Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
We would like to thank out teacher for giving us the opportunity to work
on this project. Without your guidance and support this project would
not have been possible. Further we would like to thank our colleagues
for sharing their ideas which helped us in advancing with the project.
1
Table of Contents
CONTENT PAGE NO
AIR POLLUTION
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
4
FUNDAMENTALS OF PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 5
METHODS OF CONTROLLING
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
WATER POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND 7
CONTROL:
SOURCES 7
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
WATER POLLUTION
8
LAND POLLUTION
PRACTICES TO CONTROL LAND 9
POLLUTION
2
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGAGEMENT-
AREA BEAUTIFICATION
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
12
BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL 13
PLANNING
BIBLIOGRAPHY & 28
REFERENCES
3
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
CONTROL MEASURES
Causes of Air pollution :
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels
like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution.
Pollution emitting from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause
immense amount of pollution. We rely on them to fulfill our daily basic needs of
transportation. But, there overuse is killing our environment as dangerous gases are
polluting the environment. Carbon Monooxide caused by improper or incomplete
combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along with
Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural and man made processes.
4. Mining operations: Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted
using large equipments. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air
4
causing massive air pollution. This is one of the reason which is responsible for the
deteriorating health conditions of workers and nearby residents.
5. Indoor air pollution: Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic
chemicals in the air and cause air pollution. Have you ever noticed that once you paint
walls of your house, it creates some sort of smell which makes it literally impossible for
you to breathe.
2. Absorption – In this technique, the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubbers or
5
absorbers. These contain a suitable liquid absorbent, which removes or modifies one or
more of the pollutants present in the gaseous effluents.
3. Adsorption – The gaseous effluents are passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in
suitable containers. The organic and inorganic constituents of the effluent gases are
trapped at the interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent.
At Home:
1. Avoid using chemical pesticides or fertilizers in your yard and garden. Many
fertilizers are a source of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global
warming. Try organic products instead
2. Compost your yard waste instead of burning it. Outdoor burning is not advisable, as it
pollutes air. Breathing this smoke is bad for you, your family and your neighbors. Plus,
you can use the compost in your garden.
3. If you use a wood stove or fireplace to heat your home, it would be better to consider
switching to another form of heat which does not generate smoke. It is always better to
use sweater or warm clothing than using fireplace.
On the Road:
• Keep your vehicle well maintained. A poorly maintained engine both creates more
air pollution and uses more fuel. Replace oil and air filters regularly, and keep
your tires properly inflated.
• Drive less. Walking, bicycling, riding the bus, or working from home can save
you money as
6
Water pollution prevention and control:
Water is a key resource for our quality of life. It also provides natural habitats and eco-
systems for plant and animal species. Access to clean water for drinking and sanitary
purposes is a precondition for human health and well-being. Clean unpolluted water is
essential for our ecosystems. Plants and animals in lakes, rivers and seas react to changes
in their environment caused by changes in chemical water quality and physical
disturbance of their habitat.
Sewage is first passed through a grinding mechanism. This is then passed through
several settling chambers and neutralized with lime. Up to this stage, the process is
called primary treatment. The sewage still contains a large number of pathogenic and
non-pathogenic organisms, and also sufficient quantity of organic matter. The
neutralized effluents are sent to UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket). It is a
reactor. In this, the anaerobic bacteria degrade the biodegradable material present in the
waste water. This removes foul odor and releases methane, which can be used elsewhere.
In this system, the pollution load is reduced upto 85 percent. After this, water is sent to
aeration tanks where it is mixed with air and bacteria. Bacteria digest the organic waste
material. This is called biological or secondary treatment. Even after the treatment, water
is not yet fit for drinking. The harmful microorganisms need to be killed. The final step
(tertiary treatment) is, therefore, a disinfection process, to remove final traces of
organics, bacteria, dissolved inorganic solids, etc. For tertiary treatment, methods, such
as chlorination, evaporation, and exchange absorption may be employed. These depend
upon the required quality of the final treatment.
