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2. MA2111 MATHEMATICS – I 3 1 0 4
UNIT I MATRICES 12
Characteristic equation – Eigen values and eigen vectors of a real matrix –
Properties – Cayley-Hamilton theorem (excluding proof) – Orthogonal transformation
of a symmetric matrix to diagonal form – Quadratic form – Reduction of quadratic
form to canonical form by orthogonal transformation.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK:
REFERENCES:
6
Engineering Mathematics Material 2012
Unit – I (Matrices)
1 −1 1
2.
Show that the matrix 0 1 0 satisfies the characteristics equation and hence find
2 0 3
its inverse. (Jan 2011)(AUT)
1 3 7
3. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of A = 4 2 3 . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
1 2 1
−1 0 3
4.
Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A = 8 1 7 .
−3 0 8
(N/D 2010)
2 −1 2
−1
5. Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem, find A when A = −1 2 −1 . (M/J 2010)
1 −1 2
6. Use Cayley – Hamilton theorem to find the value of the matrix given by
2 1 1
A8 − 5 A7 + 7 A6 − 3 A5 + A4 − 5 A3 + 8 A2 − 2 A + I , if the matrix A = 0 1 0 .
1 1 2
(M/J 2009)
2 −1 1
−1
7. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find A for A = −1 2 −1 .
1 −1 2
(Jan 2010)
1 −2 3
8. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A = 2 4 −2 . (A/M 2011)
−1 1 2
2 0 −1
9. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 0 2 0 and hence find A−1 and
−1 0 2
4
A . (M/J 2012)
1 4
10. Find An using Cayley Hamilton theorem, taking A = 3
. Hence find A .
2 3
(Jan 2012)
1 −1 4
2.
Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix 3 2 −1 . (Jan 2011)(AUT)
2 1 −1
11 −4 −7
3. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 7 −2 −5 .
10 −4 −6
(N/D 2011)(AUT)
2 2 1
4. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 3 1 .
1 2 2
(M/J 2010),(N/D 2010),(Jan 2012)
− 2 2 −3
5. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for the matrix A = 2 1 −6 .
− 1 −2 0
(M/J 2009),(Jan 1010)
• Diagonalisation of a Matrix
1. The eigen vectors of a 3X3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen-values
2, 3, 6 are ( 1, 0, −1) , ( 1,1,1) and ( 1, 2, −1) respectively. Find the matrix A .
T T T
(A/M 2011)
5. Find a change of variables that reduces the quadratic form 3 x12 + 5 x22 + 3 x32 − 2 x1 x2
+2 x1 x3 − 2 x2 x3 to a sum of squares and express the quadratic form in terms of new
variables. (Jan 2011)(AUT)
7. Reduce the quadratic form x12 + 2 x22 + x32 − 2 x1 x2 + 2 x2 x3 to the Canonical form
through an orthogonal transformation and hence show that is positive semi definite.
Also given a non – zero set of values ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) which makes this quadratic form zero.
(M/J 2009)
• Sphere
1. Find the equation of the sphere passing through the points
( 0, 0, 0 ) , ( 0,1, −1) , ( −1, 2, 0 ) and ( 1, 2, 3 ) . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
6. Find the equation of the sphere having its centre on the plane 4 x − 5 y − z = 3 and
passing through the circle x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 3 y + 4 z + 8 = 0 ; x − 2 y + z = 8 .
(N/D 2010)
7. Find the equation of the sphere described on the line joining the points ( 2, −1, 4 ) and
( −2, 2, −2 ) as diameter. Find the area of the circle in which this sphere is cut by the
plane 2 x + y − z = 3 . (Jan 2009)
8. Find the equation of the sphere of radius 3 and whose centre lies on the
x −1 y −1 z
line = = at a distance 2 from ( 1,1, 0 ) . (A/M 2011)
1 2 2
9. Find the equations of the spheres which pass through the circle x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5 and
x + 2 y + 3 z = 3 and touch the plane 4 x + 3 y = 15 . (M/J 2009)
10. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 4 y = 0 , x + 2 y + 3 z = 0 and touch the plane 4 x + 3 y = 25 .
