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    7 Ansichten14 Seiten

    Damping Characteristics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Journal of Sound and Vibration (1993) 166(3), 493-506 DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH A HYDRODYNAMIC TORQUE CONVERTER A. Kesy ano Z. Kesy Institute of Fundamental Science, Technical University of Radom, PL-26-600 Radom, Poland (Received 13 September 1990, and in final form 22 April 1992) A set of differential equations describing a transmission system with a hydrodynamic torque converter dynamics is presented. A derivation of a set of linear equations is given. Matrix notation is employed. The damping coefficient matrix of the system is defined and established. The range of changes of the damping coefficient and the influence of some parameters of the system on its value based on numerical calculations is shown. 1, INTRODUCTION Many vehicles on the road today have automatic transmissions. A hydrodynamic torque converter (HTC) is an unavoidable integral part of automatic transmissions. Its chief’ advantage is an ample capacity for damping of many disturbances introduced either from the HTC or downstream. In addition, the HTC provides torque multiplication during the vehicle drive phase. The damping properties of a transmission system (TS) with an HTC may be analyzed based on a mathematical model of the system. The model in its advanced form is usually a set of first order non-linear non-stationary differential equations. However, its solution, especially for a rapid or large change of input quantities, needs a large computer power. This method can be useful for analysis of low amplitude periodical torsional vibrations at the steady state operating point. In this case the non-linear equations may be linearized and an assessment can be carried out based on an analysis of amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics obtained using Automatic Engineering methods (1-4]. Another method involves establishing some coefficients of the damping properties. The main advantage of the method is the simplification of the simulation model. ‘The coefficients are defined in different ways by various authors: as the ratio of the amplitude of pump torsional vibration to the amplitude of input torsional vibration acting on the pump shaft (5]; as the ratio of the amplitude of turbine torque vibration to the amplitude of pump torque vibration (6, 7]; a8 an energy dissipation coefficient [8]; as parameters of the physical simulation model consisting of viscous dampers and springs [9]; as the resistance vector the elements of which are shock and friction losses [10]; based on the assumption that an HTC is a low-pass filter [11, 12). As seen from this review, the coefficients have been established by using different assumptions and for different purposes. ‘The results obtained cannot be compared or generalized; therefore, the problem of the creation of the damping coefficient still remains. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the damping performance of a TS with an HTC by a simple damping coefficient by using methods of identification, The most precise 493 (0022-460X/93/210493 + 13 $08.00/0 © 1993 Academic Press Limited 494 A. KESY AND Z. KESY mode] of a TS with a three-member two-phase HTC is considered, since this HTC is the most popular one in automotive applications. 2, MODEL EQUATIONS ‘The literature on this subject provides many mathematical models, each of which has different simplifying assumptions. The simplifications are connected with the following: the precise description of an HTC flow area; the choice and character of independent variables, e.g., angular speeds, torques, displacement or their ratios; the inclusion of the working fluid inertia effect. References [1, 4, 10] present the problem in more detail. In this section, the dynamic equations of motion for a non-linear lumped parameter model of a TS with an HTC are presented. A scheme relevant to the derivation of the equations is shown in Figure J. Here the underlying assumptions are as follows: the actual three-dimensional flow is approximated by a flow concentrated on an appropriate meridional streamline; the effects of the HTC fluid inertia along the flow streamline are included; the axial torus volume flow is constant; the total non-steady state flow loss equals the total steady state flow loss; the potential vortex effects occur in spacings between the HTC impellers. Matrix notation is used. This is very convenient for computer calculations and the description of equations, especially for the linearization procedure. During operation below the coupling point, the present model contains three energy storage elements corresponding to @,, &2 and O (a list of notation is given in Appendix 2). Asa consequence, the TS with HTC dynamics is described by a set of three non-linear differential equations with three variables. Figure 1. Scheme of a TS with a three-element HTC relevant to the derivation of the dynamic equations of motion: line A~A is a section perpendicular to the meridional plane, showing the velocity triangle. c, Absolute flow velocity; w, relative flow velocity; w, peripheral velocity; em, meridional flow velocity. TORQUE CONVERTER AS DAMPER 495 The two equations for the input shaft and the output shaft follow from the application of the moment-of-momentum equation and Newton’s law, Gy) +andrtayO+T=7,, dads tand,tayO+T,=T,, wa where T, and T, are the steady state pump and turbine torques, respectively, T. and T, are the external engine and resistance torques, respectively, and T=bOO+hP, — Tr=by0,Q+b020+ bsO. @) The coefficients ay1-a25 and b-bs are listed in Appendix 1. The third equation follows from the power balance for the entire HTC. The steady state characteristics of the HTC are formed by the basic principle that the net power supplied by the shafts of the machine is equal to the total power dissipated. There are two major contributors to the total power dissipated: i.e, the flow losses and the shock losses. For a non-steady state motion, the total power dissipated includes, additionally, the power wasted on accelerating the fluid in the impellers of the HTC and in the spacing between the impellers. The equation is obtained as follows: ay 634+ ant, + a339+ P=0, @) where P is the steady state power balance, P= beni Q+ braiQ+ bay F + boars + bo 4) The coefficients ay-a3; and bs-bio are listed in Appendix 1. The coefficients