LIQUIDS

ADVANTAGES:
• Ease of administration for those who have difficulty
in swallowing solid dosage form.
• Immediate availability for absorption of the
medicinal substance.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Instability
• Special Techniques required for poorly soluble
drugs
• Requires pharmaceutical elegance with regards
to taste, appearance and viscosity.
INSTABILITY
• pH
• Temperature
• Concentration of Reactants
• Light or Radiation
• Intensity of Wavelength
• Size of the Container
• Shape of the Container
•Packaging Components
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
• These are light molecular polymers
• Polyethylene
• Polystyrene
• Polypropylene
• Polyvinyl Chloride
• Advantages:
• Lightness of weight
• Resistance to impact
• Lower transportation cost
• Lower Losses due to less container damages
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
• Collapsible polyethylene bags for IV Fluids
• Collapsible plastic tubes for ointments
• Plastic film suppositories
• Plastic vials for capsules and tablets
• Compact type container for oral contraceptives
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
Disadvantages
• Permeability of the container to atmospheric gases and
to moisture
• Leaching of constituents of the plastic container to the
internal contents
• Sorption
• Transmission of light through the container
• Container deformation
METAL CONTAINERS
• Tin
• Plastic Coated
• Tin Coated Lead
• Aluminum
• Plastic Coated Aluminum
“ Tin and Tin-coated tubes are generally used because
of their non reactive properties.”
RUBBER COMPONETS
Rubber of varying composition is used in
pharmaceuticals and biologicals as;
•Stoppers
•Cap Liners
•Parts of dropper assembly
•Components of drip set/infusion set
RUBBER COMPONETS
Problems:
•When in contact with the liquid content in the vial,
it may cause the absorption of the active ingredient,
or the other component.
•The extraction of one or more components of the
rubber closure into the solution
 TECHNIQUES REQUIRED FOR
POORLY SOLUBLE DRUGS
• Co-solvency
• pH Control
• Solubilization
• Complexation
• Hydrotrophy
• Chemical Modification of the Drug
FORMULATION OF LIQUIDS
• Solubility
• Stability
• Organoleptic Characteristics
• Preservatives
• Sweetening Agents
• Viscosity
ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS
• Taste
• Selection
• Evaluation
• Appearance
PRESERVATIVES
Characteristics of an Ideal Preservatives:
•Should be effective against broad spectrum
antibiotics
•Should be physically, chemically and
microbiologically stable until the expiry date
•Should be non-toxic, non-sensitizing, adequately
soluble and compatible as well as acceptable to the
taste and odor at the amount used.
PRESERVATIVES
Classifications of Preservatives
• Acidic
• Neutral
• Mercurials
• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
SWEETENING AGENTS
SUCROSE
• Obtained in a highly purified form
• Chemically and physically stable at pH 4 to 8
• Can be used in conjunction with polyols to prevent crystallization of sucrose

LIQUID GLUCOSE
ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
• Saccharin
• Cyclamates
SELECTION OF FLAVORING AGENTS
TASTE SENSATION RECOMMENDED FLAVORS
OF THE DRUG
Sweet Vanilla, Grape, Mango, Berries (Strawberry)
Sour Citrus (Orange, Lemon, Lime), Raspberry, Root Beer
Salty Maple Sugar, Butterscotch, Licorice, Vanilla, Apricot,
Peach, Mixed Citrus, Wintergreen
Bitter Cocoa and Chocolate, Cherry, Coffe, Grapefruit,
Walnut, Anise, Passion Fruit, Mint
Metalic Grape, Lemon, Lime
 MANUFACTURING
CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUIDS
• Equipment
•Mixing Tanks
•Measuring and Weighing Devices
•Filtration
• Compounding Procedure
• Packaging, Labeling and Storage
 USE OF VISCOSITY BINDING AGENTS/
THICKENERS
• It serves as an adjunct to palatability,
Improves pourability/ drainage of oral
liquids.
Examples:
• PVP, MC, CMC
 SELECTION OF FILTER MEDIA FOR ORAL
LIQUIDS
Filter Aids contributes to:
•Improvement of clarity
•Increased flow rate of liquids during filling.
• Examples:
• Nylon
• Felt Cloth
• Cellulose Ester (Membrane Filter)
ADDITIONAL INFOS:
• Stress – Cracking and Corrosion Test
• Compatibility Test
• Torque Testing
PHARMACEUTICAL
SUSPENSIONS
MISS MARICON BARSABAL, RPH
INSTRUCTOR
SUSPENSIONS
These liquids are heterogeneous system, consisting of two
phases:
• Continuous Phase
• Discontinuous Phase
Kinds of Pharmaceutical Suspension
• Gels
• Magmas and Milk
• Lotion
• Mixtures and Emulsions
A SATISFACTORY SUSPENSION
• Must remain sufficiently homogenous, for at least
the time needed to remove and administer the
required dose, after shaking the container.
• Delayed rates of sedimentation
• Must be resuspended easily, should not cake
 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION
• Wetting / Wettability Property
• Particle Interaction and Behavior
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
• Flocculated System
• Deflocculated System
• Sedimentation Rates
 METHODS OF PREPARING SUSPENSION
• Dispersion
• Precipitation
PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
• If a suspension is made by Dispersion process, it is
best to achieve pulverization of the solid by:
• Micronization Method
• Spray Drying Method
• Homogenization
JET MILL
COLLOID MILL
INCOMPATIBILITIES
• Formation of dark color upon storage
• Separation of oleaginous components
• Chemical reaction
 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVED DRAINAGE
OF SUSPENSION
• Addition of Protective Colloids
• Silicone containing glass bottles
EMULSIONS
MARICON M. BARSABAL, RPH
INSTRRUCTOR
EMULSIONS
• Heterogenous systems, usually containing two
immiscible liquids
•Types:
•Oil in Water Emulsion
•Water in Oil Emulsion
 FACTORS AFFECTING EMULSION
STABILITY
• Coalescence
• Flocculation
• Creaming
• Sedimentation
 GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF
EMULSIFICATION
• Densities of the two phases
• Droplet Sizes
• Viscosities