Homework 3-Circuits

Problem 3.63 Apply the source-superposition method to the circuit in Fig. P3.
63
to determine:
(a) Vx′ , the component of Vx due to the 1-A current source alone.
(b) Vx′′ , the component of Vx due to the 10-V voltage source alone.
(c) Vx′′′ , the component of Vx due to the 3-A current source alone.
(d) The total voltage Vx = Vx′ +Vx′′ +Vx′′′ .
+ Vx _ 18 Ω
15 Ω
+ +
1A 12 Ω _ 10 V 10 Ω _ 3A
5Ω 3Ω
Figure P3.63 Circuit of Problem 3.63.
Solution:
(a) 1-A source alone:
+ Vx′ _ 18 Ω
15 Ω
1A 12 Ω
5Ω 3Ω
Fig. P3.63 (a)
Because the 1-A current source is across a short circuit, it will flow entirely through
it. Hence,
Vx′ = 0.
(b) Voltage source alone:
+ Vx′′ _ 18 Ω
15 Ω
+
12 Ω _ 10 V
5Ω 3Ω
Fig. P3.63 (b)
Voltage division yields

10 × 15
Vx′′ = = 5 V.
15 + 10 + 5
(c) 3-A source alone:
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+ Vx′′′ _ 18 Ω
15 Ω
12 Ω 10 Ω 3A
5Ω 3Ω
Fig. P3.63 (c)
Current division yields

3 × 10
I= = 1 A.
15 + 10 + 5
Hence,
Vx′′′ = 15(−1) = −15 V.
(d)
Vx = Vx′ +Vx′′ +Vx′′′

= 0 + 5 − 15 = −10 V.
Problem 3.61 Apply the source-superposition method to the circuit in Fig. P3.61
to determine:
(a) Ix′ , the component of Ix due to the voltage source alone
(b) Ix′′ , the component of Ix due to the current source alone
(c) The total current Ix = Ix′ + Ix′′
(d) P′ , the power dissipated in the 4-Ω resistor due to Ix′
(e) P′′ , the power dissipated in the 4-Ω resistor due to Ix′′
(f) P, the power dissipated in the 4-Ω resistor due to the total current I. Is P =
P′ + P′′ ? If not, why not?
Ix 8Ω +
9A 2Ω _ 40 V
4Ω
Figure P3.61 Circuit for Problem 3.61.
Solution:
(a) Voltage source alone:
V1‘
Ix‘ 8Ω +
2Ω _ 40 V
4Ω
V1′ V1′ V1′ − 40

+ + = 0.
2 4 8
Hence,
40
V1′ = V.
7
40 10
Ix′ = = A.
7×4 7
(b) Current source alone:
V1‘‘ 8Ω
Ix‘‘
9A 2Ω
4Ω
V1′′ V1′′ V1′′

+ + = 9.
2 4 8
72
V1′′ = V.
7
V1′′ 72 18
Ix′′ = = = A.
4 4×7 7
(c)
10 18 28
Ix = Ix′ + Ix′′ = + = = 4 A.
7 7 7
(d)
! "2
′ 10 400
P = (Ix′ )2 R = ×4 = W = 8.16 W.
7 49
(e)
! "2
′′ 18
P = (Ix′′ )2 R = × 4 = 26.45 W.
7
(f)
P = Ix2 R = 42 × 4 = 64 W.
P ̸= P′ + P′′ because the superposition theorem does not apply to power.
Problem 3.65 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) for the circuit
in Fig. P3.65.
V 2.5 Ω a
+
3Ω Voc
b _
4A 4Ω 6Ω +
_ 2V
Solution:
V V V −2
+ + =4
4 6 3
56
Hence, V = 9 V.
56
VTh = Voc = V − 2 = − 2 = 4.22 V.
9
Suppressing the sources:
2.5 Ω a
3Ω RTh
b
4Ω 6Ω
2.5 Ω a
4 RTh
Ω
3
b
4
RTh = + 2.5 = 3.83 Ω
3
Thévenin equivalent circuit:
3.83 Ω a
+
4.22 V _
b
Problem 3.77 Obtain the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) in
Fig. P3.77.
2Ω 8Ω 6Ω
b a
+ +
1V _ 4Ω _ 5V 4Ω
Figure P3.77 Circuit of Problem 3.77.
Solution: We start by choosing a ground node as shown.

2Ω 8Ω 6Ω
b a
+ +
1V _ 4Ω _ 5V 4Ω
Fig. P3.77 (a)
Thévenin Voltage:
Node b is at Vb = 1 V.
Through voltage division

5×4
Va = = 2 V.
4+6
Hence,
VTh = Vab = Va −Vb = 2 − 1 = 1 V.
Equivalent Resistance
Suppressing sources, the circuit becomes
2Ω d 8Ω c 6Ω
b a
4Ω 4Ω
b c c
8
2 Ω || 4 Ω = Ω 8Ω
6 c 6 Ω || 4 Ω = 2.4 Ω
b a
c 2.4 Ω
b a
Fig. P3.77 (b)
RTh = 2.4 Ω.
Thévenin Equivalent
2.4 Ω
a
+
1V _
Fig. P3.77 (c)
Section 3-6: Maximum Power Transfer
Problem 3.81 What value of the load resistor RL will extract the maximum amount
of power from the circuit in Fig. P3.81, and how much power will that be?
4Ω 4Ω 6Ω a
2Ω 3A 8Ω RL
b
Solution: We start by obtaining the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b), as
if RL were not there. We first find Voc :
V V
−3+ =0
6 12
V = 12 V.
Hence,
4Ω V 4Ω 6Ω a
+
2Ω 3A 8Ω Voc
b _
Voltage division gives:

! "
8 8
VTh = Voc = V= × 12 = 8 V.
4+8 12
Next, we suppress the current source to find RTh :
4Ω 4Ω 6Ω
a
2Ω 8Ω RTh
b
Simplification leads to:

RTh = 10.44 Ω.
Equivalent circuit:
10.44 Ω
I
+
8V _ RL
For maximum power transfer to RL ,

RL = RTh = 10.44 Ω
8
I= = 0.38 A
2 × 10.44
Pmax = I 2 RL = (0.38)2 × 10.44 = 1.53 W.

Homework 3-Circuits

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Homework 3-Circuits

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Problem 3.63 Apply the source-superposition method to the circuit in Fig. P3.

Figure P3.63 Circuit of Problem 3.63.

Fig. P3.63 (a)

Fig. P3.63 (b)

Voltage division yields

Fig. P3.63 (c)

Current division yields

Vx = Vx′ +Vx′′ +Vx′′′

Figure P3.61 Circuit for Problem 3.61.

V1′ V1′ V1′ − 40

V1′′ V1′′ V1′′

Figure P3.65 Circuit for Problem 3.65.

Figure P3.77 Circuit of Problem 3.77.

Solution: We start by choosing a ground node as shown.

Fig. P3.77 (a)

Through voltage division

Fig. P3.77 (b)

Fig. P3.77 (c)

Figure P3.81 Circuit for Problem 3.81.

Voltage division gives:

Simplification leads to:

For maximum power transfer to RL ,

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