Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
An Introduction
Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Single Input Single Output (SISO)
Tx Rx
Ant 1 Ant 1
Ant 2
Ant 2
. channel
.
Tx . . Rx
. .
Ant NT
Ant NR
lim R (SNR )
r=
SNR → ∞ log 2 (SNR )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• For instance
• How much is the achievable rate gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1
Ant 2
Ant 2 r=3
Tx Rx
Ant 2 d=9
Tx Rx
Ant 3
Ant 3
Ant 2
Ant 2
Tx d=4 Rx
Ant 3
Ant 3 R ≈ log 2 (SNR )
Fig. 5 Rate and diversity gain of 3 ×
3 MIMO system (Case I) P e ( SNR ) ≈ SNR −4
MIMO Wireless Communications
• How much is rate and diversity gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1
r=2
Ant 2
Ant 2
Tx Rx
Ant 3 d=1
Ant 3 R ≈ 2 log 2 (SNR )
Fig. 6 Rate and diversity gain of
3 × 3 MIMO system (Case II) P e (SNR ) ≈ SNR −1
MIMO Wireless Communications
y1
x1 h12
Tx h21 Rx
x2 h22 y2
Ant 2
Ant 2
⇒ p (hij ) =
π
1
( (exp − h real 2
ij )) 1
π
((
exp − h ))
imag 2
ij
⇒ p (h ) = exp(− ((h ) ))
1
ij
π
real 2
ij ) + (h imag 2
ij
⇒ p (hij ) =
1
π
(
exp − hij
2
)
MIMO Wireless Communications
For i.i.d. case,
N R , NT N R , NT
∏ π exp {− h }= π ∑
1 2 1 2
pH ( H ) = i, j exp − hi , j
N R NT i , j =1
i , j =1
1
pH ( H ) =
π N R NT (
exp −Trace HH H ( ))
“etr” is the abbreviation for “exponential trace”.
{
p H (H ) = π − N R NT etr − HH H }
MIMO Wireless Communications
trace HH H( )
h h12 L h1NT h11 h21 L hN R 1
*
11
h21 h22 L h2 NT h12 h22 L hN R 2
= trace
M O O M M O O M
hN R 1 hN R 2 L hN R NT h1NT h2 NT L hN R NT
2 2 2
h
11 + h12 + L + h1 NT L L L
2 2 2
L h21 + h22 + L + h2 NT L L
= trace
M O O M
2 2 2
L L L hN R 1 + hN R 2 + L + hN R NT
N R , NT
∑
2
= hi , j
i , j =1
MIMO Wireless Communications
• MIMO channel parallel decomposition
• To see how much is the capacity increase in
MIMO systems
~x y ~y
x
~
x = Vx y = Hx + n ~y = UH y
( )
log 2 Pe ≈ log 2 c − Gd log 2 Gc − Gd log 2 S
H
1
s ,s 2 1
=s s ( )
2
=0
r%
r = Hs + n
r1 h11 h12 s1 n1
⇒ = +
r2 h21 h22 s 2 n 2
MIMO Wireless Communications
• At the detector,
– we want to detect s1 and s2 at time t,
– but there exist interference between these two
signals
• For instance in ZF
H
sˆ = WZF r = H +r = s + H +n
• H+ is the Moore Penrose pseudo-inverse of H
= (H H )
H + H −1
WZF =H HH
• Performance is not so good
• Consider a 2×2 MIMO system with s є S={-3,-
1,1,3}
MIMO Wireless Communications
• The channel matrix is given by H=[2 0.5; 1 2;]
• Suppose the received signal vector is r=[1 0.9]T
• The ZF detector’s output is given by
sˆ = H + r = [0.5 0.2]T
• Thus the hard decision of for s becomes [1 1]T
– which is different from the ML decision of [1 -1]T
• ZF less complex than MLD, but poor
performance
MIMO Wireless Communications
Antenna selection [2]
• Reduce hardware complexity
• A subset of total available antennas selected
– Based on capacity maximization
– Based on maximum received SNR
– Done at transmitter, at receiver or both
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal Ratio
Combining (TAS/MRC) [3]
Ant 1
Ant 1
Select
antenna 2, Ant 2
then use
Ant 2 only this 3
path
Tx Rx
Ant 3
Ant 3
( N t − 1)! i=0 i !
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Assume binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for
TAS/MRC MIMO system
• Instantaneous SNR at the MRC receiver
Nr 2
γ b = γ ∑ hN , j = γC( N )
t t
j =1
j
(− j)
N r + t −1
N + t − 1 + j γ
× ∑ 2 r
× 1 +
j γ + k +1
j=0
• where, at ( N r , k ) is the coefficient of z 2t in the
expansion of z 2
i k
2 (k + 1)
N r −1
• ∑
i=0 i!
