BIOLOGY that all animal’s tissues are

composed of cells.
 Cell Theory (Postulates) 6. Rudolf Virchow concluded
1. All organisms are composed of that omnis cellula e cellula or
one or more cells. cells only arise from other
2. Cells are the smallest and basic cells
units of structure and function in
organisms.
3. Cell arise only from previously
existing cells.
*The modern version of Cell
Theory that includes that ideas  Cell
that: - Basic unit of life
1. Energy flow occur at within the - Smallest structure and
cells function of any living
organism.
2. Hereditary information (DNA) is - “cella’ - small room
passed on from cell to cell.
*Unicellular – only one cell
3. All cells have the same
composition (Prokaryote: Bacteria)
*Multicellular – two or more cells

 Spontaneous Generation - ( Eukaryote: Plants and

- Living organisms develop from Animal cell)
non-living things (Advantages of
*Fransisco Redi (1626-1697) MulticellularOrganism)

- Flask unsealed - Tend to be longer

- Cell differentiation (having
- Flask sealed diff. type of cells w/ diff.
- Flask covered with gauze functions.)
- More complex

3 Domains of Life
 The Beginning of Cell
- Archea
1. The Italian scientist Galileo
- Bacteria
Galilei is credited by
- Eukarya
building the first
microscope. Animal Cell Plant Cell
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
significantly improved the No Cell Wall Cell Wall
quality of microscopies to the Large content of Cytoplasm is
point that he could see the it contains pushed towards
single-celled organisms. cytoplasm periphery
W/c bacteria are called as
“animalcules” or Small Vacuole Large Vacuole for
“miniature animals”. storage of water
3. Robert Hooke, a British
No Chloroplasts Chloroplasts
scientist looked at a thin slice
cork under the microscope
and saw a honeycomb
structure.  Cell Membrane/ Plasma
4. German scientist Matthias - control the entry and exit of
Schleiden proposed the first materials/nutrients inside and
foundation belief about cells, outside the cells.
that all plants tissues are - Made up of phospholipids &
composed of cells. proteins
5. German scientist Theodor - Hydrophilic Heads (water-
Schwann proposed the first loving)
foundation belief about cells, - Hydrophobic Tails (water-
fearing)
 - to provide structure / support
protection structure
 Cell Wall
- Cellulose -a specialized sugar
composed of carbohydrates,
cannot be dissolved in water
- Cellulose Polymers
- Plasmodesmata - allow the
transfer of nutrients, waste
and ions.
- Outer most covering of the
plant
- To maintain the shape,
support and protection of the
cell.
  Chloroplast
 Mitochondria
- Important in cellular
respiration/process
- Power house of a cell
- Only accepting glycolysis
process – pyruvate acid –
“Kreb Cycle”
 Vacuole
- Waste products storage
- Storage bubbles of materials
 Cytoplasm
- Fluid that fills the cells
- Also call cytosol or
protoplasm
- Fills the space
- Providing space for other
processes
- to provide support in breaking
down unnecesarry materials.
- Cytosol - contains enzymes
needed in speeding up
processes
 Nucleus
- Commands sender to receiver
- Process of cell division
- Not always center of the cell
- Nucleoplasm - fluid inside the
nucleus that helps to maintain
shape
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Manufacturing and packaging
system
*Smooth ER – storage of lipids
and steroids
*Rough ER – packaging of
proteins ( ribosomes attached to
its surface)
*Vesicles – products (not fully
developed)
 Golgi Body
- Packaging organelle/system
- To package again vesicles
- Camillo Golgi
 Ribosomes
- Protein synthesizers or
builders
- To undergo the process of
photosynthesis
- Food producers
 Centrosome
- Regulates cell division cycle
*Centrioles
*Microtubules – breaks apart
to form a new cell.
 Lysosome
- Contains enzymes
- Breakdown the large pieces
given by nutrients given
by vacuole
- Garbage collector
*Cilia - movement & getting
food (hairlike)
- *Flagellum- movement &
getting food ( threadlike)
*Pseudopod – provide
movement or locomotion.
( amoeba)
 Prokaryotic (unicellular)
- “PRO”—Before, “KAR”—
nut/kernel nucleus.
- Single -celled organism
that lacks a nucleus
( because it has ribosome)
and membrane-bound
organelles
- Replacement for (no)nucleus
is nucleoid
- it is also considered as
bacteria
- replacement for
(no)mitochondria is host
- oldest cell type
- smaller/simplesr
 *Key Components:
1. Cell Plasma/Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA - genetic material of the cell
4. Ribosomes - synthesize proteins
 Eukaryotic (multicellular)
- Are organisms whose cells
have nucleus enclosed
within membranes
- “eu” means true and “kar”
means nut/kernel nucleus.
- Larger and more complex
nucleus
- Replacement for ribosomes
is golgi body/apparatus
- They contain organelles
- Plants is considered ae
eukaryotic
 Prokar & Eukar
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane/plama
- Genetic material
 Cell Modification
- Cells that lead to adaption
*Kinds of Cell Modification
1. Apical Modification
(TOP)
*Microvilli
- secretion of enzymes &
mucus
- transfer from one to
another
- for absorption of nutrients
- protection
- can be found in intestine
*Cilia & Stereo Cilia
- secretion of mucus
- found in ears, nose and
intestine
- Blocking the dust particle
*Flagella
- parts of the organism
- humans need good
bacteria for maintaining
homeostasis – balance
inside the body
2. Lateral Modification
(SIDE)
* Tight Junction
- controls the nutrients
that’s being absorb by the
microvilli
*Adhering Junction
- bind to form a
structure at the top of
intestine
*Gap Junction
- one that is sending
signal to microvilli
- also called
“communicating
junctions”
- support
3. Basal Modification
(BOTTOM)
*Basal Lamina
- provide structure and
epithelium cells.
- acting as a membrane
*Reticular Lamina
- provide structure to
endothelium cells
 Epithelial Cells
- Safety shields of the body
- Protection, coverage,
absorption, secretion,
sensation
*Diff. Shapes of E.C
1. Squamous (flat)
2. Cuboidal (cubes)
3. Columnar (column)
*Kinds of E.C
1. Simple Epithelial Cells
- single layer
>Simple Squamous E.C
(CAPILLARIES)
- single flat epithelium cell
- diffusion of gasses
- transportation of materials
from high concentration
(Artery;oxygen) to low
concentration ( veins; carbon
dioxide)
>Simple Cuboidal E.C
(KIDNEY TUBULES)
- single cube epithelial cell
- create a wall to protect
kidney tubules ( secretion of
mucus and protection)
>Simple Columnar E.C
(DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
- single column epithelial cell
- secretion of enzymes ,
absorption and protection
2. Stratified Epithelial Cells
- multiple layers
> Stratified Squamous E.C
(SKIN)
- multiple flat epithelial cell
- protection and keration
1. Stratum Basalum -
Keratinocytes (produces
keratin)
2. Stratum Spinosum -
Melanocytes (creates melanin;
produce color)
3. Stratum Granulum- To
mature keratinocytes and
melanocytes
4. Stratum Lucidum- Storage
of keratin and melanin, to give
those to-
5. Stratum Corneum - layer of
dead cells , protect and
maintain skin moisture
> Stratified Cuboidal E.C
(SALIVARY GLANDS)
- multiple cube epithelial cell
- to secrete saliva
- creates a wall to protect
saliva

> Stratified Columnar E.C

(RESPIRATOR
SYTEM/LUNGS)
- multiple column of epithelial
cell