PRESENTED BY :

KAZIM KHAN (05-CTE-26)

SYED ABID MASOOD (05-CTE-07)
 Related Terms & Definitions
 Why is road drainage so importants ?
 Factors Affecting the drainage system in road construction
 Sources of Moisture in Pavements
 Moisture-Related and Accelerated Distresses
 Purpose of Subsurface Drainage
 Components of a Pavement Drainage System
 Types of drainage systems
 Geocomposite Drainage Layers
 Design of Pavement Drainage
 Pavement:
All elements from the wearing surface of a roadway to the subgrade.

 Permeable base:
A free draining layer in the pavement designed to rapidly remove free water
from most elements of pavement.

 Base crossdrain:
A subsurface drain, generally perpendicular to the roadway alignment, designed
to drain infiltrated water.

 Dense-graded aggregate base (DGA):

Mixture of primarily sand and gravel, well-graded from coarse to fine (usually
unstabilized, but sometimes asphalt or cement stabilized)
 Drainage aggregate:
Open-graded aggregate with high permeability.

 Drainage pipe:
Rigid or flexible pipe conduit designed to collect and/or transport water
out of the pavement section (usually perforated).

 Edgedrain:
A subsurface drain usually located at the edge of the pavement.

 Headwall:
A protective structure at a edgedrain outlet.
 Infiltration:
Free water in the pavement structural elements entering through cracks,
joints, or permeable paving.

 Outlet:

The point of discharge of an edgedrain.

 Outlet pipe:

The lateral connection from the edgedrain to the outlet. Usually a solid pipe
and usually strong to prevent damage.
 Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrain (PGED):
An edgedrain consisting of a drainage core covered with geotextile.
Usually 1 to 2 in. thick by 1 to 3 ft high, placed in a narrow trench. It may
include drainage aggregate or sand as a part of the installation.

 Separator/filter layer (aggregate or geotextile):

A geotextile or aggregate (subbase) layer separating a permeable base
layer from an adjacent soil (or aggregate) containing fines to prevent the
fines from contaminating the drainage aggregate. Must meet the filter
criteria for drainage filters.

 Underdrain:
A deep subsurface drain located at a sufficient depth to intercept and
lower the ground water to a required design level
 Capillary action

The flow of liquids through porous media & movement of liquids in

thin tubes.

 Vapor movement

The process by which the entire body of fluid moves in responses to

differences in hydraulic potentials.

 Seepage

The process by which a liquid leaks through a porous substance.

 A road’s infrastructure is an engineering work, aiming
the establishment of a platform, on which vehicle
circulation is possible under safety conditions, proper
traffic flow, commodity, and economy, independently of
the region’s climate conditions;

 Water, along with heavy traffic, is one of the greatest

causes of road ruin.
 Reduction of
the
pavement’s
load capacity

Soil’s resistance to compression Premature

may drop from 0.15 MPa to deterioration
0.07 MPa (about half) if its water of the
pavement
content increases from 25 to 30%.

Diminish of
the road’s
useful life
 Sensitivity of groundwater

 Importance of road

 Area (rural or populated)

 Amount of traffic

 Sensitivity of streams, rivers, lakes

Vapor movement

Seepage

Capillary action

Surface infiltration

Groundwater
 Flow of existing sub-surface water, from higher terrain
near the road

 Elevation or drop of the water table

 Water infiltration by joints or badly sealed cracks

(concrete pavement) or by porous and fissured areas

 Moisture movement on the soil

 Successive frost/defrost cycles, increase cracks and

therefore water infiltration on the pavement
 Pumping/erosion.
 Rutting
 Faulting.
 Stripping
 Corner cracking.
 Frost heave.
 Transverse cracking.
 Potholes
 Fatigue (alligator)
 Subsurface drainage is intended to remove water that
infiltrates into a pavement.

 Surface water is primarily removed through proper

geometric design.

 Water can enter the pavement in numerous ways,

 only some of which can be effectively drained by a

subsurface drainage system.

 The basic idea is that water in the pavement drives certain

types of distress.
 Amount of free water that infiltrates into the pavement
structure.

 Potential for moisture-related damage to pavement.

 Ability to design, construct, and maintain the drainage

system.

 Other general factors (e.g., topography, soil types,etc.).

