Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Energy in the
Philippines”
Height 1m
Length 22 m
Reservoir
Power Station
Coordinates 14°52′15″N121°08′30″E
Reservoir
Creates Angat Reservoir
Power Station
Binga Dam
Coordinates 16°24′00″N120°43′30″E
Reservoir
Power Station
Bustos Dam
Location Bustos,
Bulacan, Philippines
Reservoir
Caliraya Dam
Country Philippines
Status Operational
Spillways 1
Reservoir
Power Station
Type Pumped-storage
hydroelectricity and conventional
dam
Turbines 2 Francis-type
Construction
In 1937, Major General Hugh John Casey was sent to the
country by US Army Corps of Engineers upon request by
the Philippine Commonwealth to provide assistance in
hydroelectric power and flood control for the recently
created[7] National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR). The
dam construction was started in 1939 from the designs
planned by Hugh John Casey, upon approval by the
Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon.
An embankment dam over 100 feet (30 m) high, was
constructed across the Caliraya River at its outlet from a
large flat plateau area providing a large water reservoir for
generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon from
the Caliraya hydroelectric plant. A diversion canal was
constructed several miles west of the lake to the head of a
steep slope about 950 feet (290 m) above Laguna de Bay.
Large penstocks were constructed diverting water down to
the powerhouse below, with a tailrace to the bay. The high
head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and
generators at relatively low unit costs. Initial estimate for
the project was $5 million, or 10 million pesos, and an
output of 40,000 horsepower(30 megawatts).[8]
During World War II, the dam was sabotaged by retreated
by combined American and Filipino soldiers to prevent its
use by invading Japanese who rebuilt it, but later
sabotaged it themselves as their own defeat approached.
On June 1, 1948, Republic Act No. 216 was passed
approving expenditures for the construction of several
hydroelectric dams in the Philippines; the act included the
diversion of the Lumot River via Lumot Dam to Caliraya
Lake for more available water and to raise the height of
Caliraya Dam.[9] The dam was rebuilt, raised and
inaugurated in 1953 by the (NAPOCOR).
In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines
bestowed upon Casey the honorary title of "the father of
water power development in the Philippines, for his
pioneering endeavors in the country.[10]
Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric
ProjectEdit
The pumped-storage hydroelectric project was
commissioned on February 23, 1983 with an initial output
of 300 MW from two turbines.[1]
Casecnan Dam
Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectric Plant is a dam
diverting water from the Casecnan and Taan Rivers to
the Pantabangan Reservoir through a 25-kilometre (16 mi)
long tunnel located
near Pantabangan and Muñoz in Nueva Ecija province of
the Philippines. The multi-purpose dam provides water for
irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its
reservoir affords flood control. It was considered one of the
most expensive hydroelectric plants built in the
country,[1]being next only to San Roque Dam.
Coordinates 15°50′28″N121°11′31″E
Reservoir
Total capacity 802,000,000 cubic
metres
(650,000 acre⋅ft)
Power Station
History
In August 1987, former President Corazon
Aquino signed Executive Order 136, which provides for
the establishment of a Watershed Forest Reserve out
of the Casecnan River. The reserve covered an area of
57,930 hectares (143,100 acres).[2] By May 1993,
former President Fidel Ramos sought out investors to
fund the Casecnan Phased Transbasin Project. It
became one of the flagship programs of the Ramos
government and by 1995, the Casecnan Project got
approved for construction.[2] In September 2001,
former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo finally
opened the diversion tunnel after two years after the
Phase I of the Casecnan project was done.[2] In 2012,
the Aquino government approved the construction of
the second phase of the Casecnan project.[3]
Power generationEdit
When the Ramos government approved the start of the
Casecnan project, the constructed power plant was
planned to have produced 150 megawatts.[2] However,
it only produced 140 megawatts after the power plant
began operation.[4]
Irrigation
The original output for irrigation of Casecnan was the
irrigation of around 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) of
farmland.[2] It currently irrigates 26,920 hectares
(66,500 acres) in Nueva Ecija and 55,000 hectares
(140,000 acres) in Pampanga.[4] The Aquino
government laid seven billion pesos to further enlarge
the irrigation capacity of Casecnan which was planned
to irrigate an additional 20,231 hectares (49,990 acres)
of land in Nueva Ecija and another 40,000 hectares
(99,000 acres) in Pampanga by its completion in
2016.[3]
Lumot Dam
Magat Dam
The dam, with its entrance sign in the foreground
Location Alfonso
Lista, Ifugao / Ramon, Isabela
Coordinates 16°49′30″N121°27′14″E
Reservoir
History
The construction and appurtenant structures was
authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7, 1975 by the
late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam
was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late
Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27, 1982[1]and
started operations in 1983.[3]
Implementation of this multipurpose project was based
on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the
National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the
assistance of the United States Bureau of
Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID).
Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site
investigation and engineering studies further confirmed
the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most
daring infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest
dams today.
It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose
dam.[2] The dam is part of the Magat River
Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by
the World Bank and whose purpose is to improve on
the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and
to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan
River basin.[1]
The project was jointly financed by the Philippine
Government and the World Bank which extended a
US$150M loan to finance the foreign exchange
requirement. In addition, a US$9M loan
from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other
equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils
laboratory and model testing. The total project cost is
US$3.4B (yr. 1975).
The non-power components such as the dam,
reservoir, and intake gates are owned, operated, and
managed by the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA). The hydroelectric plant was formerly owned by
the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR).[1]Under
the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
(Republic Act No. 9136), the Magat hydroelectric power
plant underwent a privatization process. As a result, the
plant's ownership and operation was turned over to SN
Aboitiz Power-Magat, Inc. (SNAP-Magat), a joint
venture of a local company, AboitizPower (AP), and a
Norwegian firm SN Power in April 2007.[1] SNAP won
the bidding in 2006.[4]
Geography
The Magat Dam is located at the boundaries of Alfonso
Lista, Ifugao and Ramon,Isabela, approximately 350
kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila.
Magat River
Main article: Magat River
The Magat Dam is on the Magat River, which is the
largest tributary of the Cagayan River on the island
of Luzon.[5] Cagayan is the longest river in the
Philippines.[5] The Magat River has an estimated yearly
water discharge of 9,808 million cubic metres and has
an approximate crest length of 4,160 metres (13,650 ft)
with its headwaters in the province of Nueva
Vizcaya and its confluence with the Cagayan River in
the province of Isabela.
Features
Pantabangan Dam
Coordinates 15°48′52″N121°06′29″E
Reservoir
Power Station
Commission date 1974
Turbines 2 x 60 MW Francis-type
Country Philippines
Power generation
History
In May 1969, the Congress of the
Philippines authorized the development of the
Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In
October of that year, detailed studies of the
Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two
years.[1] By June 11, 1971, Pantabangan was an old
town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand
Marcos and many others arrived for a ground breaking
ceremony in Palayupay, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, to
signal the beginning of the construction of
Pantabangan Dam.[2] The dam went into operation in
February 1977 and was completed later in
May.[1] Approximately 1,300 people were relocated
from the dam's reservoir zone.[3]
DesignEdit
The dam is a 107 m (351 ft) tall and 1,615 m (5,299 ft)
long embankment-type with 12,000,000 cu yd
(9,174,658 m3) of homogeneous earth-fill and an
impervious core. The crest of the dam is 12 m (39 ft)
wide while the widest part of its base is 535 m
(1,755 ft). The dam's crest sits at an elevation of 232 m
(761 ft) and is composed of three sections: the main
dam, a saddle dam, and an auxiliary dam located with
the spillway. The spillway is a chute-type controlled by
three radial gates but equipped with an overflow
section as well. The design discharge of the spillway is
4,200 m3/s (148,322 cu ft/s). The dam's reservoir has a
gross capacity of 2,996,000,000 m3 (2,428,897 acre⋅ft)
and 2,083,000,000 m3 (1,688,716 acre⋅ft) of that
volume is active (or useful) for irrigation and power.