(Jan 2011)(AUT)
15. Find the centre, radius and area of the circle given by
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x − 2 y − 4 z − 19 = 0 , x + 2 y + 2 z + 7 = 0 . (Jan 2010),(M/J 2010)
• Cone
1. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis is the
x y z
line = = and which has semi vertical angle of 30°. (Jan 2009),(N/D 2010)
1 2 3
2. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated by revolving the line
x = 0, y − z = 0 about the axis x = 0, z = 2 . (M/J 2009)
3. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line which is
the intersection of the planes 2 y + 3 z = 6 and x = 0 revolves about the z − axis with
constant angle. (Jan 2011)(AUT),(M/J 2012)
4. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is ( 1, 2, 3 ) and whose guiding curve is the
5. Find the equation of the cone with vertex at ( 1,1,1) and passing through curve of
6. Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating the line 2 x + 3 y = 5, z = 0 about the
y – axis. (Jan 2010)
7. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point ( 1,1, 0 ) and whose base is the
8. Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating the line 2 x + 3 y = 6, z = 0 about the
y – axis. (Jan 2012)
• Cylinder
1. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line x = 2 y = − z and
radius 4. (Jan 2009)
2. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 3 and axis
x −1 y − 3 z − 5
= = . (Jan 2010),(M/J 2010),(A/M 2011),(M/J 2012)
2 2 −1
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
3. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is = = and
2 1 2
radius 2. (N/D 2010),(Jan 2012)
4. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 5 whose axis is the line
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= = . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
2 1 2
5. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder which passes through the circle
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, x − y + z = 3 . (Jan 2011)(AUT)
a a
2. Find the circle of curvature at , on x + y = a .
4 4
(M/J 2010),(N/D 2010),(A/M 2011), (N/D 2011)(AUT),(Jan 2012),(M/J 2012)
x
5. Find the radius of curvature at the point ( 0, c ) on the curve y = c cosh .
c
(M/J 2009)
3a 3a
6. Find the radius of curvature at the point , on the curve x 3 + y 3 = 3axy .
2 2
(N/D 2011)(AUT)
7. ( )
Find the radius of curvature at the point a cos 3 θ , a sin 3 θ on the curve
x 2/ 3 + y 2/ 3 = a 2/ 3 . (M/J 2009)
a3 − x3
8. Find the radius of curvature at ( a , 0 ) on y 2 = . (Jan 2010)
x
3a
9. Prove that the radius of curvature of the curve xy 2 = a 3 − x 3 at the point (a , 0) is .
2
(N/D 2010)
10. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x = a (θ + sin θ ) ,
2
2ρ
2/ 3 2
ax x y
12. If y = , prove that = + , where ρ is the radius of
a+ x a y x
curvature. (Jan 2012)
• Evolute
1. Show that the evolute of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is the curve 27ay 2 = 4( x − 2a )3 .
(Jan 2010),(M/J 2010)
x2 y2
3. Find the evolute of the hyperbola − =1. (N/D 2010),(N/D 2011)(AUT)
a 2 b2
• Envelope
1. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos α + y sin α = c sin α cos α ,
α being the parameter. (A/M 2011)
x y
2. Find the envelope of the straight line + = 1 , where a and b are parameters that
a b
are connected by the relation a + b = c . (Jan 2009),(M/J 2009)
x y
3. Find the envelope of + = 1 , where a and b are connected by the relation
a b
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , c being constant. (N/D 2010)
x y
4. Find the envelope of the straight line + = 1 where the parameters a and b are
a b
connected by the relation a n + b n = c n , c being a constant. (N/D 2011)(AUT)
x y
5. Find the envelope of + = 1 , where the parameters l and m are connected by the
l m
l m
relation + = 1 ( a and b are constants). (Jan 2012)
a b
x y
6. Find the envelope of the straight line + = 1 , where a and b are connected by the
a b
relation ab = c 2 , c is a constant. (Jan 2010),(M/J 2010)
x2 y2
7. Find the envelope of the system of ellipses 2 + 2 = 1 , where a and b are connected
a b
by the relation ab = 4 . (M/J 2012)
• Euler’s Theorem
1. If u = x y , show that uxxy = uxyx . (Jan 2009)
2. ( )
If u = log x 2 + y 2 + tan −1 ( y / x ) prove that uxx + u yy = 0 .