a,1-an and b,-bo depend on the geometry of the HTC flow area characterized by radii ry, cross- sectional net torus flow areas F,, blade angles B,, density of working fluid p, polar moments of inertia of masses connected with pump and turbine J, and J;, and loss factor , respectively. These coefficients are constant for a given TS, The coefficients ayi-a33 also depend on the HTC operating point and they undergo changes. This is fully described in reference [13]. The equations of non-steady state motion (1), (2) for a TS with an HTC may be written in matrix form as AX+T=Y, (5) where A= [dam] for n=1,2,3, m=1,2,3, X=lo o QM T=(% Mm PY, Y=(% 7, Of. (6) On the basis of Cramer's formula the solution of equation (5) is obtained as X=B, 7) where [ deel deted 3) detA detA deta and af=(Y-T a, as}, af=[a, Y-T as], af=[a a: Y-T]. (9) 496 A. KESY AND Z. KESY The mathematical model described by equation (7) has been identified based on the theoretical and experimental investigations in references [13-15]. Another way of identifi- cation of a similar mathematical model is presented in reference [10]. 3. LINEARIZED EQUATIONS OF MOTION For small perturbations around a steady state operating point equation (7) can be linearized and analytical solutions can be obtained. These are X=X,+4X, Y=¥.+A4Y, T=T,+AT, (0) where quantities with subscript o represent mean values of the steady state operating point and the A quantities represent perturbations. The linear equation corresponding to equation (7) is AX=(0B/2).4Z, ay ala GIG), G)} o (GB/6z}, is the partial derivative matrix of size 3 x 6 calculated at the steady state operating point, The element of the derivative matrix (6b,/6z;). can be calculated with reference to the elements of the B-matrix: : (2a) (det a), (2224) (der a8), ae, az ‘Ob, () (et aye ° 9) for n=1, 2, 3, /=1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6. The index n should be interpreted as “the number of the equation” and the index as ‘‘the number of variables in the equations”: ie., for @1, 2, Q. T., T,, 0, f= 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, respectively. However, at the steady state operating point where B=0 «ay and equation (13) can be written as. (,f0s),= (2S) [ide a, as) 0x, , Thus, the partial derivatives can be easily calculated with the aid of the partial derivatives (0T,/8x,). for i=1, 2, 1=1, 2, 3 because a)2 = a2) =0, 411, a3, 422 and a2; are constant, and @3,, dx and ds; are linear functions of @1, 2 and Q. 4. TRANSFORMATION FUNCTION Solving equation (11) for AX gives AX=HAY (16) TORQUE CONVERTER AS DAMPER 497 with H=[Ip- (@B/2x),} '(@B/éy)., ay where H is the transformation matrix and p=d/dr is the differential operator. For the analysis of torsional vibrations of a TS it can be assumed that AT, and AT, are the input magnitudes and A@ and A@s are the output magnitudes, Under these conditions equation (16) can be simplified and written as [ae:|-[#e wear] 18) 40.) Hx HajLAT.) where H,,, are the transfer functions, Ham = (Camp? + SamP + ham) ((p + tp" + 5p +), (19) for n=1,2, m=1,2. The factors eum, Sem: fons r § and 8 are functions of the partial derivatives (15). 5. DAMPING COEFFICIENT For the real and negative roots of the characteristic equation p trp +sp+v=0, (20) the elements (19) of the H-matrix can be presented as a sum of three first order non- periodic elements. It was shown in reference [13] that this condition is always true for a TS with an HTC, ‘The main concept of this paper is to replace the sum of the three non-periodic elements by one non-periodic element. Now, (coke: elec a where Gym are the transfer functions of the non-periodic elements, Gan = Kron! Can? +). (22) The amplification coefficients x, are determined as Kn = Iam /D- (23) The problem is to find the constants Ty, Which cannot be computed analytically. This has been done by applying some methods of identification. Both frequency domain and time domain identification methods were taken into consideration. On the basis of numerical computations for a number of HTC’s [23] it was found that the logarithmic 498 A. KESY AND Z. KESY Frequency Figure 2. A schematic description of the logarithmic amplitude-frequency characteristics identification method. amplitude-frequency characteristics method is the best one. This method is illustrated in Figure 2. Now the Gi, transfer functions can be used for determination of the damping properties of a TS with an HTC. A first-order linear differential equation, corresponding to the transfer function of a non-petiodic element, x/y=k/(rp + 1), is cktle=y, (24) where c= 1/k is the damping coefficient, = 1/k is the rigidity, x is the output magnitude and y is the input magnitude. By comparing equation (24) with equation (22) the damping coefficient matrix can be expressed as Cu Ca c= 25) (e eh °) with Com Trm/ Kam (26) where Cnn are the damping coefficients corresponding t0 Gam Thus, it is possible to express quantitatively the damping properties of a TS with an HTC separately for each element of the transformation matrix at each steady state operat- ing point. The steady state operating point can be characterized by the torque on the pump T;, and speed ratio SR,, In such a case the damping characteristics for a TS with an HTC are defined as Com=fam(SRo) for T,= constant, n=1,2, m=1, 2, where fis the symbol for a function. 6. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION Verification of the non-linear mathematical model, equations (5), and the model with the damping coefficient, equations (21), has been undertaken based on experimental inves- tigations with a test rig modelling a TS with an HTC. This was made by comparing TORQUE CONVERTER AS DAMPER 499 experimental step function responses from reference [14] with theoretical step function responses calculated from the models. The solutions of equations (5) were obtained by means of the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The same method was used for solution of equations (21). The advantage of this is the elimination of the errors of the method when the results are compared. Values of the input step functions were the same for the models and the tests, and were equal to about 10% of Ti, for each steady state operating point. The operating point of the test rig from which a non-steady state motion was started was established by setting SR, and T\,, and these values were varied during the tests in the ranges 0-35

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