations.

 BS 1377:1975, Method of test for soils for Civil Engineering purposes
 Guide lines for site investigation for foundations building works

The Major objectives of this investigation were as follows:

(a) Understand the sub – surface conditions at locations of proposed buildings
structures.
(b) Assess potential geotechnical problems.
(c) Evaluate the results and make recommendations for foundation systems.
(d) Make recommendations for design and construction of the foundations.

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Method of execution and extent of work carried out

The field exploration was carried out using the borehole in which position were selected
based on proposed layout plan. The bore holes were advanced using overburden cutting
tools and adopting the wash boring method to remove the cuttings from the bottom of
the borehole. The Depths of drilling are indicated in table.

Sectional profile of the subsurface conditions is shown below. The details of layering
are given in Table 2.0 below.

Table 1: Details of subsurface layering

Depth (m) Soil Description Average

SPT 'N'
0.00 - 0.70 Lateritic clay (fill) 5
0.70 - 2.50 Fine sand with trace of clay 4 - 12
2.50- 7.30 Fine & fine to medium sand 18 - 31
7.30 -10.00 Fine sand with trace of clay 142 - >50
10.0 - 12.80 Clayey sand 19 - >50
12.8 - 14.50 Medium to coarse sand >50
14.5 - 15.1 Clayey sand 21
15.1-15.40 Decomposed organic matter 25

15.4 - 17.0 Sandy clay 25

17.0 - 24.5 Clayey sand with mica, CWR >50
>24.50 Bedrock level

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Table 2: Details of subsurface layering

Layer description Average Shear strength Ultimate Elastic

SPT parameters bearing Modulus
capacity E (kN/m2 )
(kN/m2)
Loose sand 4 c' = 0 kPa, 100 5000
F' = 24
Medium dense 12-23 c' = 0 kPa, 250 18000
sand F' = 30
Very dense sand > 50 C' = 0 kPa, 2000 25000
F' = 43
Residual soils 20 c' = 8 kPa, 420 15000
F ' = 29
Completely > 50 c'= 10 kPa, 1500 25000
weathered rock F' = 38

From the chart the obtained results were

 Bearing Capacity of soil – 150 Kpa.
 Water table is in depth of 4.6m below and it will not effect this design and
project.

 the overburden to a depth of around 1.5m consists of 'lateritic fill' underlain by

'loose sand'

 The 'loose sand' deposits are underlain by successive deposits of 'medium dense
sand' and 'very dense sand' up to a depth of about 14.5m.

 a medium strength residual formation' is found below 13.5m depth.

3. Client Requirements
The Clint of the project is D.Ramanayakka.

Their requirements are as follows.

 Design and construction of three stories shop with residential building

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 There should be store with shops necessary facilities in ground floor.

 There should be two housing units per floor in upper floor.

 House units should be Three bed room, one common bathroom, one attach
bathroom, kitchen, dining, living and balcony.

 House units should be big living area.

 There should be common stair case between the house units.

 There should be water tank in the upper floor in the terrace floor.

 Good lighting and ventilation

 Special security requirements.

Common Requirements

 Good lighting and ventilation (Natural and artificial )

 Special security requirements.

 Need to finish interior well spacious ideal designing

 Beam and Columns projections should be minimized.

3.1. Budget and Time Requirements

Mr. D.Ramanayakka has allocated 60 million rupees on this project.

If there any variation, have to get approval from client in advance.

As with the difficulties of the current residences, the client wants to handover the
building by August 2018.

Parallel work have to adapt in order to finish the work within one year.

In order to finish the structural work as soon as possible, different form work will be
used.

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There were three proposed concept design,

1. Two storey building with Ground floor shop and first floor house
2. Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house building with
the roof slab
3. Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house building with truss
roof

Advantages and disadvantages of each alternative apart from financial point of view
Alternative 1 - Two storey building with Ground floor shop and first floor house
Table 3: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-1

Advantages Disadvantages
As it is a two storied building the Large amount of area need to fulfill the
construction time will be shorter. client requirement required

As it has a pad footing the construction time As adjacent buildings are also two story
for the pad footing compared to the other height there can be ventilation problems
types of foundations will be shorter. as there are difficulty for air to sneak in.