(Jan 2009),(N/D 2010)
x+ y ∂u ∂u − 1
3. If u = cos −1 , prove that x +y = cot u . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
x+ y ∂x ∂y 2
x+ y ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
− sin u cos 2u
4. If u = sin −1 , prove that x 2 + 2 xy + y = .
x+ y ∂x 2
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
4cos 3 u
(A/M 2011)
x2 + y2
−1 ∂u ∂u
5. If u = sin , prove that (1) x +y = tan u and (2)
x+ y ∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
x2 + 2 xy + y = tan 2 u . (Jan 2011)(AUT)
∂x 2
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
• Total derivatives
x y z ∂u ∂u ∂u
1. If u = f , , , prove that x +y +z = 0. (M/J 2009)
y z x ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x + y = r + r 2 ∂θ . (M/J 2010)
∂ ∂
du
5. If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and x = e 2 t , y = e 2 t cos 3t , z = e 2 t sin 3t , Find .
dt
(N/D 2011)(AUT)
• Taylor’s expansion
1. Find the Taylor series expansion of e x sin y at the point ( −1, π / 4 ) up to 3rd degree
terms. (Jan 2009),(M/J 2009)
π
2. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of e x cos y in the neighborhood of the point 1,
4
upto third degree terms. (N/D 2010)
3. Expand e x log(1 + y ) in power of x and y upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s
theorem. (N/D 2011)(AUT)
(N/D 2010)
4. Test for an extrema of the function f ( x , y ) = x + y − x − y − 1 .
4 4 2 2
(Jan 2011)(AUT)
5. Examine the function f ( x , y ) = x y 3 2
( 12 − x − y ) for extreme values. (M/J 2009)
• Jacobians
∂( x, y, z )
1. Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = r sin θ cos φ , y = r sin θ sin φ
∂ ( r ,θ , φ )
and z = r cos θ . (Jan 2009),(A/M 2011)
∂( x, y, z )
2. If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv , z = uvw prove that = u2v .
∂ ( u, v , w )
(Jan 2010),(Jan 2012)
x2 x3 x x
3. Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 if y1 = , y2 = 3 1 ,
x1 x2
x1 x2
y3 = . (N/D 2010)
x3
a a2 − y2
1 2− x
3. Change the order of integration ∫∫
0 x2
xy dxdy and hence evaluate.
a 2a − x
4. Change the order of integration in the interval ∫ ∫ 2
0 x /a
xy dydx and hence evaluate it.
(M/J 2010)
1 2− y
(N/D 2011)(AUT)
3 6/ x
a a+ a − y
2 2
(Jan 2011)(AUT)
b ( a2 − x2 )
a a
8. Change the order of integration in ∫ ∫
0 0
x 2 dydx and then evaluate it.
(Jan 2012)
∞∞
(
− x2 + y2 ) dxdy by converting to polar coordinates. Hence deduce the value
2. Evaluate ∫∫e
0 0
∞
∫e
− x2
of dx . (Jan 2010),(N/D 2010)
0
2 2 x − x2
x2 y2
4. By Transforming into polar coordinates, evaluate ∫ ∫ x 2 + y 2 dxdy over annular
region between the circles x 2 + y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 4 . (M/J 2010)
a a2 − x2
dxdy
5. Transform the double integral ∫ ∫
0 a2 − x2 − y2
into polar co-ordinates and then
ax − x 2
∫ ∫
0 0
x 2 + y 2 dydx . (Jan 2012)
