Important Equations

 c = λν
c = 3 x 108 m per second
λ = wavelength
hc
ν = frequency Ephoton = h ν =
λ

 E = hν
h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 x 10-34 J s
or
h = 6.62 x 10-34 kg m2 s-1

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 1

“Quantum”
 Light is quantized [Max Planck, 1901]
– Quite a surprise as light was thought to be continuous

 Energy can be gained or lost only in integer multiples

of h ν.

ΔE = n(h ν)
n is an integer (1,2,3,…)

 Each unit of size hν is called a packet or quantum

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 2

Energy Has Mass!

E = mc2 hc h
m= =
λ c2 λc
h
m=
E
λ=
c2 mc
Êcˆ
E = hn = hÁ ˜
Ë l¯
h
λ=
mv
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 3

1
 Hydrogen’s Atomic Spectrum

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 4

Light & Energy Are Quantized

hc
DE n =
ln

n is excited state orbitals

n = 1, 2, 3, …

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 5

Bohr Model

Discrete energy levels

available to electrons
Niels Bohr
in which to move
(1885-1962 )
Nobel Prize
Physics,
1922
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 6

2
 Bohr Model

Another
View
Niels Bohr
(1885-1962 )
Nobel Prize
Physics,
1922
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 7

What Bohr’s Calculations Led To

Angular Z2
momentum, E n = - 2 (2.18x10-18 J)
radius, and n
energy of the
n2
electrons rn = a 0 = radius of each orbital
Z
traveling in a 0 called the bohr radius, a constant
discrete orbits
n = orbitals, excited states
Angular Momentum = mevr n = 1,2,3,... n = 1 called ground state
h
= n n = 1,2,3,..... Z is the postive charge on the nucleus
2p
(1 of H, 2 for He, etc.)

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 8

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

n
Dx ! mDv "
4p
imprecision of
position

imprecision of momentum
Werner Heisenberg
1927

You cannot measure/observe something without changing

that which you are observing/measuring.

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 9

3
 Schrödinger Equation
Ĥψ= Eψ

Ĥ is a Hamiltonian operator in linear algebra

E = total energy of the atom

ψ= a wave function which defines an electrons

position in 3D space (x, y, z), called an orbital

ψ2 = the probability that an electron is in a certain

region of space; this defines the shape of the orbital
(s, p, d, f)

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 10

Movement of an Electron
The H e- can be visualized as a standing wave
around the nucleus.
Not the planetary orbits assumed by Bohr.

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 11

Solutions to the Schrödinger Eqn

1. n = principal quantum number
n = 1, 2, 3, … ψ(n, l, ml)
n is related to the size and energy of the orbital

2. l = angular (azimuthal) quantum number

l = 0, 1, …. (n-1)
l is related to the shape of the orbital
l = 0 is called an s orbital
l = 1 is called a p orbital ψ(n, l, ml)
l = 2 is called a d orbital
l = 3 is called an f orbital
l = 4 is called a g orbital

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 12

4
 Solutions to the Schrödinger Eqn

3. ml = magnetic quantum number

ml = -l, … , 0, ….+l ψ(n, l, ml)
ml relates to the orientation of the orbital

4. Although not a solution to the

Schrödinger Equation, a 4th quantum
number is
ms = electron spin quantum number
ms = +1/2, -1/2 denoted by ↑↓

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 13

Hydrogen Atom
– n is related to the size and energy of the orbital
– l is related to the shape of the orbital
– ml relates to the orientation of the orbital
n l orbital ml # of
designation orbitals
1 0 1s 0 1
0 2s 0 1
2
1 2p -1, 0, +1 3
0 3s 0 1
3 1 3p -1, 0, +1 3
2 3d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
0 4s 0 1
1 4p -1, 0, +1 3
4
2 4d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
3 4f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 14

Representations of Orbitals

ψ(1, 0, 0) ψ(2, 0, 0) ψ(3, 0, 0)

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 15

5
 Representations of p-Orbitals

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 16

Representations of d-Orbitals

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 17