Alternative 2 - Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house
building with the roof slab
Table 4: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-2

Advantages Disadvantages
Cost very less than roof truss Comparatively less ventilation than other
options.
Easy to construction Load higher than others
Less time taken to complete
No need to consider threat from
corrosion
High life time

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Alternative 3 - Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house
building with the truss roof
Table 5: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-3

Advantages Disadvantages
Less weight slab roof Difficult to construction
Less time taken to complete construction time will be higher
need to consider threat from
corrosion
Not available much skill workers to
do the truss work

Table 6: Rating for each alternative based on several criteria

Criteria Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3

Cost ★★★★☆ ★★★☆☆ ★★☆☆☆

Duration for build ★★★★☆ ★★★☆☆ ★★☆☆☆

Number of house units ★★☆☆☆ ★★★★★ ★★★★★

Maintenance ★★★★★ ★★★★☆ ★★★☆☆

Durability ★★★★☆ ★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆

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4. The Technology Chosen and the Site Processes

4.1 Feasibility Study

4.1.1 Environment Feasibility

Positive impacts
Soil erosion is reduced due to well-structured drainage system used in this project. The
development of the natural environment (gardening and planting of trees) would create
new habitats and food for living species. Mango butter or fruit trees will be set around
the hotel's surrounding floor and to grow the grass surrounding the area. The treated
water from the purification plant was planned for gardening.

Negative impacts
 The natural water paths may be polluted.
 Noise, dust and construction activities may affect the wild life and their habitats.
 The drainage paths may be disturbed.
 The vegetation cover will be removed for constructions and that would cause erosion.
 Removing / destroy of long life trees will disturb the biophysics and hydrosphere.

4.1.2 Social Feasibility

4.1.3 Positive impacts

 Attitude on cultural value will be enhanced.

 The people will be benefitted by the contribution in the construction.
 Local industries like brick manufacturing and hand craft will be encouraged due to
demand.
 Local community will get direct and indirect job opportunities.
 Life style of people will be updated.

Negative impact

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 The presence of a different cultural system can create some change in the regular
lifestyle of the villagers.

 The technology development can cause problems when adapting to it.

4.2 Nature of the construction

Number of Upper floors
The number of floors will be determined by the total area required to accommodate the
maximum number of rooms, required area for sopping and the other support and service
areas desired and the maximum allowable floors without exceeding the maximum
permissible building area. Therefore an acceptable balance needs to be struck between
these competing requirements in arriving at the best formula for the number of floors
and area per floor. As per the requirement from client 4 numbers of house and two
shops were planned according to area requirement with cost effective method. Clint was
restricted it is not possible to extend the building horizontally. There for it was planned
to build 3 storied building with 4 nos of houses and 2 numbers of shops. Architectural
view of the building facing to the Sinsaba road side. It was planned to have fruit trees
and cabanas under trees with grass in front of the building.

Car Parks
Building regulations and Industry standards require minimum numbers of vehicular
parking spaces that need to be provided based on shops, house and other guest facilities
available in the premises. Car park was planned to provide 10 Numbers vehicles
including service.

Circulation and movement of persons vertically and horizontally

Circulation for persons and equipment between the various spaces is just as important as
the spaces themselves and there are minimum requirements for these. In this project it
was provided on the basis of:

 Comfortable and unimpeded movement of persons and equipment between and

in and-out of spaces.
 Rapid egress from spaces and building at times of emergency.
 Convenient and efficient servicing of the spaces.

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 Special conditions exist for fire isolated spaces which have to be strictly adhered
to.
 Lighting and ventilation (Natural & Artificial).
 Structure and Façade.
 Car Parking.
 Site vehicular access and access to parking.

 Special security requirements.

Lighting and Ventilation (Natural & Artificial)

Building regulations and codes of practice impose strict conditions for the lighting and
ventilation of habitable spaces (houses, shops, lobbies, etc.,) support spaces ( Corridors,
Passages, store rooms, toilets, car parks etc.) and service areas (Equipment rooms,
pantries etc.) which need to be adhered to. All areas throughout the building have been
provided with energy efficient and durable lighting systems in conformity with the
standards. The windows were planned to have South & North direction to avoid direct
sunlight and long life trees were allowed to give shelter to the building.

5. The Engineering Principles Involved and the Design Protocols

5.1 Design Concept

The structural design of this project cater for the needs of the multi tenanted building
needs such as flexibility in interior planning of spaces to cater to a variety of uses. All
designs are strictly conform to the standards specified.

5.2 Soil Investigation

The soil investigation report is containing borehole details (soil profile), depth of water
table and bed rock, type of foundation and bearing capacity. As per the soil
investigation report it was planned to apply footing foundation for this project which is
cost effective.

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5.3 Structure of the Building

The structural analysis and design of the structural elements are Slab , Column and
footing were done with the aid of latest versions of computer packages such as ISSD
and any other suitable relevant packages. The structure was analysed considering
different loading cases and combinations with relevant factors of safety as per Euro
code.

5.4 Design Codes, Manuals and Loadings

The building structure was designed in accordance with the requirements of the
following Euro code and IStructE Manuals.