2. Find, by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay .
(Jan 2010),(A/M 2011)
3. Find, by double integration, the area between the two parabolas 3 y 2 = 25 x and
5 x2 = 9 y . (M/J 2012)
(N/D 2011)(AUT)
5. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ( x − y ) dxdy over the region between the line y = x and the
parabola y = x 2 . (Jan 2011)(AUT)
6. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 and the straight line
2x + 3 y = 6 . (Jan 2012)
7. Find the area inside the circle r = a sin θ but lying outside the cardioids
r = a ( 1 − cos θ ) . (Jan 2009)
( 0, 0 ) to ( a , 2a ) . (M/J 2009)
• Triple integral
a b c
1. Evaluate
∫ ∫ ∫(x + y 2 + z 2 ) dxdydz . (Jan 2009)
2
0 0 0
log 2 x x + y
2. Evaluate ∫∫∫
0 0 0
e x + y + z dxdydz . (M/J 2009)
a a2 − x2 a2 − x2 − y2
1
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0 a − x − y2 − z2
2 2
dzdydx . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
dxdydz
4. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
∫0 1 − x2 − y2 − z2
. (Jan 2012)
x2 y2 z2
6. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1. (Jan 2010),(A/M 2011)
a 2 b2 c 2
x y z
7. Find the volume of the tetrahedran bounded by the plane + + = 1 and the
a b c
coordinate plane x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 . (M/J 2010)
∫∫∫ x
2
8. Evaluate yz dxdydz taken over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes
x y z
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and + + = 1. (Jan 2011)(AUT)
a b c
1
9. Change to spherical polar co – ordinates and hence evaluate ∫∫∫ x
V
2
+ y2 + z2
dxdydz ,
10. Find the value of ∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dxdydz through the positive spherical octant for which
x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ a2 . (M/J 2010)
dzdydx
11. Evaluate ∫∫∫ ( x + y + z + 1) 3
where V is the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0,
z = 0, x + y + z = 1 . (N/D 2011)(AUT)
Unit – I (Matrices)
1. The Characteristic equation of matrix A is
a) 2 S1 S 2 0 if A is 2 X 2 matrix
b) 3 S1 2 S 2 S 3 0 if A is 3 X 3 matrix
1 1
coeff ( x 12 ) coeff ( x1 x2 ) coeff ( x1 x3 )
2 2
1 1
5. Matrix of Q.F coeff ( x2 x1 ) coeff ( x 22 ) coeff ( x2 x3 )
2 2
1 1
coeff ( x3 x1 ) coeff ( x3 x2 ) coeff ( x 32 )
2 2
6. Index = p = Number of positive eigen values
Rank = r = Number of non-zero rows
Signature = s = 2p-r
7. Diagonalisation of a matrix by orthogonal transformation (or) orthogonal
reduction:
Working Rules:
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
Step:4 Form a normalized model matrix N, such that the eigen vectors are orthogonal.
Step:5 Find NT .
Step:6 Calculate D=N T AN .
Note:
We can apply orthogonal transformation for symmetric matrix only.
If any two eigen values are equal then we must use a, b, c method for third eigen vector.
y2
3. Radius of curvature if y1 ,
1 x12 2
, where x1
dx
x2 dy
f
3
2
f 2 2
x y
4. Radius of curvature in implicit form
f xx f 2 f xy f x f y f yy f y2
2
y
xy xy
6. Centre of curvature is x, y .
7. Circle of curvature is x x y y 2 .
2 2
where x x
y1 1 y12 , y y
1 y 2
1
y2 y2
8. Evolute: The locus of centre of curvature of the given curve is called evolute of
the curve. x x
y1 1 y12 , y y
1 y 2
1
y2 y2
B 2 4 AC 0 .
10. Evolute as the envelope of normals.
Equations Normal equations
y 2 4ax y xt at 3 2at
x 2 4ay x yt at 3 2at
x2 y2 ax by
1 a 2 b2
a 2 b2 cos sin
x2 y2 ax by
1 a 2 b2
a 2 b2 sec tan
2 2 2 x cos y sin a cos 2
x3 y3 a3
xy c 2 c
y xt 2 ct 3
t
f f
(i) x y nf (first order)
x y
2 f 2 f 2 f
2
(ii) x 2 2 xy y n n 1 f (second order)
x 2 x y y 2
du u dx u dy u dz
2. If u f ( x, y, z ) , x g1 ( t ), y g2 ( t ), z g3 (t ) then
dt x dt y dt z dt
3. If u f ( x , y ), x g1 ( r , ), y g2 ( r , ) then
u u x u y u u x u y
(i) (ii)
r x r y r x y
then find the value of x,y,z. Next we can discuss about the Max. and Min.
