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MIMO Wireless Communications:

An Introduction
Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Single Input Single Output (SISO)

Tx Rx

Ant 1 Ant 1

Fig. 1 SISO system


• What will happen if Tx and Rx employs
multiple antennas?
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)?
Ant 1
Ant 1

Ant 2

Ant 2
. channel
.
Tx . . Rx
. .
Ant NT
Ant NR

Fig. 2 NT × NR MIMO system


MIMO Wireless Communications
• What are advantages of MIMO?
• Capacity (C) for Single Input Single Output (SISO)
system
C = BW log 2 (1 + SNR )
• Data rate increase when
– Bandwidth (BW) and
– Signal to noise (SNR) power increase
Inherent problems:
• BW is precious, almost and always fixed for
different applications
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Signal power increase
– battery lifetime decrease
– creates higher interference
– needs expensive RF amplifier
• In MIMO, spectral efficiency increase
– Without increasing BW and
– Signal power
MIMO Wireless Communications
• But, how?
• Basically two gains for MIMO systems:
– (i) MUX/rate gain
– Capacity behavior R ≈ r log 2 (SNR )

lim R (SNR )
r=
SNR → ∞ log 2 (SNR )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• For instance
• How much is the achievable rate gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1

Ant 2

Ant 2 r=3
Tx Rx

S/P Ant 3 P/S


Ant 3
R ≈ 3 log 2 (SNR )
Fig. 3 Achievable rate gain with 3 × 3 MIMO system
MIMO Wireless Communications
(ii) Diversity gain
• Error probability behavior (minimize it) P e (SNR ) ≈ SNR
−d

• Slope of symbol error rate/ bit error rate (SER/BER curve


increases)
• Behavior of error probability w.r.t. average transmit
power in log-log scale
• for asymptotically high power
lim log 2 { Pe ( SNR )}
d =−
SNR → ∞ log 2 ( SNR )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• How much is diversity gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1
P e (SNR ) ≈ SNR −9
Ant 2

Ant 2 d=9
Tx Rx

Ant 3
Ant 3

Fig. 4 Diversity gain of 3 × 3 MIMO system


• For SISO (Rayleigh fading case), d=1, P e (SNR ) ≈ SNR −1
MIMO Wireless Communications
• How much is rate and diversity gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1
r=1

Ant 2

Ant 2
Tx d=4 Rx

Ant 3
Ant 3 R ≈ log 2 (SNR )
Fig. 5 Rate and diversity gain of 3 ×
3 MIMO system (Case I) P e ( SNR ) ≈ SNR −4
MIMO Wireless Communications
• How much is rate and diversity gain?
Ant 1
Ant 1

r=2
Ant 2

Ant 2
Tx Rx

Ant 3 d=1
Ant 3 R ≈ 2 log 2 (SNR )
Fig. 6 Rate and diversity gain of
3 × 3 MIMO system (Case II) P e (SNR ) ≈ SNR −1
MIMO Wireless Communications

• Need for a proper design for MIMO systems


• As r decrease, d increase
• As r increase, d decrease
• Diversity-multiplexing trade-off [1]
d opt = (N T − r )(N R − r ),0 ≤ r ≤ min(N T , N R )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Narrowband MIMO System Model
h11 Ant 1
Ant 1

y1
x1 h12

Tx h21 Rx

x2 h22 y2
Ant 2
Ant 2

Fig. 7 Narrowband MIMO system model for 2 × 2


MIMO system
MIMO Wireless Communications
At receiving antenna 1 (receives mixture of signals 1 &2)
y1 = h11 x1 + h12 x2 + n1
At receiving antenna 2 (receives mixture of signals 1 &2,
a major problem in MIMO detection)
y2 = h21 x1 + h22 x2 + n2
In matrix form, y=Hx+n
 y1   h11 h12   x1   n1 
 y  = h    + 
h22   x2  n2 
 2   21
MIMO Wireless Communications
• For NT × NR MIMO system