Imposed loads
Table 7: Imposed Load

Location Occupancy Minimum UDL

classification (KN/m2 )
Floor areas Living and Rooms 3.0
Toilets 2.0
Lobby area Loby 3.0
Staircase 3.0

EURO CODES
EN 1990 – ECO – Basic of structural design
EN 1991 – EC1 – Action on structures
EN 1992 – EC2 – Design of concrete structure
EN 1994 – EC4 – Design of composite steel and concrete structure
EN 1996- EC6 – Design of masonry structure

Load Combinations
Dead loads and impose loads were combined with factors of safety in accordance with
the stipulations in EC 2. In the analysis of the structure, whichever combination that

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produces the most unfavourable effect in the building, foundation or any structural
member (centre core, columns, beams, slabs etc…) was adopted in the structural design
The structural elements of the building are to be designed using the following design
load values.

Load combinations
Load combination for ultimate limit state is 1.35gk + 1.5qk
Load combination for serviceability limit state is 1.0gk + 1.0qk
.
Durability
Structural elements of the building were selected to build with design durability, which
complies with the requirements of Euro code standard and relevant specifications.
Minimum cover to reinforcements was as per EC2 to suit the environment and fire
resistant.

Fire Resistance
The design of structural elements was based on fire resistance levels to satisfy EC2 and
regulations.

5.1 Testing of Materials

Concrete
Test cubs was cast as per from each pour of concrete and tested for 7 day and 28 day
strengths to make sure concrete cast is of correct grades.

Reinforcement
Random samples of each diameter of reinforcement were tested from consignments of
different suppliers to verify the properties and strength are in accordance with the
relevant EC.

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5.2 General Requirements

Site Requirements
Refer to the Welawatta Development Planning and Building Regulations, for the
Colombo and the UDA planning and Building Regulations 2008-2020 for Greater
Colombo Area, covering:

Plot or floor area ratio

The buildable area was based on the floor area ratio and the maximum buildable area
was obtained taking cognizance of those areas that the counted for buildable area.

Maximum permissible height of building

It was decided to have height of the building was 40m approx. it was based on plot size,
street frontage and street width in a particular zone.

Orientation
Orientation of building was planned to build with energy efficient. The building was
planned to face natural ventilation and prevent from direct sunlight. The build is decided
to build upper area of the land to make drainage and rain water disposals easily.

5.3 Structural Requirements

Stability & Bearing Capacity of Soil
Soil investigation was done and according to geo -technical report bearing capacity is
150KN/m2.

Water Table
The depth of the water table is 4.6m below from the existing level hence there no effect
of water table to consider the possibility in the building. .

Foundation type
According to soil investigation pad footing was decided. Which is suitable to this
project with cost effective.

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Structural System
The most appropriate structural system, was used in -situ concrete frame, which is ease
& convenience of building and economics.

6. An Appraisal of the Sustainability

Sustainability methods were used in construction. Considering of future generations to

meet their needs.

6.1 Sustainable constructions

In this project, lead following brief for sustainability,

 Sustainable site – Use natural compost system for gardening

 Water efficiency - Rain water harvesting system.
 Energy and atmosphere - Solar panels were proposed for outdoor lighting ,
Solar panel
 Hot water system for bathing and washing purpose
 Indoor environment quality - wind path was selected to face the building to
have natural

6.1.1 Sustainable site

 Pollution prevention
 Water sprinkling on access paths of the site
 Washing pits at site entrance to keep site clean and to avoid water wastage.
 Site selection
 Located on elevated ground
 Alternative transport access - During constriction it is important to have
alternative transport access to move materials. There are 2 alternative transport
accesses available to this site there for during public functions or traffic blocks it
is easy to use other alternative ways.

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 Public transport access – As the building is situated from walking distance of

public access areas it is possible to use public transport for frequent access
 Bicycle storage and changing facilities & Low emitting and fuel efficient vehicles
 Near the entrance to car park - 3m2 area is allocated for car park area which is 40
yards from main entrance. The residential management was planned to provide
the badminton court at behind the building. For other travel purposes it was
proposed to use high efficient vehicles with low emission.
 Storm water design
 Pervious cement stabilized earth paved roads
 Rain water harvesting system – Rain water harvesting system was proposed to
use for toilet flushing water. Because as per data of water usage in hotel industry
water closets are consuming 30% water of whole consumption. There for rain
water harvesting system is using for flushing.
 To reduce heat island effect
 Tree shade at west and east area.
 Creepers to create microclimate at East
 High albedo painting material was used for rain water accumulation
 Light pollution reduction
 Low angle spotlights at walkways

 Occupancy censored lights for occasionally used interior spaces and for gardens
at night

 Solar power lights were used to light street and outer area.