6. Jacobian:
u u
u, v ( u, v ) x y
Jacobian of two dimensions: J
x , y ( x , y ) v v
x y
( u, v )
7. The functions u and v are called functionally dependent if 0.
( x, y)
( u, v ) ( x , y )
8. 1
( x , y ) ( u, v )
9. Taylor’s Expansion:
f ( x , y ) f (a , b)
1
1!
hf x (a , b) kf y (a , b)
1 2
2!
h f xx (a , b) 2hkf xy (a , b) k 2 f yy (a , b )
1 3
3!
h f xxx (a , b) 3h2 kf xxy (a , b) 3hk 2 f xyy (a , b) k 3 f yyy (a , b) ...
where h x a and k y b
b x
1. f ( x , y )dxdy x : a to b and y : o to x (Here the first integral is w.r.t. y)
a 0
b y
2. f ( x , y )dxdy x : 0 to y and y : a to b (Here the first integral is w.r.t. x)
a 0
x r cos
To change the polar coordinate y r sin
dxdy rdrd
4. Volume dxdydz (or) dzdydx
V V
GENERAL:
dx x dx
1. sin1 (or) sin 1 x
a x2
a
2
1 x 2
2. a x
dx
2 2
log x a 2 x 2 (or)
dx
1 x 2
log x 1 x 2
Prepared by Mr.C.Ganesan, M.Sc.,M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168971) Page 6
Engineering Mathematics Material 2012
dx 1 x dx
3. a tan 1 (or) 1 x tan 1 x
2
x 2
a a
2
x 2 a2 x
4. a 2 x 2 dx
2
a x 2 sin 1
2 a
/2 /2
n1 n 3 2
5.
0
sinn x dx cos n x dx
0
.
n n2 3
... .1 if n is odd and n 3
/2 /2
n1 n 3 1
sin x dx cosn x dx
n
6. . ... . if n is even
0 0
n n2 2 2
Unit – I (Matrices)
1 0 0
1. Given : A 2 3 0 . Find the eigen values of A2 .
1 4 2
1 1 3
2. If 3 and 6 are two eigen values of A 1 5 1 , write down all the eigen values
3 1 1
of A1 .
0 5 1
3. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A 5 1 6 .
1 6 2
6 2 2
4. The product of two eigenvalues of the matrix A 2 3 1 is 16. Find the third
2 1 3
eigenvalue of A .
5. For a given matrix A of order 3, A 32 and two of its eigen values are 8 and 2.
cos sin 0
6. Check whether the matrix B is orthogonal? Justify. B sin cos 0.
0 1
0
1 0
7. Can A be diagonalized? Why?
0 1
8. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 X 3 matrix A are equal, Find the value
of A .
10. If 1 and 2 are the eienvalues of a 2 X 2 matrix A, what are the eigenvalues of A2 and A-1?
12. Find the nature of the Quadratic Form x12 2 x22 x32 2 x1 x2 2 x2 x3 .
x 2 y 3 z 4
2 2 2
14 .
5. Find the equation of the sphere having the points 2, 3,4 and 1,5,7 as the ends
of a diameter.
7. Find the centre and radius of the sphere 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 6 x 6 y 8z 9 0 .
8. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis is the
x y z
line having semi vertical angel of 45°.
1 2 3
9. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is
x2 y2 z2
1, x y z 1 .
4 9 1
10. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the origin, axis is the y –
axis, and semi – vertical angle is 30⁰.
11. Write down the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin, semi
vertical angel is and axis is along z-axis.
x
1. For the catenary y c cosh , find the curvature.
c
2. Find the radius of curvature for y e x at the point where it cuts the y – axis.
5. Write down the formula for Radius of curvature in terms of Parametric Coordinates
System.
a
7. Find the envelope of family of straight lines y mx , m being the parameter.
m
1
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y mx , where m is a parameter.
m
10. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos y sin where is the
parameter.
11. Find the envelope of the family of circles x y 2 r 2 , being the parameter.
2
du
2. Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of given u y 2 4ax ;
dt
x at 2 , y 2at .
du
3. If u x 3 y 2 x 2 y 3 where x at 2 and y 2at then find ?
dt
du
4. Find if u sin( x / y ) , where x e t , y t 2 .
dt
y2 x2 y2 ( u, v )
5. If u ,v , find .
2x 2x ( x, y)
( u, v )
7. If u 2 xy , v x 2 y 2 , x r cos , y r sin then compute ?
( r , )
( x, y)
9. If x r cos , y r sin find .
( r , )
2u 2u
10. If u x y , show that .
x y yx
1 y
11. Given u( x , y ) x tan , find the value of x2uxx 2 xyuxy y2uyy .
2
x
x y z u u u
12. If u , find x y z .
y z x x y z
1. Write down the double integral, to find the area between the circles r 2sin and
r 4sin
sin
2. Evaluate
0 0
r drd .