 y1   h11 h12 L h1NT   x1   n1 


 y  h h22   
L h2 NT   x2   n2   
 2  =  21 +
 M   M O O M  M   M 
      
 y N R  hN R 1 hN R 2 L hN R NT   x NT  nN R 

Received signal Transmitted Noise


Channel matrix
vector signal vector signal
vector
MIMO Wireless Communications
• In order to have performance analysis of
MIMO channel
– we need Analytical MIMO channel models
• Analytical MIMO channel model
– i.i.d. MIMO channel model
– Separately correlated MIMO channel model
– Uncorrelated keyhole MIMO channel model
MIMO Wireless Communications
• i.i.d. MIMO channel model (each element of
the channel matrix H is complex random
variable)
hij = hijreal + jhijimag ; i = 1,2, LN R; j = 1,2, LN T
real / imag  1
hij ~ N  0, 
 2
 
1  h (
real / imag
)
2

⇒ph ( real / imag
ij ) = 
exp −
ij

1  1 
2π ×  2× 
2  2 
MIMO Wireless Communications
Complex Gaussian distribution
Joint distribution of real and imaginary part
 They are assumed independent
PDF can be multiplied
hij ~ N C (0,1)

⇒ p (hij ) =
π
1
( (exp − h real 2
ij )) 1
π
((
exp − h ))
imag 2
ij

⇒ p (h ) = exp(− ((h ) ))
1
ij
π
real 2
ij ) + (h imag 2
ij

⇒ p (hij ) =
1
π
(
exp − hij
2
)
MIMO Wireless Communications
For i.i.d. case,
N R , NT  N R , NT 
∏ π exp {− h }= π ∑
1 2 1 2
pH ( H ) = i, j exp  − hi , j 
N R NT  i , j =1 
i , j =1  

1
pH ( H ) =
π N R NT (
exp −Trace HH H ( ))
“etr” is the abbreviation for “exponential trace”.

{
p H (H ) = π − N R NT etr − HH H }
MIMO Wireless Communications
trace HH H( )
 h h12 L h1NT   h11 h21 L hN R 1 
*
  11   
  h21 h22 L h2 NT   h12 h22 L hN R 2  
= trace     
 M O O M  M O O M  
 
  hN R 1 hN R 2 L hN R NT   h1NT h2 NT L hN R NT  
 
 2 2 2 
h
  11 + h12 + L + h1 NT L L L 
 2 2 2 
 L h21 + h22 + L + h2 NT L L 
= trace   
 M O O M 
 2 2 2
 L L L hN R 1 + hN R 2 + L + hN R NT 
 
N R , NT


2
= hi , j
i , j =1
MIMO Wireless Communications
• MIMO channel parallel decomposition
• To see how much is the capacity increase in
MIMO systems
~x y ~y
x
~
x = Vx y = Hx + n ~y = UH y

Fig. 8 Transmit precoding and receiver shaping


(needs CSIR and CSIT)
MIMO Wireless Communications
• From SVD of the channel matrix H, we have,
H = U ∑ VH
~ (
y = U H y = U H (Hx + n ) = U H U Σ V H x + n )
⇒~ (
y = U H U Σ V H V~
x+n )
⇒~
y = Σ~ ~
x+n
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Component-wise
~
 y1  σ 1 0 ~ ~
0 0 0 0  1   1 
x n
~ y  0 σ  ~   ~ 
 2   2 0 0 0 0  x 2   n 2 
 M  0 0 O 0 0 0  M   M 
~  =   ~  + ~ 
 y RH   0 0 0 σ RH 0 0   x R H   n RH 
 M  0 0 0 0 O 0  M   M 
~    ~  ~ 
 y N R   0 0 0 0 0 0  x NT  n N R 
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Parallel RH Gaussian channels
~
y1 = σ 1 ~
x1 + n~1
~
y2 = σ 2 ~x 2 + n~2
M O M
~y RH = σ RH ~
x RH + n~RH
M O M
~y N R = n~N R
• Capacity?
• increases RH fold
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Rate Gain √
• Diversity gain ×
Space-time codes
Implemented at the transmitter side, needs CSIR
and block fading
• Why space-time codes?
c
Pe ≈
(Gc S )G d
MIMO Wireless Communications
• where S is the SNR
• c is a scaling constant specific to the
– modulation employed and
– the nature of the channel
• Gc≥ 1 denotes the coding gain and
• Gd is the diversity order of the system
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Diversity gain/order determines the
– negative slope of an error rate curve plotted vs
SNR on a log-log scale

