o Philosopher is part of reality

PHILOSOPHY that he is investigating

o Penetrates social dimension
 Epochs
of human existence with the
o Ancient
immediacy of intuition
 Basic stuff
o Searching for meaning and
 Understand the universe
values
 Man is a part of nature
o Integrative to the meaning
 Totality
of living
 Cosmocentric
 DESCARTES
o Medieval
o Methodic doubt
 Handmaid of theology
 Findings that could not be doubted
 Man is a creation of God
so that knowledge can be based
 Contemplate God and his creation
there
 Theocentric
 You can’t doubt your own existence
o Modern
 Rationalism
 Reason- liberated from nature and
 Thinking not senses
faith
 No experiences
 Descartes, Kant
 A priori
 Systematized
 Empiricism
 Anthropocentric
 Senses
 Kant
 A posteriori
 Nomina (thing itself),
phenomena (senses)  Experience then know
 Scientific if:
 Could not be understood
because mind filters  Scientifically accepted by the
information community
 Information that could not be  Undergone experimentation
accessed (scientific method)
o Contemporary  Principle of sufficient reason
 Present mode and system of o Everything has a reason
philosophizing  What makes science a science
 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL o Science
SCIENCES  Philosophy has reflection as a
 Both spring from experience method; science does not
o Borne from the craving to  Science’s method
understand reality o Statistics
 Makes reality into an object  Logic
 Examine a segment of social o Logic is a proposition
reality o It is a proposition about
 Measurements and statistics what is true (language)
 Limited to observable therefore, it is
phenomena o Something we agreed upon
 FOUNDATIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
 Can be traced from Socrates,
o Nature and Functions of Philosophy
Plato, and Aristotle
 Philosophy integrates itself and
 Philosophy
other disciplines to achieve a
 Integrative of experience
comprehensive and coherent world
view
  Philosophy analyzes the very
foundations of other disciplines
 Analyzes and criticizes treasured
beliefs and tradition
o Branches of Philosophy
 Logic
 the study of reasoning
 Is it correct? Is it rational?
 Metaphysics
 the nature of being, existence,
and reality
 What is there? What is it like?
 Epistemology
 the theory of knowledge
 the investigation of what
distinguishes justified belief
from opinion
 Ethics
 Branch of knowledge that deals
with morality
 What is right?
 Aesthetics
 Study of beauty
 What is beautiful?
o Methods of Philosophizing
 Reality
 Fact
o Is a piece of information
having objective reality
which is acknowledged by
the greater whole
 Truth
o Is a proposition believed to
be the absolute reality
 Opinion
o It is a judgement based on
personal convictions which
may or may not be factual,
truthful, or false. Regardless
of factuality, one’s opinion
can’t be free from another’s
opinion
o Plato (Idealist)
 World of forms
 We are destined to return to the
world of forms
o The real world is only an
image of the world of forms
o Sensible world
 Elitist; stay where you are
o Eastern
 The truth is always beautiful nor
beautiful words the truth (Lao Tzu)
o Western
 The nominal definition of truth is the
agreement of cognition with its
object (Immanuel Kant)
 There are two ways to be fooled.one
is to believe what isn’t true; the
other is to refuse to believe what is
true
 There are no facts; only
interpretations (Friedrich Nietzsche)
 THEORIES OF THE TRUTH
o Correspondence
 Something conforms to an idea
 Seeing rain means that it is raining
and it aligns to the idea of rain
o Coherence
 One’s proposition conforms to
another’s proposition
 Agreeable; can be proven in court
 Stability of the story; undoubtable
o Pragmatic
 Practical or proven in practice
 Empirical
o Constructivist
 The truth is a perception of one’s
truth
 Interpretation
 Result of historical process
o Consensus
 Everyone agrees on the proposition
 Mistakes during pre-midterm
o pre-Socratic philosopher who thought
that everything came from water
 Thales
o Story by Plato that shows the
complacency of people
 Allegory of the cave
o Filipino philosophers
 “lundagin mo beybe”
 Fr. Roque Ferriols SJ
 Manuel B Dy Jr
o Types of love
 Agape (Unconditional)
  Philia (Brotherly)
 Eros (Lust)
 Estorge (Familial)
 Existentialism
o Soren Kierkegaard
 Father of existentialism
 Man cannot be placed as “a cog in a
machine”
 Response to Hegelian dialectic
o Thesis
Antithesis=Synthesis
 Philosophy became the search for
the meaning of life
 The truth is the search for meaning
 What is the meaning of life
o 2 difficulties in existentialism
 The question of what is the meaning
of life is more important than the
answer
 Existentialism is not so much of a
philosophical system as
movement, an attitude, or a frame
of mind
o 2 camps
 Theist
 Atheist
o Commonalities
 Philosophize from the standpoint of
an actor rather than a spectator
 Philosophies of man
 Subjectivity
 Everything is for us
 Man as situated
 Man is limited by his situation or
context
 Kierkegaard
o Existence is a religious
activity (highest category)
 Martin Heidegger
o Man is a dasein (there
being)
o Thrown into the world
(fallenness)
 Karl Jaspers
o To exist is to be able to
transcend oneself from limit
situations
 Gabriel Marcel
o To exist is to coexist (esse
est coesse)
o Participate in the fulfilment
of being through love, hate,
etc.