6.1.2 Water efficiency

Water efficient landscaping

 Native or adapted plants are chosen including hard wood trees for shade
 Stored rain water is efficiently sprinkled on the turf areas in dry period
 Innovative wastewater technologies
 Rainwater reuse of flushing cold water for urinals and water closets Water use
reduction (20%)

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 Maintaining high level of accuracy in the plumbing system tests

Energy and atmosphere

 CFC free refrigeration in HVAC&R
 On site renewable energy Solar power to cater the electricity demand for
staircase lighting and hot water purpose
 LED lamp lighting

6.1.3 Materials and resources

Waste collection
 Plastic, glass & organic waste bins with its colour code

Construction waste
 Concrete debris used as backfill and sub base of paved roads in the landscape
 Broken CSE blocks used for undulations in the landscape

Regional materials
 CSEB blocks manufactured with local soil, Sand and cement used for interior
walls reducing materials for plaster

Rapidly renewable materials

 Bamboo for window blinds
 Durra board for ground floor partitioning
 Wooden flooring in banquet hall

Indoor environment quality

 Doors of the rooms leading to common passages are weather stripped
 During construction
 Sealing the ducts and equipment from dust
 Activities which generate dust or fume are conducted in evenings

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Low emitting materials

 Use of paints, sealants and adhesives with clearly stated VOC(volatile organic
compounds) levels in construction documents

Thermal comfort

 View towards the stream intake cool air from the Eastern end
 The creepers at West end perimeter minimize heat absorption into the open space
 Thermally insulated concrete roof slab

Daylight and views

 Controlled daylight due to orientation and narrow footprint
 Vision glazing with exterior shadings at windows
 Light colour paints for interior walls and ceilings in covered spaces

7. Health and Safety

Early decisions in the design process have a fundamental impact on health and Safety of
people who come into contact with the design of the life cycle of the structure. And
If the choices made were wrong, reworking is necessary to unravel the earliest
decisions.

Health and safety should be addressed as soon as possible in a project to have the
greatest impact on safety. The following figure indicates that the greatest ability to
influence the safety of a project occurs in the start-up stages of a project and the
improvements to safety continue until the startup process followed by use and
maintenance.

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Figure 2: Ability to influence safety on a project

7.1 Risk assessment

There are three stages in the design process
 Concept design — includes feasibility studies
 Functional design- included preliminary design
 Detailed design- includes the total documentation to begin construction.

Risk assessment should be done at each stage of design process to eliminate possible
risks

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7.2 Design development based on risk assessment

After the risk assessment the risks with highest occurrences are mainly focused in
design process.

7.2.1 Safe design consideration at concept design stage

Finding health and safety risks are affect the feasibility of the project.

 Site geology:-Ground improvement is done before laying the foundations to

avoid settlement and damages in the building.
 Contaminated soil:-Soil is tested for contamination.
 Zoning: - areas subjected to higher risks are protected while designing.

7.2.2 Safe design consideration at functional design stage

Identification of reasonably foreseeable safety risks with design project related to

construction.

Positioning of air conditioners for maintenance

Regular maintenance access is required for air conditioning systems and split systems.
In most buildings, air conditioning systems are mounted on the roofs or top story walls.
This can lead to trips and risks for maintenance workers.
In this particular project, the air conditioning is ideally placed at an acceptable height to
reduce the risk of falls.

Access for lighting maintenance

Lighting maintenance involves working on height and difficulty in access. Therefore,
high risk maintenance can be done.
In this specific project it is specified to install lighting systems on slides.
Forward-only vehicle movement

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Return of vehicles from the site to the roads can be dangerous to pedestrians. In this
specific project, a system of forward movements is taken into account for vehicles in the
design phase.
The roles are specified that are opened when vehicles usually leave the site. So when the
vehicles are reversed to the road, the rods act as an indicator to inform people that the
truck is about to leave. Warning light is specified to link to the ports where the
information can be effectively passed on to people.

Alternatives
Duplicates are specified for a secure follow-up of the work in case of failure.

Safe access
Permanent roof access is provided via stairs to prevent high-risk operation. And the
stairs are not designed too steeply, which can cause safety problems.

Ergonomic principle considerations

Construction activities are designed to take place in safe places and not in restricted
areas.
Construction activities that require repetitive or prolonged motion are eliminated in the
design.