( )
log 2 Pe ≈ log 2 c − Gd log 2 Gc − Gd log 2 S

• Space-time coded scheme with diversity order


Gd has
– an error probability at high SNR behaving as
− Gd
Pe ≈ ( S )
MIMO Wireless Communications

If there is some coding gain, then


– average probability of error will be of the form
1
Pe ≈ Gd
( Gc S )
• If there were no array or power gain then
– the probability of error expression will be of the
form 1
Pe ≈ Gd
Gc ( S )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• The coding gain determines the
– horizontal shift of uncoded system error rate
curve to the
• space time coded error rate curve
• plotted on a log-log scale obtained for the same
diversity order
Fig. 9 Illustration of diversity and coding gains
• BER curves are usually waterfall type but
– we have shown straight lines for illustration purpose only
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Alamouti Space-Time Codes

H
1
s ,s 2 1
=s s ( )
2
=0

Fig. 10 A block diagram of Alamouti space-


time encoder
r

r%

Fig. 11 Alamouti’s space-time decodingŝ


MIMO Wireless Communications
• Received signal vector
r = Hs + n
• Received signals in two time intervals
 r1   s1 s2   h1   n1 
 r  =  − s* *   + 
s1   h2   n2 
 2  2
• the output of the combiner %r = H H Hs + n%
~
r1  h1* h2   r1  h1* r1 + h2 r2* 
~  = *  *  =  * *
r2  h2 − h1   2   h2 r1 − h1 r2 
r
MIMO Wireless Communications
~ (
r1 = h1
2
+ h2
2
)s
1 + n~1 ; ~ (
r2 = h1
2
+ h2
2
)s 2 + n~2

• For 2×1 MIMO system, two signals are picked up by


– the receiving antenna at the receiver
• Two signals are completely decoupled after the
combining operation
– for Alamouti Space Time Codes
• Simplifies greatly the detection strategy in
comparison
– to conventional MIMO detection
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Applying MLD
• For 0≤t≤T, we have
arg
sŝˆ1 =
min{m}
( 2
r%1 − h1 + h2
2
)s m s m ∈ {s k }kM=1

• For T≤t≤2T, we have,


arg
sˆ2 =
min{m}
(
r%2 − h1 + h2
2 2
)s m
MIMO Wireless Communications
MIMO detection
• Detect signals jointly
– since many signals are transmitted from the
transmitter to the receiver
• Maximum likelihood (ML) detection outputs the
vector which
• minimizes the Euclidean distance between
– the received vector and
– all possible combinations of the transmitted symbol
vectors min 2
sˆ = arg r − Hs
x
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Consider 2 × 2 MIMO system
 r1   h11 h12   s1   n1 
r =  ; H =   ; s =  ; n =  
r2  h21 h22  s2   n2 

r = Hs + n
 r1   h11 h12   s1   n1 
⇒ =   +  
r2  h21 h22   s 2  n 2 
MIMO Wireless Communications
• At the detector,
– we want to detect s1 and s2 at time t,
– but there exist interference between these two
signals

r1 = h11s1 + h12 s 2 + n1 ; r2 = h21s1 + h22 s 2 + n2


• Assume that sk are modulated in M-ary
constellation i.e., sk є {s1,s2,…,sM}
MIMO Wireless Communications
• We need to find the minimum metric of the
Euclidean distance
min  r − h s +h s
( ) 2 + r2 − (h21 si + h22 s j ) 2 
i , j∈{1, 2,L, M } 
1 11 i 12 j

min  (h s + h s + n ) − h s + h s
( ) 2 + (h21 s1 + h22 s 2 + n 2 ) − (h21 s i + h22 s j ) 2 
i , j∈{1, 2,L, M } 
11 1 12 2 1 11 i 12 j