1 x
3. Evaluate xy x y dxdy .
0 x
1 x2
x y 2 dydx .
2
4. Evaluate
0 0
a b
5. Evaluate ( x y) dxdy .
0 0
1 2 x
1 x
9. Change the order of integration for the double integral f ( x, y ) dxdy .
0 0
a a
10. Change the order of integration in f ( x, y) dydx .
0 x
1 1
12. Express f ( x, y ) dxdy in polar co-ordinates.
0 0
1 y x y
13. Evaluate
0 0 0
dxdydz .
Unit – I (Matrices)
• Cayley – Hamilton Theorem
2 −1 2
1) Verify that the matrix A = −1 2 −1 satisfies its characteristic equation and
1 −1 2
4
hence find A .
2) Verify Cayley – Hamilton theorem and find the inverse of the matrix
1 −1 1
A = 0 1 0 .
2 0 3
2 −1 1
4
3) Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem, find A of the matrix 0 1 2 .
1 0 1
1 2 −1
4) If A = 3
find A and A using Cayley – Hamilton theorem.
3 4
1 4
5) Find An using Cayley Hamilton theorem, taking A = 3
. Hence find A .
2 3
6) Use Cayley – Hamilton theorem to find the value of A8 − 5 A7 + 7 A6 − 3 A5
2 1 1 8 5 5
+ A − 5 A + 8 A − 2 A + I where A = 0 1 0 .
4 3 2
Ans.: 0 3 0
1 1 2 5 5 8
• Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a given matrix
2 2 1
1) Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 1 3 1 .
1 2 2
2 1 1
2) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A = 1 2 1 .
0 0 1
− 2 2 −3
3) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A = 2 1 −6 .
− 1 −2 0
1 −1 4
4) Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix 3 2 −1 .
2 1 −1
11 − 4 −7
5) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 7 − 2 −5 .
10 −4 −6
• Diagonalisation of a Matrix
2 −1 1
1) Diagonalise the matrix −1 2 −1 by orthogonal transformation.
1 −1 2
4 0 0
Ans.: 0 1 0
0 0 1
8 −6 2
2) Diagonalise the matrix A = −6 7 −4 by orthogonal transformation.
2 −4 3
0 0 0
Ans.: 0 3 0
0 0 15
• Quadratic form to Canonical form
1) Reduce the quadratic form 6 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 z 2 − 4 xy − 2 yz + 4 xz to canonical form
by orthogonal reduction.
2) Reduce the quadratic form x12 + 2 x22 + x32 − 2 x1 x2 + 2 x2 x3 to the canonical form
through an orthogonal transformation. Also find the rank, index, signature and
nature of the quadratic form.
3) Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx into canonical form by means of
orthogonal transformation. Find its nature.
3 −1 1
matrix A . Ans.: −1 5 −1
1 −1 3
11) Find the equations of the two tangent planes to the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x + 2 y − 6 z − 11 = 0 which are parallel to the coordinate plane
x = 0.
• Cone
1) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is ( 3,1, 2 ) and base curve
2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 1, z = 1 .
2) Find the equation of the cone with vertex at ( 1, 2, 3 ) and the guiding curve is the
circle x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, x + y + z = 1 .
3) Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the origin, whose axis is
x y z
the line = = and which has semi vertical angle of 30°.
1 2 3
4) Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is ( 3, 2,1) , semi – vertical
x − 3 y − 2 z −1
angle 30° and the axis the line = = .
4 1 3
Ans.: 7 x 2 + 37 y 2 + 21z 2 − 16 xy − 12 yz − 48 zx + 38 x − 88 y + 126 z − 32 = 0
5) Find the semi vertical angle and the equation of the right circular cone having its
vertex at the origin and passing through the circle y 2 + z 2 = 25, x = 4 .
Ans.: 25 x 2 − 16 y 2 − 16 z 2 = 0
6) Find the equation of the right circular cone generated by the straight lines drawn
from the origin to cut the circle through the three points ( 1, 2, 2 ) , ( 2,1, −2 ) and
( 2, −2,1) . Ans.: 8 x 2 − 4 y 2 − 4 z 2 + 5 xy + yz + 5 zx = 0
• Cylinder
1) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2 and having as axis of the
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
line = = .