Basic Components
Surface Pavement
Permeable Base
Separator/Filter Layer
Subgrade
Edgedrains (including outlets
with headwalls)
Variable Components
Rigid: Portland Cement Concrete
Flexible: Asphaltic Concrete
Unstablilied Granular
Asphalt Stabilized Granular
Cement Stabilized Granular
Dense-Graded Granular
(Subbase)
Geotextile
Strength of Subgrade Soil
Location of Water Table
Final Grade
Aggregate Trench Drain w/
Geotextile Filter & Pipe
Prefabricated Geocomposite
Edgedrain (PGED)
 Stress
distribution in dry
pavement layer

Stress distribution
in saturated
pavement layer
 DRAINAGE

Surface Subsurface
drainage drainage

Transversal Longitudinal
drainage drainage
 Slab culverts

 Pipe culverts

 Cause ways
 Gutters, ditches and channels;

 Galleries, collectors and drains;

 Connection and Collecting Accessory organs, namely visit

and cleaning chambers;

 Reception chambers, connection or derivation boxes.

1. Longitudinal interception drains
2. Longitudinal water table lowering drains
3. Transversal drains
4. other devices
 Drainage layers
 Draining spurs
 Draining masks
 Sub-surface drainage
 Longitudinal drains in ½ hillsid
 Christmas tree drain
 Cutting drain
 Runs parallel to the traffic lane

 Collect water that infiltrates the pavement

surface and drains water away from the
pavement through outlets
1. Pipe edgedrains in an aggregate filled trench,

2. Pipe edgedrains with porous concrete (i.e.,

cement treated permeable base) filled trench,

3. Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrains in a

sand backfilled trench, and

4. Aggregate trench drain ("French" drain).

 Figure 7-6. Typical edgedrains for rehabilitation

Typical AC pavement with pipe

edgedrains

Typical PCC pavement with

geocomposite edgedrains
A small ridge that projects sharply from
the side of a larger hill or mountain
 Pre-pave
installation

Post-pave
installation
 Quality of Drainage Water Removed Within*
Excellent 2 Hours

Good 1 Day

Fair 1 Week

Poor 1 Month

Very Poor Water will not Drain

*Based on time to drain

AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

 The hydraulic requirements for the permeable layer to
achieve the required time-to-drain.
 The edgedrain pipe size and outlet spacing requirements.
 Either the gradation of requirements for a graded
aggregate separation layer or the opening size,
permeability, endurance, and strength requirements for
geotextile separators.
 The opening size, permeability, endurance, and strength
requirements for geotextile filters, or the gradation of the
granular filters (to be used in the edgedrain).
 QL = q . B . L

QL - water flow through the pipe (m3/s)

q - surface run-off water flow (m3/s/m)
L - sect ion's length [m]
B - width calculation's [m]
 In cases where the drainage is used not only as interception drainage but
also to lower the water level, dimensioning should consider specific
calculations for the underground flow in
to the drain. In this situation the projected flow should be the sum of the
aforementioned value and the estimate through the application of
Darcys’ Law.
 In order to simplify dimensioning, some authors consider that
the in-flow to the drain amounts to about 35% of the total
flow generated in banks added by 20% for flow originated in
the road platform, i.e.:
QL = 0.35×QT + 0.20×Qp
QL– water flow to de pipe (m3/s);
QT – surface run-off water in slopes (m3/s);
Qp – surface run-off water in platform (m3/s).
 0.5

 As to the depth of installation of the drains, one can estimate, in a

first approach, by the formula:

0.5

D – drain depht (m)

d – depth that groundwater level should stabilize(m)
b – distance between drains(m)
i – infiltration soil rate (m/s)
K – soil permeability (m/s)
 The capacity of a circular pipe flowing full can be
determined by Manning's equation:

Q = (53.01/n) D8/3 S1/2

where,
 Q = Pipe capacity, cu ft/day
 D = Pipe diameter, in.
 S = Slope, ft/ft
 n = Manning's roughness coefficient
 http://www.usroads.com/journals/rmej.htm

 http://pavementinteractive.org/index.php?title=Surface_Drainage

 www.fhwa.dot.gov/.../geotech/pubs/05037/07a.cfm

 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seepage

 http://books.google.com/