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“Hydroelectric

Energy in the
Philippines”

Agusan Hydroelectric Plant


The Agusan Hydroelectric Plant, the downstream facility of two
proposed plants, was constructed in Damilag, Manolo, Fortich,
and Bukidnon[1] to serve the immediate domestic and industrial
requirements of the area.[2] The watershed is small, and covers
an area of around 25 km2 at the diversion dam.[3]The run-of-river
plant consists of two 800-kW turbine generators that use water
from the Agusan River to generate electricity. It is connected to
the local distribution grid Cepalco through the Transco distribution
line.[4]

Agusan Hydroelectric Plant

Location of Agusan Hydroelectric Plant in Philippines


Coordinates 8°21′00″N 124°46′00″E

Construction began May 1956

Opening date December 29, 1957

Construction cost $ 20.74 Million or 891.82 Million


pesos (at current price)

Owner(s) First Gen

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Concrete Flow

Impounds Agusan River

Height 1m

Length 22 m

Spillway type Trapezoid, Overflow Type

Reservoir

Total capacity 2,996 million cubic meters

Surface area 117 km²


Maximum water depth 193 meters

Power Station

Turbines 2 units Horizontal Shaft,


Waterwheel

Installed capacity 1.6 MW

Annual generation 10,500,000 kWh


Angat Dam
Angat Dam is a concrete water
reservoirembankment hydroelectric dam that supplies
the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the
Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. The reservoir
supplies about 90 percent of raw water requirements
for Metro Manila through the facilities of
the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System and it irrigates about 28,000 hectares of
farmland in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga.
Angat Dam

View of Angat Dam from San Lorenzo (Hilltop),


Norzagaray, Bulacan.
Official name Angat Dam

Location Barangay San


Lorenzo, Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philip
pines

Coordinates 14°52′15″N121°08′30″E

Construction beg November 1961


an

Opening date October 16, 1967

Construction cos Php 315.344 Million[1]


t

Operator(s) National Power Corporation

Dam and spillways

Impounds Angat River

Height 131 m (430 ft)[1]

Length 568 m (1,864 ft)[1]

Width (base) 550 m (1,800 ft)[1]

Reservoir
Creates Angat Reservoir

Total capacity 850×106 m3(30×109 cu ft)

Power Station

Turbines 10 Vertical shaft, Francis


turbine[1](Includes turbines from the
main powerhouse and the auxiliary
powerhouse)

Installed capacity 256,000 kW^1


Binga Dam
Binga Dam is a dam in Agno River connected to
a hydroelectric power plant situated at Barrio Binga,
Barangay Tinongdan in the municipality
of Itogon in Benguet province of the Philippines.

Binga Dam

Location within the Philippines

Official name Binga Hydroelectric


Power Plant
Location Brgy.
Binga, Itogon, Benguet

Coordinates 16°24′00″N120°43′30″E

Construction began August 1956

Opening date May 1960

Construction cost $ 18.50 Million (at


current price)

Owner(s)  National Power


Corporation
 SN Aboitiz
Power-Benguet, Inc.

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Storage, Earth and


Rock fill

Impounds Agno River

Height 107.37 metres


(352.3 ft)

Length 215 metres (705 ft)


Spillway type Tainter radial Gates,
motor driven Hoist,
Chain lift Type

Reservoir

Total capacity 87.44 million cubic


meters

Maximum water depth 193 metres (633 ft)

Power Station

Turbines 4 units, Francis Vertical


Shaft

Installed capacity 140 MW

The dam was constructed in August 1956 and


opened in May 1960, three years after its sister
facility Ambuklao Dam. It is located 31 kilometres
(19 mi) southeast of Baguio City and 19 kilometres
(12 mi) downstream of Ambuklao
Dam.[2][3] Improvement of the dam is ongoing for it
had received heavy damage during the 1990 Luzon
earthquake, and its installed capacity of 100 MW is
being upgraded to 140MW.[4]
Bustos Dam
Bustos Dam also known as Angat Afterbay
Regulator Dam is a small irrigation dam at Bustos,
Bulacan is often mistaken by the locals as Angat
Dam since it is located close to the nearby town
of Angat. The project is located at Barangay Tibagan,
Bustos, Bulacan, served by the Angat River. The main
dam is about 18 meters above sea level. Among the
2.5-meter high, six-span dam’s main features are easily
deflatable and inflatable rubber body, resistance to
sedimentation, economical and having auto-deflation
system.[1]

Bustos Dam

View from the Control house


Location of Bustos Dam in Philippines

Official name  Bustos Dam


 Angat Afterbay
Regulator Dam

Location Bustos,
Bulacan, Philippines

Coordinates 14.9569°N 120.9548°E

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Irrigation Dam

Impounds Angat River

Reservoir

Creates Bustos Dam Reservoir

Total capacity 17×106 m3(600×106 cu ft)

Catchment area 781 km2 (302 sq mi)


History

Historical marker: Rehabilitation of Apron at the Dam.