2 1 2
Ans.: 5 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 5 z 2 − 4 xy − 4 yz − 8 zx + 22 x − 16 y − 14 z − 10 = 0
x − 2 y −1 z −0
2) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is = =
2 1 3
and which passes through the point ( 0, 0, 3 ) .
Ans.: 10 x 2 + 13 y 2 + 5 z 2 − 4 xy − 6 yz − 12 zx − 36 x − 18 y + 30 z − 135 = 0
3) Find the right circular cylinder which has the circle
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 4 y − 4 z − 1 = 0 , 2 x − y − 2 z + 13 = 0 as the guiding curve.
Ans.: 5 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 5 z 2 + 4 xy − 4 yz + 8 zx − 34 x − 28 y − 20 z + 56 = 0
x 3 + y 3 = 3axy .
a3 − x3
3) Find the radius of curvature of the curve y =
2
at ( a ,0) .
x
4) Find the radius of curvature at the origin for the curve x3 + y3 + 2x2 − 4 y + 3x = 0 .
ax
5) For the curve y = if ρ is the radius of curvature any point ( x , y ) , show
a+ x
2
2ρ
2/ 3 2
y x
that = +
a x y
y = a (1 − cosθ ) is 4a cos
θ.
2
8) Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = a(cos t + t sin t ) ,
curve y = c logsec x .
c
13) Find the radius of curvature of the curve y = c cosh x at the point (0, c ) .
c
• Evolute
1) Find the equation of evolute of the parabola y 2 = 4ax .
x2 y2
3) Find the equation of the evolute of the ellipse + = 1.
a 2 b2
x2 y2
4) Find the equation of the evolute of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 .
a b
5) Show that the evolute of the cycloid x = a(θ − sinθ ) , y = a(1 − cosθ ) is
another cycloid.
6) Find the evolute of the curve x 2/ 3 + y 2/ 3 = a 2/ 3 .
t
8) Show that the evolute of the tractrix x = a cos t + log tan , y = a sin t is
2
x
the catenary y = a cosh .
a
• Envelope
parameter.
ax by
2) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines − = a 2 − b 2 , θ being
cos θ sin θ
the parameter.
x cos α y sin α
3) Find the envelope of + = 1 , where α is the parameter.
a b
x y
4) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + = 1 , where the
a b
parameters a and b are related by the equation a + b = c , c being a constant.
x y
5) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + = 1 , where the
a b
parameters a and b are related by the equation a + b = c , c being a
2 2 2
constant.
x y
6) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + = 1 , where the
a b
parameters a and b are related by the equation a + b = c , c being a
n n n
constant.
x y
7) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + = 1 , where ab = c 2 ,
a b
a , b are parameters.
x2 y2
8) Find the envelope of 2 + 2 = 1 , where a + b = c , a and b are the
a b
parameters and c is a constant.
x2 y2
9) Find the envelope of 2 + 2 = 1 , where a + b = c , a and b are the
2 2 2
a b
parameters and c is a constant.
x2 y2
10) Find the envelope of 2 + 2 = 1 , where a + b = c , a and b are the
n n n
a b
parameters and c is a constant.
x2 y2
11) Find the envelope of 2 + 2 = 1 , where ab = c , a and b are the parameters
2
a b
and c is a constant.
normals.
x2 y2
3) Find the evolute of the ellipse + = 1 as envelope of it’s normals.
a 2 b2
x2 y2
4) Find the evolute of the hyperbola − = 1 as envelope of it’s normals.
a 2 b2
5) Find the evolute of the curve xy = c as envelope of normals.
2
∂u ∂u
(1) x +y = tan u and
∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
(2) x 2 + 2 xy + y = tan 2 u
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
x+ y
4) If u = sin −1
x + y
, Prove that
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
− sin u cos 2u
x2 + 2 xy + y = .
∂x 2
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
4cos 3 u
• Total derivatives
( )
1) If u = log x 2 + y 2 + tan −1 ( y / x ) prove that uxx + u yy = 0 .
