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Module‐04 : Targeting
Lecture‐10 : Energy Targeting Procedure
Key words: Targeting, HEN, composite curve, Tmin,
An important feature of Process Integration is the ability to identify Performance Targets before
the design step is started. Targeting procedure also helps in the evaluation of alternative HEN
designs. For heat recovery systems with a specified value for the minimum allowable approach
temperature (Tmin), targets can be established for:
1. Energy Target( Minimum Energy Consumption through external heating and cooling),
2. Fewest Number of Units (process/process heat exchangers, heaters and coolers) in the
HEN
3. Fewest number of shells in the heat exchanger network(HEN)
4. Minimum Total Heat Transfer Area of the HEN
5. Cost Targeting (Total annual cost of the HEN)
Results obtained from these targets lead the design in right direction and help to search for a
optimum topology.
Energy targeting can be done through Hot and cold composite curves, Grand composite curve
and Problem Table Algorithm. The present lecture deals with energy targeting using hot and
cold composite curves.
To explain the energy targeting procedure using hot and cold composite curves a problem as
given in Table 3.8 and reproduced below from lecture ‐07 is considered. The hot and cold
composite curves placed together is a plot is taken from Fig.3.25 and reproduced below:
Table 3.8: Four stream problem for load integration and utility prediction for Tmin equal to
10C.
Name of the stream Supply Temperature Target Temperature CP H
Ts, C Tt, C kW/C kW
Hot‐1 140 50 2 ‐180
Hot‐2 90 40 6 ‐300
Cold‐1 30 150 2 240
Cold‐2 70 125 3 165
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
T,C External
Internal Heat Hot utility
Exchange
Q HOT, MIN
150C 230 kW 175 kW
140C
125C
Hot Composite curve
Hot Pinch Pinch Points
90C
80C Tmin= 10C
Cold Pinch
70C
Cold Composite curve
50C
40C
30C H, kW
External Cold
utility 250 kW
Q COLD, MIN
Source Section Sink Section
Below the Pinch Above the Pinch
Fig.3.25 Shows both composite curves put together for problem given in Table 3.8
Once Hot and cold composite curves are known, one can estimate with ease the minimum
amount of external heating ( Hot utility) and external cooling(Cold utility) required for the
process through energy targeting procedure. It should be noted that through this process one
targets minimum amount of hot and cold utility that the process demands. However, higher
amount of hot and cold utilities ( in comparison to minimum value) can be supplied to the
process. A discussion in the later part of this lecture will show that one has to pay penalty in
terms of energy and capital cost if he decides to use higher amount of utilities than that of
minimum amount.
The overlap between the hot and cold composite curves represent the maximum amount of
heat that can be recovered within the process. The “overshoot” of the hot composite
represents the minimum amount of external cooling required in the process and the
“overshoot” of the cold composite represents the minimum amount of external heating
required in the process. This concept is based on vertical heat transfer in the internal heat
exchange area as well as at utility areas as shown in Fig.4.1. Energy targeting is a powerful
process integration concept.
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
T,C
Hot Utility
150C
140C
125C
Hot Composite curve
Tmin
70C
Cold Composite curve
50C
40C
30C
Cold Utility H, kW
10C
Fig. 4.1 Vertical heat transfer
Because of the kinked nature of the hot and cold composite curves, they approach most closely
at one point which is called the “Pinch”. Pinch is not a point unless both the curves touch each
other at a point. In fact, for heat to flow one has to maintain a value of T at pinch which is
called Tmin. Thus at pinch there exists two points out of which one is called Hot pinch point and
the other cold pinch point as shown in Fig.3.25. From Fig.3.25 it can be seen that hot utility
demand is 175 kW , cold utility demand is 250 kW and internal heat exchange is 230 kW. The
hot pinch point is at 90C and cold pinch point is at 80C. This is for TminC equal to 10C. If
one changes the Tmin value from 10C to a new value then the requirements of cold and hot
utility will change and so the internal heat exchange. To demonstrate the above fact Tmin value
is changed from 5C to 30 C in the steps of 5C and the results are reported in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Values of cold ,hot utility demand and internal heat exchange when Tmin is altered.
From Table 4.1 it is clear that as the value of Tmin increases, internal heat exchange decreases
and the value of cold and hot utility as well as value of total heat exchange increases. Due to the
increase in the value of external cold and hot utilities the operating cost of the HEN increases.
Further, the decrease in internal heat exchange decreases the scope of energy conservation in
the process. An increase in value of Tmin increases the value of T available to all the
exchangers in the HEN.
It is known fact that increases in the value of Tmin decreases the heat transfer area as it
provides higher value of driving force as per the equation given below:
Q = U A T …(4.1)
Where
Q ‐load of exchanger
A ‐ Heat transfer area
U‐ overall heat transfer coefficient
T – temperature difference available for heat transfer
However, this conclusion is true only when Q and U remain constant when Tmin increases.