• For instance, 16-QAM, (s1,s2) are (1 of 16


symbols, 1 of 16 symbols) implies 16×16 pairs
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Metric calculations of 256 are required
• For 3×3 MIMO system,
– NT=NR=3, metric calculations of 163=4096 are
required
• For 5×5 MIMO system,
– NT=NR=5, metric calculations of 165 =10,48,576
are required
• which is obviously impractical
MIMO Wireless Communications
• ML detectors are optimal but impractical
• Low complexity suboptimal detectors like
– Zero forcing (ZF) and
– Minimum mean square error (MMSE)
• are preferable
• In linear detector,
• a linear preprocessor (W) is first applied
– to the received signal vector
sˆ = W H r
MIMO Wireless Communications

• For instance in ZF
H
sˆ = WZF r = H +r = s + H +n
• H+ is the Moore Penrose pseudo-inverse of H
= (H H )
H + H −1
WZF =H HH
• Performance is not so good
• Consider a 2×2 MIMO system with s є S={-3,-
1,1,3}
MIMO Wireless Communications
• The channel matrix is given by H=[2 0.5; 1 2;]
• Suppose the received signal vector is r=[1 0.9]T
• The ZF detector’s output is given by

sˆ = H + r = [0.5 0.2]T
• Thus the hard decision of for s becomes [1 1]T
– which is different from the ML decision of [1 -1]T
• ZF less complex than MLD, but poor
performance
MIMO Wireless Communications
Antenna selection [2]
• Reduce hardware complexity
• A subset of total available antennas selected
– Based on capacity maximization
– Based on maximum received SNR
– Done at transmitter, at receiver or both
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal Ratio
Combining (TAS/MRC) [3]
Ant 1
Ant 1

Select
antenna 2, Ant 2
then use
Ant 2 only this 3
path
Tx Rx

Ant 3
Ant 3

Fig. 12 3 × 3 TAS/MRC MIMO system


MIMO Wireless Communications
• How to select antenna?
Nr
• By maximizing the received SNR I = arg max{Ci = ∑ | hi , j |2 }
j =1
• For Rayleigh fading channel,
– Ci are i.i.d. Chi square distributed with the probability
density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution
function (CDF) as
1 N r −1 − x
p(x) = x e , x≥0
( N r − 1) !
N r −1
xi
P (x) = 1 − e−x ∑
i=0 i!
, x≥0
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Order statistics
• PDF of maximum received SNR C(Nt) such that
C(1)≤ C(2) ≤…≤ C(Nt) can be given as [4]
p( N t ) ( x ) = N t [ P ( x )]N t −1 p ( x )
N r −1 i
Nt x N t −1 N r −1 − x
= (1 − e ∑ ) · x e
−x

( N t − 1)! i=0 i !
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Assume binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for
TAS/MRC MIMO system
• Instantaneous SNR at the MRC receiver
Nr 2

γ b = γ ∑ hN , j = γC( N )
t t
j =1

• The average BER



P2 = ∫ Q ( 2γ b ) pγ b (γ b ) d γ b
0

Conditional error probability (CEP) for BPSK


MIMO Wireless Communications
• Thus, closed form expression for BER Rayleigh
fading is
 k  N t − 1
N t −1 
( − 1)   k ( N r −1)   
Nr +t
Nt   k × γ
( N r − 1) ! ∑ ∑
P2 =  Nr
 a t ( N r , k )( N r + t − 1 ) !×  1 − 
k = 0   2 ( k + 1) 
    γ + k + 1 
t =0



 
j
 
(− j)  
N r + t −1
N + t − 1 + j γ
× ∑ 2  r
 ×  1 +  

 j   γ + k +1  
j=0

• where, at ( N r , k ) is the coefficient of z 2t in the
expansion of   z   2
i k

   
  2 (k + 1)  
N r −1
• ∑ 
 i=0 i! 
 