The dam sits at the head of a
853 km2(329 sq mi) catchment area known as
the Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed Forest
Reserve and its reservoir has a surface area of
69.62 km2 (27 sq mi) and elevation of 230 m (755 ft)
when at its maximum level. The reservoir's life is
estimated at 107 years due to silt
from denudation.[1] The dam was designed to withstand
an intensity 8 earthquake.[4]
The power house is located at the base of the main
dam and contains two 60 MW Francis turbine-
generators for an installed capacity of 120 MW. Each
turbine receives water via a 6 m (20 ft)
diameter penstock. When the water is discharged, it is
released into a 250 m (820 ft) long tailrace channel
where it re-enters the river.
Pulangi Dam
The Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power Plant, also
known as the Pulangi Dam, is located on the Pulangi
River near Maramag in Bukidnon province on the island
of Mindanao in the Philippines. It uses two reservoirs,
produced by damming the Pulangi River, to supply
water to a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plant; the
power plant is capable of generating 255 megawatts
(342,000 hp) of power.[2]Construction began in 1982;
the first two generators became operational in
December 1985, with the last generator being
commissioned in 1986.[3]
Pulangi Dam
Location of Pulangi Dam in Philippines
Country Philippines
Status Operational
Reservoir
Coordinates 7°42′56.70″N125°01′25.66″E
Turbines 3 x 85 MW Francis-type
History
Watershed and Hydroelectric Plant
Pulangi has one reservoir type power plant, the Pulangi
IV Hydroelectric Plant and watershed.[1] The Pulangi IV
Hydroelectric Plant has a capacity of 255 megawatts
and provides for 25% of Mindanao's power needs. It is
owned and operated by the National Power
Corporation(NAPOCOR). The reservoir and dam is
also the main water source for the province
of Bukidnon, both for drinking water and for irrigation
through the National Irrigation Administration (NIA).[2]
The Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant watershed (also
known as the Upper Pulangi Watershed) is the second
largest watershed in the Philippines, covering an area
of around 1.8 Million hectares.[2] It has
ten catchments and covers the cities and municipalities
of Impasugong, Cabanglasan, San
Fernando, Lantapan, Maramag, Quezon, Valencia City,
and Malaybalay City.
The artificial lake created by the reservoir proper is
called the Pulangi Lake[3] or the Maramag Basin[4] It
has a surface area of about 1,985 hectares and a live
storage of 67 Million cubic meters.
Pulangi is also the site of the proposed Pulangi V
Hydroelectric Dam. The project is expected to generate
300 megawatts of renewable energy for Mindanao in
southern Philippines. The dam is 3,300 hectares
covering portions, mostly highly sloping lands along the
riverbank in 22 barangays in Kitaotao, Kibawe,
Dangcagan and Damulog in Bukidnon and Roxas town
in North Cotabato, Including the Carmen Bridge Border
Kabacan Carmen) North Cotabato . Of the total dam
area, 40% is the present river itself and the inundated
areas are stiff slopes along the river bank. An
estimated of 1,060 households will be affected, all of
whom will be relocated and compensated by the
project.[5]
Opposition to the project have claimed that the project
would submerge the burial site of Apo Mamalu, a
revered ancestor of the Manobo indigenous
people in Mindanao. There, however, are conflicting
claims to this.[6][7]
The National Museum of the Philippines has
commissioned a team of experts to look into this claim,
but as of February 6, 2011, the anthropologist asked to
study the claim in response to a petition to
declare Sitio Mikasili, Barangay Tangkulan, Damulog a
s a National Heritage Site said that there is not enough
evidence to declare it as such. Dr. Antonio Montalvan,
an anthropologist who earlier supported the petition to
declare the site as a heritage site wrote the National
Museum saying that after deeper scrutiny of the claims,
a declaration of a National Heritage site is not feasible.
Montalvan said: "Such an important declaration cannot
be made when the assumptions lack unanimity and
more so in material evidence. This may only lead to an
obfuscation of the ethno-cultural importance and
beautiful traditions of the ancient Manobo peoples."
San Roque Dam (Philippines)
The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque
Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200-meter-tall, 1.2
kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It
is the largest dam in the Philippines and sixteenth
largest in the world (see List of largest dams in the
world). It spans the municipalities of San
Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan and is nearly
200 km north of Metro Manila.
Reservoir
Power Station