Built in 1926, 50 kilometers upstream from the Bustos Dam as a
fixed type river weir without gates, the AARD, Angat Afterbay
Regulator Dam (commonly known as Bustos Dam) is the longest
rubber dam in Asia at 79 meters and the second largest in the
world..[2]It has coordinates of 14°57'25"N 120°57'15"E serving
nearby cities: Real, Quezon, Rodriguez (Montalban), Rizal,
Antipolo City, Rizal.
In 1967, steel sector gates were installed on top of the regulator
dam for the purpose of generating irrigation water, power supply
and domestic water supply.
Rehabilitation
With its construction, the Bustos Dam’s height was increased by
2.5 meters and later renamed Angat Afterbay Regulator Dam,
increasing the service area of the Angat-Maasim Rivers Irrigation
System (AMRIS), which operates the AARD from 25,000 hectares
in 1927 to 31,485 hectares in 20 towns in Bulacan and Pampanga
benefitting 20,562 farmers.
The series of typhoons from 1968 to the early part of 1980 was
damaging to the dam whose Bay 1 sector gate finally gave way in
September 1990 after typhoon "Iriang" carried away the structure
250 meters downstream from its original post. The agency has
undertaken temporary rehab works in the dam using their own
budget and through funding assistance from the World Bank.
The present dam was rehabilitated by Kurimoto, LTD., Osaka,
Japan,[3]manufacturing date, as of May, 1997.
It has Washed Out, Intake, Sluice and Roller Gates sets. Its clear
spans are 4.6% 1.53 meters. Its gate (opening) heights are 4.5
and 1.0 meters. The weights of the leaves are 5.4 and 1.0 tons.
The operating speed is 0.3 m./ min.
In 2001, The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has
approved a P500-million grant-in aid to the government for the
repair and improvement of the Angat Afterbay Regulatory Dam
(AARD) in Bustos, Bulacan, the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA) said here over the weekend.[4]
By the 3rd Quarter of 2014, The National Irrigation Administration
(NIA) is bidding out the P1-billion contract for the rehabilitation of
the Bustos rubber dam in Bulacan.[5
Caliraya Dam
Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the
town of Lumban province of Laguna, in the Sierra
Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines.
The reservoir created by the dam, Lake Caliraya,
initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric
plants in the Philippines, and later became a popular
recreational area for numerous water sports and
fishing. The dam's construction was started in 1939
under the supervision of the engineering firm Pedro
Siochi and Company and a small hydroelectric plant
was operated in 1942.[4]

Caliraya Dam

The intake next to the embankment dam


Location of Caliraya Dam in Philippines

Official name Kalayaan Pumped-Storage


Project

Country Philippines

Location Laguna (province)

Coordinates 14°17′18″N 121°30′5″E

Status Operational

Construction began 1939 by the Pedro Siochi and


Company

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Embankment dam

Impounds Caliraya River

Spillways 1

Spillway type Chute spillway

Reservoir

Creates Lake Caliraya


Total capacity Caliraya Dam and Lumot Dam
combined
30,000,000 cubic metres
(1.1×109 cu ft) (between
maximum and minimum level)

Catchment area 92,000 square metres


(990,000 sq ft)

Power Station

Operator(s) CBK Power Co. Ltd.