 
MIMO Wireless Communications
• η − µ distribution proposed by M. Yacoub in 2000
(can analyze non LOS propagation)
• Can model many distributions
• Some of the special cases of η − µ distribution are
– Rayleigh distribution for η → 1, µ = 0.5,
– one sided Gaussian distribution for η → 1, µ = 0.25,
– Nakagami-m distribution for η → 1, µ = m/2 and
– Hoyt distribution for η → q2, µ = 0.5
• BER analysis for TAS/MRC over η − µ fading channel
can be carried out in the similar way
MIMO Wireless Communications

Fig. 13: BER performance of (2, 1; 1) TAS/MRC system over η


− µ fading channels for η = 1 with BPSK modulation
MIMO Wireless Communications
Spatial modulation
• Two information bearing units
– Transmit antenna index : estimated at receiver
– A symbol from signal constellation : transmitted from
antenna corresponding to transmit antenna index
–Advantages
• Higher capacity
• Reduced hardware complexity
• Avoidance of transmit antenna synchronization
• How?
MIMO Wireless Communications
MIMO Wireless Communications

Fig. 14 SM system model [5]


MIMO Wireless Communications
• k bit information blocks
• Sub blocks of m bits and n bits
• n bits spatially modulated
• m bits modulated using digital modulation
schemes
• m bits are transmitted physically, effectively similar to
transmitting k=m+n bits
• Restriction on the number of transmit antennas
• Integer exponent of 2
MIMO Wireless Communications
SM Receiver
• MRC diversity scheme
• Two step detection of transmitted symbol
• Antenna index estimation ((hj)Hy is noise except for
actual transmit antenna) h jH y
ˆj = arg max
2
j hj
• ML symbol detection, only one transmit antenna [6]
min
x qˆ = arg
j
2
{
h ˆj xq − 2 Re h Hˆj yxq* }
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Assume two estimation processes are
independent
– Transmit antenna index estimate
– Estimation of the transmit symbol
• Notation
– Pa is probability that the antenna index estimation
is incorrect
– Ps is probability is that the transmitted symbol
estimation is incorrect
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Probability of correct estimation
Pc = (1 − Pa )(1 − Ps )
• Probability of error
Pe = 1 − Pc = 1 − (1 − Pa )(1 − Ps ) = Pa + Ps − Pa Ps

• Assume QAM
• CEP P (γ ) = aQ
e ( )
bγ − cQ 2
( bγ )
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Table 2 MODULATION PARAMETERS FOR
VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES [8]
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Q-function as sum of exponentials [7]
x2 2 x2
1 − 1 −
Q ( x) ≈ e 2
+ e 3
12 4

• CEP becomes
bγ 2bγ 4bγ 7 bγ
a − a − c −bγ c − c −
Pe (γ ) ≅ e 2
+ e 3
− e − e 3
− e 6
,
12 4 144 16 24

• where a=2, b=1, and c=1 for 4-QAM


MIMO Wireless Communications
• the integral of fits the definition of MGF [9] of
the received SNR, MGF(γ).

MGF (γ ) = ∫ exp(− γx )p X ( x )dx
0

• Probability of error in symbol detection


1 γ  1  2γ  1  1 1  4γ  1  7γ 
Ps ≈ MGF   + MGF   −  MGF ( γ ) + MGF   + MGF  
6 2 2  3  4  36 4  3  6  6 
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Probability of error in transmit antenna index
estimation
γ  1 γ 
(
Pa = Q γ eff ) 1
≈ MGF   + MGF  
12 4 4 3
• where
γ 2
γ eff = h j − h ˆj
2
• MGF for Rice fading case
1+ K  Kγ 
MGFRice ( )
γ =
1+ K + γ
exp  − 
 1+ K + γ 
MIMO Wireless Communications

• Fig. 15 SER vs SNR (dB) for 2×2 SM MIMO system


considering Rician fading
MIMO Wireless Communications
• SM with antenna selection [10]
• Some of the selected antennas for SM may be
completely down
• SM systems combined with antenna selection
Antennas selected at transmitter
SM applied over selected antennas with
better links
• CSI assumed to be available at transmitter
MIMO Wireless Communications
• SM with antenna selection
Ant 1
Ant 1
Apply SM
on
selected Ant 2
Ant 2
antennas
Ant 3 which Ant 3
Tx give the Rx
best links