Apart from the above, we should also adopt the following practices:
(i) Waste food material, paper, decaying vegetables and plastics should not be thrown
into open drains.
(ii) Effluents from distilleries, and solid wastes containing organic matter should be sent
to biogas plants for generation of energy.
(iii) Oil slicks should be skimmed off from the surface with suction device. Sawdust may
be spread over oil slicks to absorb the oil components.
8
LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution is the deterioration (destruction) of the earth’s land surfaces, often
directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities and their misuse of land resources.
It occurs when waste is not disposed of properly, or can occur when humans throw
chemicals onto the soil in the form of pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers during
agricultural practices. Exploitation of minerals (mining activities) has also contributed to
the destruction of the earth’s surface.
9
5.Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.
11
Environmental Management
Area beautification
It is important for people's good health that the community they live in is not only
clean and free from rubbish, but that it is a comfortable and pleasant place in other
ways. There is a greater chance of achieving these things if people plan the
community layout before building starts. People should give a lot of thought to:
Environmental planning
A good community plan provides for:
• areas such as roadside reserves, playgrounds, gardens and parks which can be
made more attractive by planting trees, shrubs and grass
• plenty of good places to play and exercise
• shady places in which to sit and talk
• shops, public toilets, health centres and other important facilities which are easy to
reach
• roads, footpaths and street lighting which allow people to get around the
community easily and safely
• water and power supplies to every house and public facility
• sewage and rubbish disposal systems which will meet the community's
requirements
• placing houses so that people have privacy but can mix easily with neighbours if
they wish
12
Some of these facilities, such as rubbish tips, bores and sewage ponds require
special consideration when finding a place to put them.
13
Fig. : An example of a community town plan.
Town plans are usually prepared before a town or community is built. When the
town planning authority decides that a city, town or community needs to be
changed, a new plan for the area will be drawn up. The local planning authority
may also be able to assist.
14
Changes to cities, towns and communities usually come about because people see
that there are better ways of doing things. For example:
• people may find that the road layout is dangerous and is causing a lot of accidents
and needs to be changed
• a lot of people in the community may want a swimming pool or playing field
• health authorities may want to have the rubbish tip shifted because it is too close to
some buildings
When town planning authorities produce a new town plan, they usually ask people
living in the town, city or community to look at it and give their opinions as to
whether or not they are happy with it. When people do not agree with it, it is often
changed to meet their needs.
• the community needs one or more new buildings, such as a preschool centre, a
community centre, public toilets or a new community health centre
• some buildings would be better in other places. For example, moving a building
away from the river to prevent damage during floods, or relocating communal
toilets so that they are easier to reach
• the community needs to be a more beautiful place, by doing things like planting
more trees, making a park or putting in place better systems for managing rubbish
• the community needs a new sewage system
They should then discuss the changes they think need to be made with the
appropriate town planning authority. It would probably be best to discuss any
changes to rubbish and sewage disposal systems and water supplies with the local
EHO or the state or territory government department who can advise on what
action needs to be taken.
15
Ideas to improve the community environment
There are many changes which can be made to a community to make it a much
more pleasant place to live in. The community should make its own list of
priorities.
Gardens are not just for flowers. They can also be for growing vegetables and fruit.
The roots of plants help hold the soil in place during floods and strong winds.
If there is grass or ground cover it can provide a good place to sit or rest. Children
can play on the grass or meetings can be held there. Grassed areas are good for
playing on too. Sports such as basketball, football, softball and netball can be
played there. Ground covers also help to control dust in the community.
16
The Role of Colour in Environmental Beautification
17
Need For Plantation Awareness
Globally, forest cover is one-third less than what it once was and global
deforestation continues at 13 million hectares per year. This indiscriminate felling
of trees threatens the environmental health and sustainability of communities in
rural and urban milieu. Social forestry needs to be undertaken on a large scale to
reverse the ill effects of deforestation and restore the ecological balance. It will
also contribute towards creating a carbon sink and increasing green cover.
