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L
et’s return to the question, “Why Have an Air Gap?” ini- formers aren’t really transformers. More accurately, they’re
tially posed in the Power Design article in the December inductors or chokes, depending on the mode of operation.
2002 issue of Power Electronics Technology. In that article, They have additional windings called the secondaries. How-
we found that although an air gap won’t prevent satura- ever, the secondary voltages aren’t related to the primary to
tion in true transformer applications, it does reduce the secondary turn’s ratio, as they would normally be with a true
slope of the B/H loop, reducing permeability and inductance, transformer. Why is this?
and increasing the magnetizing current in the primary. We Look again at the phasing of the windings and diodes in
found even a small air gap benefits discontinuous forward Fig. 1. When Q1 is ON the input voltage is applied to the
designs, as the residual flux value will be nearer zero, allowing start of the primary winding (the dot end). This is positive,
a larger working flux density range. and an increasing current is flowing in the primary (the
Now, let’s examine one more example of the function magnetizing current). The phasing of the secondary wind-
of an air gap in a ferrite core, while providing a better un- ings and rectifier diodes is such that the secondaries aren’t
derstanding of flyback transformers. Fig. 1 shows a typical conducting during this period. Hence, the secondary wind-
off-line flyback converter found in a low-power multiple ings effectively don’t exist, or at least the primary can’t “see”
output application. A major advantage of this topology is them. As a result, there’s no usable transformer action during
its low cost and simplicity. In multiple output applications, the ON period of Q1.
the addition of a secondary winding, a single diode, and an When Q1 turns OFF, the magnetizing current in the pri-
output capacitor is all that’s required for each additional mary winding immediately stops. However, the core must
isolated or common output. If one output is closed-loop now return to its previous condition of near-zero flux, and
the voltage on all windings will reverse, creating the flyback
� �� �� action. This brings the secondary windings and diodes into
conduction and a decreasing (demagnetizing current) now
������ �����
������� flows in the secondaries. In other words, the energy stored
��
������ in the magnetic field during the ON period of Q1, spills
�����
out into the secondary during the OFF period of Q1. Once
�� again, during this OFF period, the primary winding is not
�� �� conducting and effectively does not exist. So, once again,
����
�� �� ������ there’s no usable transformer action between primary and
�� �� ������� secondary. However, the secondary windings do “see” each
other, because they’re all conducting at the same time. As
�� a result, the voltage on the controlled output defines the
�����
voltage on all other outputs. In this respect, there’s effective
transformer action between the secondaries.
���� With all this in mind, we know not to try to design flyback
transformers as if they were transformers, because they don’t
work that way. What, then, is the best design approach for
them? The first step is to decide on the required mode of op-
Fig. 1. Typical off-line flyback converter.
eration—either discontinuous (complete energy transfer or
inductor type operation) or continuous (incomplete energy
voltage stabilized, then all other outputs will be semi-stabi- transfer or choke type operation). To help with this decision,
lized, (within limits of loading and voltage typically required let’s look at the waveforms of Fig. 2, on page 45.
in many applications). A common difficulty in the design In the discontinuous mode, the secondary current falls to
of such converters is the so-called “transformer.” We can see zero before the next Q1 ON period. The current waveform
how its design requires more care and understanding than is sawtooth, as shown in Figs. 2a or 2b, and the peak cur-
its counterpart in the forward converter. rent is at least twice the mean current. The disadvantage of
Design difficulties stem from the fact that flyback trans- this mode of operation is the high peak ripple current in
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