Owner: National Power
Corporation

Type Pumped-storage
hydroelectricity and conventional
dam

Turbines 2 Francis-type

Installed capacity 300 MW (1983)[1]


684.6 MW (2008)[2]
Max. planned: 900 MW (Stage
I); 2000 MW (Stage II)[3]

Lake Caliraya was later connected with another man-


made lake, Lumot Lake, to provide more water through
a 2.3 km (1.4 mi) underground penstock.[5] Later still
the dam and lake were used as the upper reservoir for
the Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric plant
located west of Lake Caliraya, with Laguna de Bay as
the lower reservoir.[1]

Construction
In 1937, Major General Hugh John Casey was sent to the
country by US Army Corps of Engineers upon request by
the Philippine Commonwealth to provide assistance in
hydroelectric power and flood control for the recently
created[7] National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR). The
dam construction was started in 1939 from the designs
planned by Hugh John Casey, upon approval by the
Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon.
An embankment dam over 100 feet (30 m) high, was
constructed across the Caliraya River at its outlet from a
large flat plateau area providing a large water reservoir for
generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon from
the Caliraya hydroelectric plant. A diversion canal was
constructed several miles west of the lake to the head of a
steep slope about 950 feet (290 m) above Laguna de Bay.
Large penstocks were constructed diverting water down to
the powerhouse below, with a tailrace to the bay. The high
head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and
generators at relatively low unit costs. Initial estimate for
the project was $5 million, or 10 million pesos, and an
output of 40,000 horsepower(30 megawatts).[8]
During World War II, the dam was sabotaged by retreated
by combined American and Filipino soldiers to prevent its
use by invading Japanese who rebuilt it, but later
sabotaged it themselves as their own defeat approached.
On June 1, 1948, Republic Act No. 216 was passed
approving expenditures for the construction of several
hydroelectric dams in the Philippines; the act included the
diversion of the Lumot River via Lumot Dam to Caliraya
Lake for more available water and to raise the height of
Caliraya Dam.[9] The dam was rebuilt, raised and
inaugurated in 1953 by the (NAPOCOR).
In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines
bestowed upon Casey the honorary title of "the father of
water power development in the Philippines, for his
pioneering endeavors in the country.[10]
Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric
ProjectEdit
The pumped-storage hydroelectric project was
commissioned on February 23, 1983 with an initial output
of 300 MW from two turbines.[1]
Casecnan Dam
Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectric Plant is a dam
diverting water from the Casecnan and Taan Rivers to
the Pantabangan Reservoir through a 25-kilometre (16 mi)
long tunnel located
near Pantabangan and Muñoz in Nueva Ecija province of
the Philippines. The multi-purpose dam provides water for
irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its
reservoir affords flood control. It was considered one of the
most expensive hydroelectric plants built in the
country,[1]being next only to San Roque Dam.

Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectric Plant

Casecnan Irrigation and Power Generation


Project Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Location of Casecnan Irrigation and
Hydroelectric Plant in Philippines

Coordinates 15°50′28″N121°11′31″E

Construction began 1995

Opening date 2002

Construction cost $ 600 Million or 28.07


Billion pesos (at current
price)

Owner(s) National Power


Corporation
National Irrigation
Administration

Dam and spillways

Impounds Casecnan Irrigation


and Power
Generation Project
(Rizal, Nueva Ecija

Reservoir
Total capacity 802,000,000 cubic
metres
(650,000 acre⋅ft)

Power Station

Commission date 2002

Installed capacity 140 MW

Annual generation 425,000,000 kWh

The Casecnan Irrigation and Power Generation Project


is also located in Rizal, Nueva Ecija. The P6.75-B
Project provides irrigation to 26,920 hectares of new
farms in the Science City of Munoz, Talugtog, Guimba,
Cuyapo, and Nampicuan, all of Nueva Ecija. It
generates 140 megawatts of power for the Luzon grid
that will supply cheap electricity to millions of people in
Luzon including Metro Manila.[1][2]

History
In August 1987, former President Corazon
Aquino signed Executive Order 136, which provides for
the establishment of a Watershed Forest Reserve out
of the Casecnan River. The reserve covered an area of
57,930 hectares (143,100 acres).[2] By May 1993,
former President Fidel Ramos sought out investors to
fund the Casecnan Phased Transbasin Project. It
became one of the flagship programs of the Ramos
government and by 1995, the Casecnan Project got
approved for construction.[2] In September 2001,
former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo finally
opened the diversion tunnel after two years after the
Phase I of the Casecnan project was done.[2] In 2012,
the Aquino government approved the construction of
the second phase of the Casecnan project.[3]
Power generationEdit
When the Ramos government approved the start of the
Casecnan project, the constructed power plant was
planned to have produced 150 megawatts.[2] However,
it only produced 140 megawatts after the power plant
began operation.[4]