Due to the tremendous response from local individuals and communities, Tree
Plantation Program has successfully planted more than 1 million trees in the last
two years, across 62 projects in 6 states of India. More than 2,00,000 people
benefitted from their own active participation in sowing and caring of saplings.
The program aims to ensure dual action of planting the tree and fostering
environmental stewardship. This encourages people to care for and take ownership
of the trees planted by them
18
SOME WAYS TO SPREAD AWARENESS AMONG
PEOPLE REGARDING PLANTATION
COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE:
1. Sapling distribution/sales outlets should be newly opened or established at already
opened nurseries in the city to provide saplings most-fit for plantation in the area at
subsidized rates.
2. Other accessories including soil, organic fertilizer, shovel, water sprinkler, tree
fence etc should also be provided on subsidized rates.
3. Massive publicity of location of these spots should be made to let people know
where from they can buy plants and other accessories.
10. Local political leaders of all political organizations should be taken into
confidence to make this campaign successful at grassroots level
12. All religious forums including Church, Temple, and Mosque should also be
contacted and their management should be convinced to plant trees around their
place of worship
13. All types of spiritual leaders and spiritual healers should also be asked to
cooperate in effective launch of this campaign.
14. All charities should also be appealed to plant trees within their buildings and also
around them if possible and also dole out a sapling with charity to deserving people.
15. Culture of tree plantation should be promoted in different cultures living in the
city
16. Giving the gift of sapling on birthdays should be promoted at the grassroots level
with the help of opinion leaders
19
ADMINISTRATION
5. Each office of administration of the area must be made bound to offer full support
during the tree plantation campaign. This can be done with an administrative order.
7. A task force should be established to run the tree plantation campaign under the
directives of central management committee. In this task force those people should
be involved who can work on ground to make this campaign successful.
9. Quantified target of the campaign should be set and publicized at a wider scale on
commercial basis or with the help of tips given below to let people know how many
saplings are to be planted minimum under this campaign.
NGOS
17. Various registration authorities of NGOs should be first assigned to pick the best
NGOs of each area to participate in tree plantation campaign
18. NGOs of each area should be called and a representative of registration authority
mobilize them to full participate in the drive
19. On their consenting each NGO should be assigned the task to plant trees in a
specified area under the guidance of Task Force
20. NGOs should also be motivated to go to the communities at the grassroots level
to motivate people plant more and more trees
21. NGOs should be trained to convince people to plant trees on self-help basis
without expecting any help from anywhere. This will promote the sense of
ownership in them and they will look after each sapling till it becomes a tree
20
MEDIA
22. Efforts should be made to link tree plantation with brands of media to involve
them in this campaign
23. A few leading media houses should be made partner in this campaign to motivate
others to join this noble cause
24. Media houses should be requested to put tree plantation message in maximum
number in their different types of programs
25. Directors, producers and anchors should be fully briefed on the campaign with
the request to them for publicity in their programs
26. Meetings should be made with newspaper editors, owners and administrators to
join this campaign by planting trees within their organizations and also promote it
27. Massive coverage of the campaign should also be made in all media including
newspapers, magazines, TV news bulletin
29. In quiz shows a gift of sapling should also be tagged with regular prize to
promote the habit of planting trees
21
GOVERNMENT
30. The highest boss of the government should be requested to issue an order to all
subordinate offices to plant trees in the premises of their buildings
31. Meeting should be held with top bosses of the government to motivate people
around them to plant trees and save their environment
32. Government should be pressurized to allocate more and more funds to plant trees
and help others plant trees in community areas
33. Government should also be asked to do research to point out plants most-fit for
the area
34. Government forestry experts should also be requested to guide the communities
how to plant a tree
35. Every government officer should be made bound to plant at least one tree in his
house, in community area or at the office
36. Government officers should be trained on importance of tree plantation and how
to plant trees and enjoy their benefits
22
37. In every new construction at a government office, its contractor should be made
bound legally to plant maximum trees inside and around the new construction
FARMERS
39. Farmer organizations should be contacted to involve them in tree plantation
campaign
40. Farmers should be convinced to plant trees at their farming fields and leave no
free space idle
41. Incentives should be given to farmers to establish orchards also apart from
simply relying for livelihood on crops
42. In rural areas all free space must be used to plant trees wherever it is possible
and farmers should be motivated to join the drive for this purpose.