MIMO Wireless Communications
• η − µ distribution proposed by M. Yacoub in 2000
(can analyze non LOS propagation)
• Can model many distributions
• Some of the special cases of η − µ distribution are
– Rayleigh distribution for η → 1, µ = 0.5,
– one sided Gaussian distribution for η → 1, µ = 0.25,
– Nakagami-m distribution for η → 1, µ = m/2 and
– Hoyt distribution for η → q2, µ = 0.5
• BER analysis for TAS/MRC over η − µ fading channel
can be carried out in the similar way
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Assume QAM
• CEP P (γ ) = aQ
e ( )
bγ − cQ 2
( bγ )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Table 2 MODULATION PARAMETERS FOR
VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES [8]
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Q-function as sum of exponentials [7]
x2 2 x2
1 − 1 −
Q ( x) ≈ e 2
+ e 3
12 4
• CEP becomes
bγ 2bγ 4bγ 7 bγ
a − a − c −bγ c − c −
Pe (γ ) ≅ e 2
+ e 3
− e − e 3
− e 6
,
12 4 144 16 24
Ant 4
Ant 4
i =1
x Nr −1e − x
f Aj ( x ) = ,x ≥0
Γ ( Nr )
N r −1
xi
FA ( x ) = 1 − e− x ∑ ,x ≥0
j
i =0 i!
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Ajs are arranged in ascending order
• S antennas corresponding to highest Ajs are
selected
• PDF of A(r) such that A(1)≤ A(2) ≤…≤ A(Nt) can be
given as
1 r −1 Nt −r
f A( r ) ( x ) =
B (r, Nt − r + 1)
{ F Aj ( x )} {1 − F Aj ( x )} f Aj ( x )
• where r = Nt-S+1
MIMO Wireless Communications
• The PDF of received SNR can be given as
1 Nt i −1 M
1 i − 1
∑∑∑ N r + t −1 − x( Nt −i + j +1)
j
fγ ( x ) =
r
( −1) Ct ( j , N r ) x e
( Nt − r + 1) Γ ( N r ) i=r j =0 t =0 B ( i, Nt − i + 1) j
∑
i!
i=0
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Outage probability
2R − 1
Pout ( γ , R ) = Pr A( r ) <
γ
Nt
1 1
( Nt − r + 1) Γ ( N r ) ∑
Pout ( γ , R ) =
i = r B ( i , N t − i + 1)
i − 1
i −1 M γ ( N r + t , γ th ( N t − i + j + 1) )
×∑ ( −1) ∑ Ct ( j , N r )
j
( Nr +t )
j =0 j t =0 ( Nt − i + j + 1)
• where 2R − 1
γ th =
γ
MIMO Wireless Communications
Fig. 17: Outage Probability Vs. SNR curve for TAS SM MIMO
systems with antenna selection (2 bits/s/Hz)
MIMO Wireless Communications
• References:
1. L. Zheng and D. N. Tse, “Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental
trade-off in multiple antenna channels,” IEEE Trans. Information
Theory, pp. 1073-96, May 2003.
2. S. Sanayei and A. Nosratinia, “Antenna selection in MIMO
systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 68–73, 2004.
3. Z. Chen, Z. Chi, Y. Li, and B. Vucetic, “Error performance of
maximal-ratio combining with transmit antenna selection in flat
Nakagami-m fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.
8, pp. 424–431, Jan 2009.
4. H. A. David and H. N. Nagaraja, Order Statistics, 3rd ed. New York:
Wiley Interscience, 2003.
MIMO Wireless Communications
5. R. Mesleh, S. Engelken, S. Sinanovic, and H. Haas, “Analytical ser
calculation of spatial modulation,” in Spread Spectrum Techniques
and Applications, 2008. ISSSTA ’08. IEEE 10th International
Symposium on, pp. 272 –276, Aug. 2008.
6. J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Spatial modulation:
optimal detection and performance analysis,” Communications
Letters, IEEE, vol. 12, pp. 545 –547, Aug. 2008.
7. M. Chiani, D. Dardari, and M. K. Simon, “New exponential bounds
and approximations for the computation of error probability in
fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
840–845, 2003.
8. Y. Chen and C. Tellambura, “Distribution functions of selection
combiner output in equally correlated Rayleigh, Rician, and
Nakagami-m fading channels,” IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1948–1956, 2004.
MIMO Wireless Communications
9. A. Papoulis and S. U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and
Stochastic Processes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.
10. B. Kumbhani and R. S. Kshetrimayum, "Outage Probability
Analysis of Spatial Modulation Systems with Antenna
Selection", Electronics Letters, vol. 50, Issue 2, Jan 2014, pp.
125-126.