Irrigation
The original output for irrigation of Casecnan was the
irrigation of around 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) of
farmland.[2] It currently irrigates 26,920 hectares
(66,500 acres) in Nueva Ecija and 55,000 hectares
(140,000 acres) in Pampanga.[4] The Aquino
government laid seven billion pesos to further enlarge
the irrigation capacity of Casecnan which was planned
to irrigate an additional 20,231 hectares (49,990 acres)
of land in Nueva Ecija and another 40,000 hectares
(99,000 acres) in Pampanga by its completion in
2016.[3]
Lumot Dam

Lumot Dam in 2013

Lumot River Dam is an embankment dam located


between the towns of Cavinti and Lumban, in
the province of Laguna, Philippines. The dam was
constructed across Lumot River creating
a reservoir now known as Lumot Lake or Sierra Lake.
Lumot Lake provides additional water through a Bell-
mouth spillway and tunnel to Caliraya Lake, which in
turn serves as the upper reservoir for the Kalayaan
Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant.[1]
History
Lumot Dam was started on June 1, 1948 with the
passing of Republic Act no. 216 approving
expenditures for the construction of several
hydroelectric dams in the Philippines including the
diversion of Lumot River and raising of the height of
Caliraya Dam.[2]
Magat Dam
Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam in the island
of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam is on the Magat
River, a major tributary of Cagayan River. Construction
of the dam started in 1975 and was completed in 1982.
Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the
Philippines. It is a multi-purpose dam which is used
primarily for irrigating about 85,000 hectares (210,000
acres) of agricultural lands,[1] flood control, and power
generation through the Magat Hydroelectric Power
Plant.

Magat Dam
The dam, with its entrance sign in the foreground

Location of Magat Dam in Philippines

Location Alfonso
Lista, Ifugao / Ramon, Isabela

Coordinates 16°49′30″N121°27′14″E

Construction began 1978

Opening date 1982

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Rock-fill dam

Impounds Magat River

Height 114 m (374 ft)

Length 4,160 m (13,650 ft)

Reservoir

Surface area 11.7 km2 (4.5 sq mi)

Maximum water depth 193 m (633 ft)


Power Station

Installed capacity 360 MW

The water stored in the reservoir is enough to supply


about two months of normal energy requirements.[1]
The dam was constructed to last for 50 years but
increased siltation and sedimentation in the
reservoir, slash-and-burn farming, illegal logging and
fish-caging resulted in the deterioration of the dam's
watershed. The 1990 Luzon earthquake also
contributed to the increased siltation in the Magat River
system. Because of this, President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo instructed various government agencies to
create a rehabilitation plan to improve the lifespan of
the dam system.[2]

History
The construction and appurtenant structures was
authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7, 1975 by the
late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam
was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late
Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27, 1982[1]and
started operations in 1983.[3]
Implementation of this multipurpose project was based
on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the
National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the
assistance of the United States Bureau of
Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID).
Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site
investigation and engineering studies further confirmed
the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most
daring infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest
dams today.
It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose
dam.[2] The dam is part of the Magat River
Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by
the World Bank and whose purpose is to improve on
the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and
to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan
River basin.[1]
The project was jointly financed by the Philippine
Government and the World Bank which extended a
US$150M loan to finance the foreign exchange
requirement. In addition, a US$9M loan
from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other
equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils
laboratory and model testing. The total project cost is
US$3.4B (yr. 1975).
The non-power components such as the dam,
reservoir, and intake gates are owned, operated, and
managed by the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA). The hydroelectric plant was formerly owned by
the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR).[1]Under
the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
(Republic Act No. 9136), the Magat hydroelectric power
plant underwent a privatization process. As a result, the
plant's ownership and operation was turned over to SN
Aboitiz Power-Magat, Inc. (SNAP-Magat), a joint
venture of a local company, AboitizPower (AP), and a
Norwegian firm SN Power in April 2007.[1] SNAP won
the bidding in 2006.[4]

Geography
The Magat Dam is located at the boundaries of Alfonso
Lista, Ifugao and Ramon,Isabela, approximately 350
kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila.

Magat River
Main article: Magat River
The Magat Dam is on the Magat River, which is the
largest tributary of the Cagayan River on the island
of Luzon.[5] Cagayan is the longest river in the
Philippines.[5] The Magat River has an estimated yearly
water discharge of 9,808 million cubic metres and has
an approximate crest length of 4,160 metres (13,650 ft)
with its headwaters in the province of Nueva
Vizcaya and its confluence with the Cagayan River in
the province of Isabela.
Features

The Magat power plant, located at the base of the dam.