 Jean Paul Sartre
o To exist is to be condemned
to freedom
o Face the consequences
+ o Existence precedes Essence
 Maurice Merleau-Ponty
o Man is condemned to
meaning
 Albert Camus
o To live the absurdity of life
 Freedom of Man
 Kierkegaard
o Aesthetic (impulses), to
ethical (right thing), then to
take the leap of faith
a o Freedom varies
 Authentic experience
o Authentic
 Living the life that you
want
o Inauthentic
 Others control your life
 Blame others
 Escape responsibility
o Search within
o Subject is the giver or discoverer of
meaning
o Values
 Is that for which a person lives and
dies for ground which human
activities revolve
 Phenomenology
o Unity before analyzing this unity
o Attempts to describe rather than to
explain (Husserl)
o Natural attitude
 Scientific or generalized attitude
 Singular judgement
o Characteristics of phenomenology
 Unity first or being faithful to the
original experience
 It explicates, unfolds what is already
there
  Man’s being in the world with others  Nothing is universal other than
 Has a suspension of judgement power
o Important steps  Gilles Deleuze
 Epoche  Rhizome
 Bracketing o Connections are made
o Holding natural biases spontaneously
before investigating o There is no single truth
 Eidetic reduction  Jacques Derrida
o Eidos- essence  Deconstruction
o Reduce the experience to its o a critique of the relationship
essence between text and meaning
 Transcendental reduction  Analytic Tradition
o Reduce the object to the o Something is true if it is logical, precise,
very activity of my accurate
consciousness o Is the conviction that to some degree,
o Intentionality of consciousness problems are rooted in language
 Every conscious act intends o The solution is the sound analysis of
something language
 Consciousness is consciousness of o Ludwig Wittgenstein
something other than itself  Language is socially constructed
 Noesis and noema  Language games
 Subject of the object (noesis)  Social construct
 Object for the subject (noema) o Bertrand Russel
o Gabriel Marcel  Logician, founder of analytic
 Reflection is rooted in experience tradition
 Primary reflection o Jules Vuillemin
o Looks at the world, or object  Philosophy of science
as a problem, detached o GE Moore
from the self  Natural ethics
 Secondary reflection  The Spirit
o Refusal to accept the o Ancient (soul is the most important part)
primary reflection as final  Plato
 Post Modernism  Man is his soul
o Modernism = violence  Soul= essence of man’s
o Structure promotes violence humanity and the source of all
o Rejects, challenges or aims to supersede activity
modernity  The soul is the charioteer of the
o Reality cannot be known nor described two winged horses
objectively  Transcendence from this world
o Rationalism silences other rationalities is necessary
o Humans should arrive at the truth  The human body is unfortunate;
beyond the rational an imprisonment of a free and
o Post structuralists pure soul. Death sets the soul
 Michel Foucault free
 Relationship between power  Aristotle
and knowledge and how they  Man is the whole of his body and
are used as a form of social soul
control  Body and soul= matter and form
o Medieval (soul belongs to God’s o Primary and secondary
kingdom) reflection
 Augustine  Objectum=thrown in
 Man can be divided into body front (ob-jectum)
and soul  Body= “a body”
 The soul is more real and  Body (objective)=
important universal, anybody’s,
 The soul belongs to the city of nobody’s
God  Dangerous because it
 Man is not a soul but a soul is can be used as a means
part of man to an end
o Therefore, man is not man  Secondary= “my body”;
without a soul something that is
o Therefore, man is a unity of uniquely mine
body and soul  My body= “I have my
 Aquinas body” or “ I am my
 Man is not only a rational animal body”
but also an embodied spirit  “ I have my body”
 Soul of man =/= soul of an  I own my body
animal  It is I who should
 Man’s faculties (intellect and take care of my
will) which characterize man’s body
soul can exist without the body  I have control of my
but cannot operate without a body
body  Extension not just
 Body and soul form one the possession
substance; inherently united  “ I am my body”
 Essence of soul- to be one with  No gap between me
the body and my body
o Modern  My body is my
 Descartes expression of my
 Clear and distinct=God=perfect subjectivity
being therefore, it is not
 Man is independent of the body an object
 Man=res cogitans=thinking  Body is the
being=/=bodily being intermediary
 Latter part, there is unity of between the person
body and soul and the world
 Inquiry into the nature of the  The body in inter-
soul is complicated and cannot subjectivity
be discussed in philosophy  Value the body
 Marcel
 Aims to describe the experience
of the body as a lived body
 Descartes=objective body
 Primary datum= starting point
 Man= embodied spirit