From Table 4.1 it is evident that with the increase in Tmin the total heat exchange value(Q) of
the HEN increases. Thus, the benefit of reduction of heat transfer area due to increase in Tmin
will be nullify to some extent due to increase in the value of total heat exchange at the same
time. Thus Tmin is an important parameter for design as it affects operating as well as fixed
costs of HEN.
The most appropriate value of Tmin or in other words the relative positions of the hot and cold
composite curves is determined by an economic trade‐off between energy and capital. Once
the correct economic value of Tmin is known then the energy targets in terms of the values of
hot and cold utilities are automatically fixed. The Tmin in general appears at one location
between hot and cold composite curves called “heat recovery pinch”. As pinch point is related
to Tmin , it has special significance in the design.
The principle of Pinch
Fig.4.2 (a) shows the heat exchange system separated at pinch . The section above the pinch
works as a heat sink as it accepts heat from external heating sources ( heat utility). The amount
of heat required is exactly equal to Q HOT MIN. The required heat which is necessary to strike heat
balance of this section after hot composite curve transfers the heat to cold composite curve is
Q HOT MIN. As this section takes heat from outside it is termed as heat sink. With the external
heating equal to Q HOT MIN the section is in heat balance, i.e. heat required by the cold stream is
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
satisfied by heat transferred from the hot composite stream and the Q HOT MIN from external hot
utility.
Similarly Fig.4.2(a) also shows that the section below the pinch works as Heat source as it
rejects heat to the external cold utility. The amount of heat rejected to cold utility is Q COLD MIN .
In this section, hot composite curve has excess heat (Q COLD MIN) available with it even after
transferring heat to cold composite curve. Once Q COLD MIN is transferred to external cold utility
this section is also in heat balance.
Thus both sections i.e. above the pinch and below the pinch sections are in heat balance and no
heat flows through the pinch section. This is true, only if we consider vertical heat transfer in
the whole section of the heat exchange process as given in Fig.4.1.
However, as shown in Fig.4.2(b), if an additional amount of heat, , over and above Q HOT MIN is
transferred to the above pinch section the total external heat given to this section becomes Q
HOT MIN + and then the additional amount of heat ,, flows through pinch ( as both sections
above & below pinch are under heat balance) and increases the cold utility to Q COLD MIN + .
Thus adding more heat than required in the above pinch section is not fruitful instead it is
harmful. This fact is explained below.
An inefficient process always requires more hot utility than the minimum hot utility required
and as a consequence will consume more cold utility than required. Thus inefficient systems
are screened rapidly once energy targets (Q HOT MIN and Q HOT MIN) are determined.
Further, let us examine what happens when hot utility is used below pinch section and cold
utility is used in the above pinch section. Fig. 4.3 (a) is drawn show the effect. If the extra cold
utility of amount is used in the above pinch area which is under heat balance, it will cool the
hot stream or hot utility by amount and will disturb the heat balance. To bring it to heat
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
balance extra hot utility of amount has to be added to Q HOT MIN and thus total hot utility
required to bring the section in to heat balance will be now Q HOT MIN + .
T,C External
Hot utility
Q HOT, MIN
Heat
Hot Pinch
Heat Source Sink
Tmin= 10C
Above the Pinch
Cold
Pinch
External Cold H, kW
utility
Q COLD, MIN
Below the Pinch (a)
T,C External
Hot utility
Q HOT, MIN +
Heat
Heat Source
Hot Pinch
Tmin= 10C
Sink
Cold Above the Pinch
Pinch
External Cold H, kW
utility
Q COLD, MIN +
Below the Pinch (b)
Q COLD, MIN +
Fig.4.2 Source and Sink sections of a heat exchange system
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
T,C External
Hot utility
Q HOT, MIN +
Heat
Hot Pinch
Heat Source Sink
Cold Above the Pinch
Pinch
External Cold H, kW
utility
Q COLD, MIN
Below the Pinch (a)
T,C External
Hot utility
Q HOT, MIN
Heat
Hot Pinch
Heat Source Sink
Above the Pinch
Cold
Pinch
External Cold H, kW
utility
Q COLD, MIN+
(b)
Below the Pinch
Fig.4.3 Effect of inappropriate use of utilities
Energy Targeting Procedure Module‐04 Lecture‐10
This will increases the total hot utility cost as well as fixed cost of heat exchanger which will now
transfer Q HOT MIN + heat in place of Q HOT MIN . As below the pinch section is under heat
balance the cold utility requirement will be Q COLD MIN .
Further, if hot utility is used in the below pinch section by an amount it will disturb the heat
balance of this section. Now additional heat amounting to is available in this section to be
cooled. This will increase the cold utility requirement to Q COLD MIN + to bring to heat balance
again. However, the above pinch section which is under heat balance already will only require
external heating of Q HOT MIN .
From the above analysis following conclusions are made.
1. Do not transfer heat across the pinch as the penalty is twice.
2. Do not use cold utility in the above pinch section
3. Do not use hot utility in below pinch section
The above faults are generally committed in old designs which were carried out without using
pinch analysis and hence provide opportunity to correct these designs and save fixed as well as
utility cost.
References