Magat 74High Dam


Height: 314 metres (1,030 ft)
Crest Length: 4,160 metres (13,650 ft)
Volume of Rocks & Earth Materials: 18 million cubic
meters
Concrete = 1.00 million cubic meters
Spillway
Length = 500 metres (1,600 ft)
Width = 164 metres (538 ft)
Discharge Cap.= 30,600 cubic meters
Radial Gates = 7 sets
Orifice Gates = 2 sets
Diversion Tunnels
Number: 2
Diameters: 2 metres (6.6 ft)
Ave.Length: 630 metres (2,070 ft)
Reservoir
Storage Capacity at Full Supply Level (FSL): 1.08
billion cubic meters
Elevation at FSL: 193 masl
Minimum Supply Level: 160 masl
Maximum Flood Level: 193 masl
Power
Installed Capacity: 360 MegaWatts
Turbine: 4 Units, Francis Vertical Shaft
Generator: 4 Units x 90 MW, Vertical Synchronous
Access
It is connected by an all-weather road to San Mateo-
Santiago Road at Oscariz, Ramon, Isabela some 350
kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila.
Magat Hydro
The Magat hydroelectric power plant is a four-unit
powerhouse with an installed capacity of
360 megawatts.[1] It is designed to accommodate two
more units[7] that will allow it to generate up to 540
megawatts. The hydroelectric plant is a peaking power
plant,[1]which means that it only operates when there is
a high demand for electricity in the Luzon power grid, to
which the plant is connected.[8]It is capable of providing
ancillary services for the stability of the grid.
SN Aboitiz Power-Magat, Inc. completed the half-life
refurbishment of the Magat Hydroelectric Power Plant
in 2014. Refurbishment began in 2009 and was
completed in June 2014.[6] Half-life refurbishment
ensures that the power plant facility remains available
throughout its life span.
Pantabangan Dam
Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on
the Pampanga River located in Pantabangan in Nueva
Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi-purpose
dam provides water for irrigation
and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir,
Pantabangan Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir
is considered one of the largest in Southeast Asia and
also one of the cleanest in the Philippines. Construction
on the dam began in 1971 and it was completed in
1974.

Pantabangan Dam

Behind the dam's spillway


Location of Pantabangan Dam in Philippines

Coordinates 15°48′52″N121°06′29″E

Construction beg June 1971


an

Opening date September 1974

Construction cos $20.74 Million or 891.82 Million pesos


t (at current price)

Owner(s) National Power Corporation


National Irrigation Administration

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Embankment, earth-fill

Impounds Pampanga River


Height 107 m (351 ft)

Length 1,615 m (5,299 ft)

Elevation at crest 232 m (761 ft)

Width (crest) 12 m (39 ft)

Width (base) 535 m (1,755 ft)

Dam volume 12,000,000 cu yd (9,174,658 m3)

Spillways 3 x radial gates, 1 x overflow

Spillway capacity 4,200 m3/s (148,322 cu ft/s)

Reservoir

Creates Pantabangan Lake

Total capacity 2,996,000,000 m3(2,428,897 acre⋅ft)

Active capacity 2,083,000,000 m3(1,688,716 acre⋅ft)

Catchment area 853 km2 (329 sq mi)

Surface area 69.62 km2 (27 sq mi) (max)

Normal elevation 230 m (755 ft) (max)