2) If z = f ( x , y ) where x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , Show
2
∂z ∂z ∂z 1 ∂z
2 2 2
that + = + 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂r r ∂θ
3) u is a function of x and y , x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ Show that
∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 1 ∂ 2 u
+ = + + .
∂x 2 ∂ y 2 ∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2
∂u ∂u ∂u
4) If u = f ( x − y , y − z , z − x ) , Show that + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
y− x z− x ∂u ∂u 2 ∂u
5) If u = , , Show that x 2 + y2 +z =0.
xy xz ∂x ∂y ∂z
6) If z be a function of u & v and u & v are other two variables x & y , such that
∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂ z ∂2z
( )
2
u = x + my , v = y − mx . Show that + = 2
+ m 2 + 2
.
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u ∂v
7) Given that the transformations u = e x cos y , v = e x sin y and that φ is the
function of u and v and also of x and y , Prove that
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ 2 ∂ φ ∂ 2φ
( ) ∂u 2 ∂v 2 .
2
+ = u 2
+ v +
∂x 2 ∂y 2
8) If z = f ( x , y ) , where x = u 2 − v 2 and y = 2uv . Prove that
∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂ z ∂2z
( ) ∂x 2 ∂y 2 .
2
+ = 4 u 2
+ v +
∂u 2 ∂v 2
• Taylor’s expansion
1) Expand by Taylor’s series the function f ( x , y ) = x 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 in powers
of ( x + 2 ) and ( y − 1 ) upto the third powers.
π
2) Expand e x cos y about 0, upto the third term using Taylor’s series.
2
3) Obtain terms upto the third degree in the Taylor series expansion of
π
e x sin y around the point 1, .
2
π
4) Find the Taylor series expansion of e x sin y at the point −1, rd
upto 3 degree
4
terms.
5) Expand e x log ( 1 + y ) in powers of x and y upto the terms of third degree.
a a+ a − y
2 2
2 4
2) Change the order of integration in ∫ ∫
0 a − a2 − y2
xy dxdy and evaluate it. Ans.:
3
a
∞ y − y2
1
3) Change the order of integration in ∫ ∫ ye
0 0
x
dxdy and evaluate it. Ans.:
2
a a2 − y2
a3
4) Change the order of integration in ∫ ∫
0 a− y
y dxdy and evaluate it. Ans.:
6
4 a 2 ax
64 4
5) By change of order of integration evaluate ∫ ∫ xy dydx . Ans.:
3
a
0 x2
4a
a a
x2
2) Evaluate by changing to polar coordinates ∫∫
0 y x2 + y2
dxdy .
Ans.:
a3
3
log ( 2 +1 )
a a
x2 a
3) Evaluate by changing to polar coordinates ∫∫ dxdy . Ans.:
(x + y2 )
3/ 2
0 y
2 2
2 a 2 ax − x 2
3π a 4
∫ ∫ (x + y 2 ) dydx . Ans.:
2
4) By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate
0 0
4
∞∞
(
− x2 + y2 ) dxdy . Hence prove that
5) By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate ∫∫e 0 0
∞
π π
∫e
−t2
dt = . Ans.:
0
2 4
1) Using double integration find the area enclosed by the curves y = 2 x 2 and
2
y2 = 4 x . Ans.:
3
1
2) Using double integral, find the area bounded by y = x and y = x 2 . Ans.:
6
3) Find the smaller of the areas bounded by y = 2 − x and x + y = 4 . Ans.: π − 2
2 2
1
x + y = 1. Ans.:
6
5) Evaluate ∫∫ xy dxdy where R is the domain bounded by X – axis, ordinate x = 2a
R
a4
and the curve x 2 = 4ay . Ans.:
3
6) Evaluate ∫∫ xy( x + y ) dxdy over the area between
R
y = x 2 and y = x .
• Triple integral
1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
dxdydz
1) Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0 1 − x2 − y2 − z2
.
x2 y2 z2
2) Find the volume of the portion of the ellipsoid + + = 1 which lies in the
a 2 b2 c 2
first octant using triple integral.
3) Find the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 using triple integrals.
x y z
4) Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane + + = 1 and the
a b c
coordinate planes.
log 2 x x + y
5) Evaluate ∫∫∫0 0 0
e x + y + z dxdydz .