BUSINESSMEN
43. Businessmen should be requested to print tree plantation messages on their
brands and their packaging for public awareness
44. They should be appealed to donate more and more for the effective launch of
tree plantation campaign
45. They should be motivated to plant trees within the premises of their offices if
possible
46. Business associations should also be approached to plant trees in the premises of
their offices
47. They should be made aware not to make new construction without doing its EIA
(environmental impact assessment) and fully offset the cutting of trees by planting
several times more than they cut
48. Their staff should also be made aware to plant trees wherever it is possible
23
SOCIAL MEDIA
49. A Facebook page should be created exclusively for the campaign and all FB
users of the area should be invited to join it
50. Regular updates of the campaign should be uploaded at the Facebook page
51. Several quotes highlighting the importance of trees should also be uploaded on
regular basis
52. A Campaign Board should also be created at Pinterest and same activities should
be done on it
53. A Twitter Account should also be opened and regular updates of campaign and
quotes on trees should be shared on it
54. The same activity should also be done at Google+ where a large number of
people regularly visit
55. A free blog at Tumblr should be created and regular update of the campaign
should be published on it
56. More and more photos of the campaign should be snapped to share them at social
media
57. Comments on other blogs of tree plantation, go green and environment should
be dropped to inform their readers about the campaign
58. In online social forums the introduction and regular updates of the campaign
should also be published on regular basis
59. Details of the campaign should be published at all the websites that publish them
for free
60. A free blog at Blogger should also be created to promote the campaign and
motivate others to join it
61. A documentary on importance of tree plantation should also be published at
online video channels like YouTube, Daily Motion, and Vimeo etc
24
SCHOOLS
66. Students should be made the main force of this campaign
67. They may be asked to fill undertaking to at least plant one tree once in their life
69. They should be motivated to plant trees at their homes, schools and places where
they sit together
70. Each student should buy a coupon to bear the cost of one tree and host of the
campaign should plant that tree on behalf of that student
71. Five extra marks may be given if a student plant a sapling and grow it as tree in
one year
72. Stickers on tree plantation should be distributed among students to motive them
25
COLLEGES
73. In colleges, students should be made caretaker of saplings to take care till they
become trees
74. Tee Shirts on tree plantation should be sold in colleges and their profit should be
spent to plant more and more trees
76. In girls colleges corner meetings should be held to convince girls plant trees at
their homes
UNIVERSITIES
77. Universities have more free space so especial efforts should be made to plant
more and more trees there
79. The culture of sitting under trees should be promoted to make people habitual of
them
80. Instead of covered canteen open canteen under the shadow of trees should be
promoted more
HOUSEWIVES
81. Housewives can be approached through morning shows to participate in this
campaign
82. Housewives who live in flats should be trained through media on bucket farming
83. They can also be trained to grow curry related herbs in small earthen pots inside
their homes and can also save money
84. At community level housewives can also motivate their men folk to participate
in this campaign
26
ENVIRONMENTAL JOURNALISTS
90. They must be made main leaders of the campaign
91. The data base of their emails should be developed as top priority to involve them
in the drive
93. They should also be informed through phone of each component of the activity
daily
94. An SMS should also be sent to them hour before each program
INTELLECTUALS
95. Columnist should be requested to refer the campaign in their columns
97. Poets should be requested to write a few verses on benefits of trees for their
publication in print media
98. Painters should make a painting to promote the campaign and display at
community centers
27
BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES
28