Power Station
Commission date 1974

Turbines 2 x 60 MW Francis-type

Location of Pantabangan Dam

Country Philippines

Power generation

Nameplate capacity 100 MW

Capacity factor 90%

Annual net output 232,000,000


kWh

History
In May 1969, the Congress of the
Philippines authorized the development of the
Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In
October of that year, detailed studies of the
Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two
years.[1] By June 11, 1971, Pantabangan was an old
town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand
Marcos and many others arrived for a ground breaking
ceremony in Palayupay, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, to
signal the beginning of the construction of
Pantabangan Dam.[2] The dam went into operation in
February 1977 and was completed later in
May.[1] Approximately 1,300 people were relocated
from the dam's reservoir zone.[3]
DesignEdit
The dam is a 107 m (351 ft) tall and 1,615 m (5,299 ft)
long embankment-type with 12,000,000 cu yd
(9,174,658 m3) of homogeneous earth-fill and an
impervious core. The crest of the dam is 12 m (39 ft)
wide while the widest part of its base is 535 m
(1,755 ft). The dam's crest sits at an elevation of 232 m
(761 ft) and is composed of three sections: the main
dam, a saddle dam, and an auxiliary dam located with
the spillway. The spillway is a chute-type controlled by
three radial gates but equipped with an overflow
section as well. The design discharge of the spillway is
4,200 m3/s (148,322 cu ft/s). The dam's reservoir has a
gross capacity of 2,996,000,000 m3 (2,428,897 acre⋅ft)
and 2,083,000,000 m3 (1,688,716 acre⋅ft) of that
volume is active (or useful) for irrigation and power.
The dam sits at the head of a
853 km2(329 sq mi) catchment area known as
the Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed Forest
Reserve and its reservoir has a surface area of
69.62 km2 (27 sq mi) and elevation of 230 m (755 ft)
when at its maximum level. The reservoir's life is
estimated at 107 years due to silt
from denudation.[1] The dam was designed to withstand
an intensity 8 earthquake.[4]
The power house is located at the base of the main
dam and contains two 60 MW Francis turbine-
generators for an installed capacity of 120 MW. Each
turbine receives water via a 6 m (20 ft)
diameter penstock. When the water is discharged, it is
released into a 250 m (820 ft) long tailrace channel
where it re-enters the river.
Pulangi Dam
The Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power Plant, also
known as the Pulangi Dam, is located on the Pulangi
River near Maramag in Bukidnon province on the island
of Mindanao in the Philippines. It uses two reservoirs,
produced by damming the Pulangi River, to supply
water to a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plant; the
power plant is capable of generating 255 megawatts
(342,000 hp) of power.[2]Construction began in 1982;
the first two generators became operational in
December 1985, with the last generator being
commissioned in 1986.[3]

Pulangi Dam
Location of Pulangi Dam in Philippines

Official name Pulangi IV Hydroelectric


Power Station

Country Philippines

Location Maramag, Bukidnon

Coordinates 7°47′11″N 125°1′25″E

Status Operational

Construction began 1982

Opening date 1986

Owner(s) National Power Corporation

Dam and spillways

Type of dam Gravity/embankment

Impounds Pulangi River

Spillway type Tainter gate-controlled

Reservoir

Creates Pulangi IV Reservoir (upper


and lower)
Active capacity 67,000,000 m3(54,318 acre⋅ft)

Catchment area 18,000 km2(6,950 sq mi)

Surface area 19.85 km2 (8 sq mi)

Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power Plant

Coordinates 7°42′56.70″N125°01′25.66″E

Commission date 1985/86[1]

Turbines 3 x 85 MW Francis-type

Installed capacity 255 MW

The upper (pondage) reservoir located


at 7°47′11″N 125°1′25″E diverts water into a power
channel which parallels the river until it reaches the
lower reservoir (surge pool) at 7°42′56″N 125°1′25″E,
7.5 km (5 mi) to the south. At the lower reservoir, water
is fed to each of the three 85 MW (114,000 hp) Francis
turbine-generators via a penstock.[4][5] The Pulangi IV
power plant provides 23% of the hydroelectric power
generated on Mindanao.[4]
Since operation, the reservoirs associated with the
power plant have received an estimated
1,500,000 m3 (1,216 acre⋅ft) of sediment annually. Of
the reservoir's combined 67,000,000 m3 (54,318 acre⋅ft)
active capacity, 23,000,000 m3(18,646 acre⋅ft) has
been filled with silt. The siltation rate was almost 1
meter annually and caused the dam's reservoir to work
at 50% capacity.[6] The unexpected siltation threatens
safe operation of the dams and power generation, in
addition to drastically shortening the predicted
operational lifespan of the dam.[2] At first, the minimum
and maximum water levels were raised and, in
2007, dredging work was performed around the head
work of the upper reservoir's head. Selective dredging
in the upper reservoir began in 2010, and continues as
of 2011.[4][5]
The artificial lake created by the reservoir proper is
called the Pulangi Lake or the Maramag Basin.