7.2.3 Safe design consideration at detailed design stage

It is the process of concentrating on the ability to change the design to eliminate the
problems that endanger the ongoing safety of the people in terms of construction,
maintenance, use or demolition
 Temporary obstacles are replaced by an integrated rail system along the edges.
 Access to the building is allowed

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8. Hazards That Would Occur and Control Measures Are Described In

the Table Below.
Table 8: Hazards and Control Maesues

Hazards Description of hazards Control measures

Electrical Damaged electrical wires can cause Electrical equipment should only
shocks electrical shock to workers who steps be handled by qualified and
on it with barefoot and poorly competent tradesperson. Use
maintained power tools can cause mats, gloves,
electrocution to the Operators. Shields and flame resistant
Electric shocks can lead to heart clothing at construction.
fibrillation or cardiac arrest, electric
burns and muscle spasms.
Falling Objects such as tools can fall from Using of appropriate barriers,
objects height on to the workers, which can hoardings and restraint systems
from above cause severe injury or even death. by those working above and
adequate personal protective
equipment such as hard hats by
those working below.
Exposure Higher noise levels can affect the Whenever possible engineering
to higher concentration and speech controls should be implemented
levels of communication of workers and to reduce the noise level at
noise increase the risk of accidents. source. If it is not possible to
Continuous exposure to higher noise reduce the noise to below the
levels can cause permanent hearing control limit, suitable hearing
damage protectors must be worn.
Exposure During the demolition of the building Recognized safe system of work
to radiation there are highest possibilities that must be observed, including, for
radioactive substance can be example, isolation, separation of
released. Exposure to these workers, installing warning
radioactive materials can increase the notices and signs (Trefoil sign),
risk of cancer and genetic diseases to intensive care and

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workers. decontamination.

Injuries Self-lifting of heavy things can cause Further assessments should be

due to back pain ,muscle pain and done by the responsible person
manual and mechanical aids or team
handling lifting can be used to reduce the
risk.
Exposure Exposure to hazardous chemicals can If skin contact with these
to affect the skin and can cause substances is unavoidable,
hazardous allergies and appropriate protective clothing
chemicals chemical burns. and gloves should be worn.
Washing of hands after work and
skin care are essential to prevent
dermatitis
Receiving Using hand tools without experience Prevented by making sure the
injuries and improper way can cause injuries worker has enough training to use
from hand to the worker. the tool and by making sure the
tools tool is maintained properly and is
in mint condition.
Inhalation Inhaling dust particles can cause suitable respiratory protective
of dust many respiratory problems. equipment should be provided and
worn by workers
Exposure The vibration from hand held power Where possible, low vibration
to high tools can cause a disease called tools should be used. They should
vibration carpal tunnel syndrome which affects also be properly maintained so
fingers and hands. Continuous that they are balanced and have no
exposure to vibration can damage loose parts. Wearing anti-
nerves permanently resulting in loss vibration gloves can also reduce
of sense of touch the harmful effect of vibration.

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Working Working under direct sunlight causes Heat stress can be reduced by
at high heat rashes, heat cramps, heat providing shelter, blowing fans,
temperatur exhaustion and even heat stroke. adequate cool drinks to replace
es the water lost as sweat and
sufficient rest breaks.
Trips and Trips and falls are caused by uneven Prevented by clearly labeling pits,
falls surfaces, obstacles, trailing cables, trenches, wet floors or any other
wet or slippery surfaces and changes surface that can cause workers to
in level slip or trip and putting up
perimeter fencing or taping
around them.
Collapse Due to improper designing false A competent engineer with
of form work and form work can collapse adequate training and experience
work and which can severe injury to the in designing false work and form
false work construction workers. work should be appointed.
Excavatio The soil in the walls of the excavated Parking of vehicles should not be
n collapse area can lose its shear strength and allowed near the excavated area
can fall on to the workers working in which can cause soil to collapse.
the excavated pit. Excavation can affect the
neighboring places, so proper
ground testing
should be done before the
excavation.
Hazards Description of hazards Control measures
Fire Fire accidents mostly occur during Possibility of a fire can be
the renovation and refurbishment of reduced by reducing the quantity
a building due to damaged electric of combustive materials used in
cables and lot of dry timbers present the construction site. And make
and also fire accidents can occur in sure that emergency exit routes
the construction stage where are kept unobstructed in case of
adhesives and insulating materials an emergency.

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are used which are highly flammable.

Moving The construction worker can be hit Prevented by wearing bright
vehicles by mobile plants and vehicles which clothing and safety west and keep
cause injury or even death. warning signs at the construction
area.

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9. Architectural Layout Plan of the Two Storied Building

Figure 3: Front Elevation

Figure 4: Typical house plan

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Figure 5: Shop Plan

Figure 6: Sectional view X-X

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10. Analysis and Design Calculations

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