Ant 4
Ant 4

Fig. 16 4 × 4 TAS SM MIMO system


MIMO Wireless Communications
• Order statistics
• Antenna Selection Parameter
Nr
Aj = ∑ hi , j
2

i =1

x Nr −1e − x
f Aj ( x ) = ,x ≥0
Γ ( Nr )
N r −1
xi
FA ( x ) = 1 − e− x ∑ ,x ≥0
j
i =0 i!
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Ajs are arranged in ascending order
• S antennas corresponding to highest Ajs are
selected
• PDF of A(r) such that A(1)≤ A(2) ≤…≤ A(Nt) can be
given as
1 r −1 Nt −r
f A( r ) ( x ) =
B (r, Nt − r + 1)
{ F Aj ( x )} {1 − F Aj ( x )} f Aj ( x )

• where r = Nt-S+1
MIMO Wireless Communications
• The PDF of received SNR can be given as
1 Nt i −1 M
1  i − 1
∑∑∑ N r + t −1 − x( Nt −i + j +1)
j
fγ ( x ) =
r
  ( −1) Ct ( j , N r ) x e
( Nt − r + 1) Γ ( N r ) i=r j =0 t =0 B ( i, Nt − i + 1)  j 

• where M = ( N − 1)( N r t − i + j) and Ct(j,Nr) is


coefficient of xt in
Nt −i+ j
 N r −1
x 
i

 ∑ 
i! 
 i=0
MIMO Wireless Communications
• Outage probability
 2R − 1
Pout ( γ , R ) = Pr  A( r ) < 
 γ 
Nt
1 1
( Nt − r + 1) Γ ( N r ) ∑
Pout ( γ , R ) =
i = r B ( i , N t − i + 1)

 i − 1
i −1 M γ ( N r + t , γ th ( N t − i + j + 1) )
×∑   ( −1) ∑ Ct ( j , N r )
j
( Nr +t )
j =0  j  t =0 ( Nt − i + j + 1)
• where 2R − 1
γ th =
γ
MIMO Wireless Communications

Fig. 17: Outage Probability Vs. SNR curve for TAS SM MIMO
systems with antenna selection (2 bits/s/Hz)
MIMO Wireless Communications
• References:
1. L. Zheng and D. N. Tse, “Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental
trade-off in multiple antenna channels,” IEEE Trans. Information
Theory, pp. 1073-96, May 2003.
2. S. Sanayei and A. Nosratinia, “Antenna selection in MIMO
systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 68–73, 2004.
3. Z. Chen, Z. Chi, Y. Li, and B. Vucetic, “Error performance of
maximal-ratio combining with transmit antenna selection in flat
Nakagami-m fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.
8, pp. 424–431, Jan 2009.
4. H. A. David and H. N. Nagaraja, Order Statistics, 3rd ed. New York:
Wiley Interscience, 2003.
MIMO Wireless Communications
5. R. Mesleh, S. Engelken, S. Sinanovic, and H. Haas, “Analytical ser
calculation of spatial modulation,” in Spread Spectrum Techniques
and Applications, 2008. ISSSTA ’08. IEEE 10th International
Symposium on, pp. 272 –276, Aug. 2008.
6. J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Spatial modulation:
optimal detection and performance analysis,” Communications
Letters, IEEE, vol. 12, pp. 545 –547, Aug. 2008.
7. M. Chiani, D. Dardari, and M. K. Simon, “New exponential bounds
and approximations for the computation of error probability in
fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
840–845, 2003.
8. Y. Chen and C. Tellambura, “Distribution functions of selection
combiner output in equally correlated Rayleigh, Rician, and
Nakagami-m fading channels,” IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1948–1956, 2004.
MIMO Wireless Communications
9. A. Papoulis and S. U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and
Stochastic Processes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.
10. B. Kumbhani and R. S. Kshetrimayum, "Outage Probability
Analysis of Spatial Modulation Systems with Antenna
Selection", Electronics Letters, vol. 50, Issue 2, Jan 2014, pp.
125-126.

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