History
Watershed and Hydroelectric Plant
Pulangi has one reservoir type power plant, the Pulangi
IV Hydroelectric Plant and watershed.[1] The Pulangi IV
Hydroelectric Plant has a capacity of 255 megawatts
and provides for 25% of Mindanao's power needs. It is
owned and operated by the National Power
Corporation(NAPOCOR). The reservoir and dam is
also the main water source for the province
of Bukidnon, both for drinking water and for irrigation
through the National Irrigation Administration (NIA).[2]
The Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant watershed (also
known as the Upper Pulangi Watershed) is the second
largest watershed in the Philippines, covering an area
of around 1.8 Million hectares.[2] It has
ten catchments and covers the cities and municipalities
of Impasugong, Cabanglasan, San
Fernando, Lantapan, Maramag, Quezon, Valencia City,
and Malaybalay City.
The artificial lake created by the reservoir proper is
called the Pulangi Lake[3] or the Maramag Basin[4] It
has a surface area of about 1,985 hectares and a live
storage of 67 Million cubic meters.
Pulangi is also the site of the proposed Pulangi V
Hydroelectric Dam. The project is expected to generate
300 megawatts of renewable energy for Mindanao in
southern Philippines. The dam is 3,300 hectares
covering portions, mostly highly sloping lands along the
riverbank in 22 barangays in Kitaotao, Kibawe,
Dangcagan and Damulog in Bukidnon and Roxas town
in North Cotabato, Including the Carmen Bridge Border
Kabacan Carmen) North Cotabato . Of the total dam
area, 40% is the present river itself and the inundated
areas are stiff slopes along the river bank. An
estimated of 1,060 households will be affected, all of
whom will be relocated and compensated by the
project.[5]
Opposition to the project have claimed that the project
would submerge the burial site of Apo Mamalu, a
revered ancestor of the Manobo indigenous
people in Mindanao. There, however, are conflicting
claims to this.[6][7]
The National Museum of the Philippines has
commissioned a team of experts to look into this claim,
but as of February 6, 2011, the anthropologist asked to
study the claim in response to a petition to
declare Sitio Mikasili, Barangay Tangkulan, Damulog a
s a National Heritage Site said that there is not enough
evidence to declare it as such. Dr. Antonio Montalvan,
an anthropologist who earlier supported the petition to
declare the site as a heritage site wrote the National
Museum saying that after deeper scrutiny of the claims,
a declaration of a National Heritage site is not feasible.
Montalvan said: "Such an important declaration cannot
be made when the assumptions lack unanimity and
more so in material evidence. This may only lead to an
obfuscation of the ethno-cultural importance and
beautiful traditions of the ancient Manobo peoples."
San Roque Dam (Philippines)
The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque
Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200-meter-tall, 1.2
kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It
is the largest dam in the Philippines and sixteenth
largest in the world (see List of largest dams in the
world). It spans the municipalities of San
Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan and is nearly
200 km north of Metro Manila.

San Roque Dam


San Manuel and San
Location
Nicolas, Pangasinan;
and Itogon, Benguet, Philippines
Coordinates 16.145701°N 120.683784°E

Construction began 1998

Opening date May 1, 2003

Construction cost US $1.19 billion

Operator(s) San Roque Multi-purpose


Project

Dam and spillways

Impounds Agno River

Height 200 m (660 ft)

Length 1,130 m (3,710 ft)

Reservoir

Total capacity 835 million cubic metres


(677,000 acre⋅ft)

Power Station

Hydraulic head 150.4 m (493 ft)


Turbines 3 Vertical shaft Francis turbines

Installed capacity 435 MW


411 MW (max)

The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of


about 12.8 square kilometers extending North into the
municipality of Itogon, Benguet. A gated spillway
protects the dam from overtopping. Each wet season,
the run-off is stored for later release via water turbines
to generate power and irrigate crops.
Agno River is the third largest river in
the Philippines with a total length of 221 kilometers and
a drainage basin at the Project site of 1,225 square
kilometers. The river originates in the Cordillera
Mountains, initially flows from north to south, divides
into several channels in the flat central plain of Luzon
and meanders westerly through the provinces of
Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into
the Lingayen Gulf.[1]
San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed and
constructed the SRMP under a power purchase
agreement (PPA) with the National Power Corporation
(NPC) on a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) basis. SRPC
substantially completed the SRMP at midnight,
February 14, 2003, at which time its peaking power,
irrigation, flood control and enhanced water quality
benefits became available to the surrounding regions,
which include the Northwest Luzon Economic Growth
Quadrangle. In reality, all but its power benefits have
been available since mid-2002 when the dam and
spillway were completed.
Ownership of the dam and spillway was transferred to
NPC upon construction completion, as it contributed
funds for the non-power components on behalf of
several agencies. SRPC will own and operate the
power generating facilities for 25 years, after which
their ownership transfers to NPC.

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