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Abstract— This paper aims to analyse the lightning protection The main objective of this on-going work is to address the
system (LPS) of an isolated large and extended Photovoltaic (PV) issues necessary to form a global framework for the lightning
installation park. The area where the PV plant operates is protection system (LPS) design of isolated large and extended
characterised by the high ground flash density (25 photovoltaic installations - PV parks. In particular, this paper
thunderstorm days per year) and the extremely high soil describes the preliminary work on LPS system designs with
resistivity value (i.e. pure rock with a resistivity of more than particular emphasis on experimental testing that is performed at
2000m). The paper includes the LPS system design after ELEMKO’S H.V laboratory in Greece. This work aims in
experimental testing results, which were performed in the framing proposals and solutions to overcome challenges and
laboratory. It also includes solutions to some difficult overcoming problems that may rise during the installation of lightning
problems that were faced during the application of the lightning protection designs.
protection design.
I. INTRODUCTION
The particular PV park under study is installed on a
In a country like Greece where the sun is shining for most mountain peak, flat area, occupying a total surface of around
of the year round, the number of photovoltaic (PV) installations 115,000m2. In total it contains 180 DC/AC inverters of 11kW
has been significantly increasing during the last years. nominal power, operating at 800VDC and 7,300 solar panels of
Nowadays, the interest and investment in large scale PV parks 270Wp nominal power with dimensions of 2m x 1m each. The
in the MWp range is becoming very common. The knowledge PV park is connected to the 21kV medium voltage (MV)
however of a proper lightning protection system (LPS) design distribution system via 8 substations (MV/LV). The soil was
and installation, including surge protection, for such large and rocky (>2000Ωm) and the support structure of the PV panels
extended structure areas (with long cabling loops) is still under was a combination of concrete reinforced bases embedded in
research. This is the reason for the development of the new soil and aluminium supports above soil.
CENELEC document; TS 50539-12: 2009 [1] describing
application principles of surge protection in PV installations.
III. INITIAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
The investments in such large scale PV parks are considerable
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
and it is merely common sense that investors should choose to
adopt a LPS for their systems. When compared to the income Due to the high resistivity of the soil, which was not
losses incurred due to a failure or damage resulting from a promising for an effective earthing system and in conjunction
lightning strike, not to mention the technical and practical with the high ground flash density of the area, the design of the
difficulties associated with the repairs or component lightning and surge protection was considered of high priority.
replacements, the cost of a LPS system is negligible. It is Due to the extensive area coverage of the PV park, the design
therefore advisable, not to say self-evident, that a LPS is of the external LPS considered both possible cases, the one for
necessary. an isolated application as well as the one for a non-isolated
application design, as per IEC 62305 – 3 [2].
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrate the 2 cases considered when In addition, the PV park under study was designed utilizing
designing the LPS. In Fig. 1, for the non-isolated case, the air small 11kW inverters and not central inverters. Therefore, the
terminals for every 2 consecutive rows are connected to one to DC cable loop was small and there was no need to use T1+T2
one electrode installed between the 2 rows. In this scenario, it SPDs on the DC side of the inverter even for the non-isolated
is advised that the distance between the PV frame of each row LPS case. Fig. 4, illustrates the installation of T2 only type
and the earth electrode does not exceed 3m. Fig. 2, illustrates SPDs on the DC side resulting from the fact that the lightning
the isolated case, where the air-terminal of each PV row is loop formation is limited or non-existent.
connected to a separate electrode directly and not through the
PV framework. Each PV frame is also bonded on the same
earth electrode but with independent bonding conductors.
1 2 3 4
L L L N L L L N
SPD SPD SPD
Uoc=1000Vdc Uoc=1000Vdc Uoc=1000Vdc
Uc=500Vdc Uc=500Vdc Uc=500Vdc
SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD Ιn=20kΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=20kΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=20kΑ (8/20μs)
UC=275Vac UC=275Vac UC=275Vac UC=255Vac UC=275Vac UC=275Vac UC=275Vac UC=255Vac Ιmax=40kΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40kΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40kΑ (8/20μs)
Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=20κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=15κΑ (8/20μs) Ιn=20κΑ (8/20μs) Up = <4kV Up = <4kV Up = <4kV
Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs) Ιmax=40κΑ (8/20μs)
Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.2kV T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE
Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.9kV Up = <1.2kV
Ta = <25ns Ta = <25ns Ta = <25ns Ta = <100ns PV - 1000T2 PV - 1000T2 PV - 1000T2
Ta = <25ns Ta = <25ns Ta = <25ns Ta = <100ns
T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE T2 CE
40T2 40T2 40T2 40GT2 40T2 40T2 40T2 40GT2
PE _
PE
+
PE
Figure 2. Design of Type B earth electrode using isolated LPS. Each isolated
air terminal is connected to a separate electrode directly and not through the
metal PV framework ≈1m
AC electric panel board
String 1
DC Junction Box
PV Generators
SURGE PROTECTION
8899kWhr
DC Input
String 2
DC Output
AC Output
Case Α
The need of an efficient lightning protection system is
mandatory for photovoltaic installations by virtue of its
≈ 25% 1 preventing nature. Primarily, the need is imperative to prevent
1 any physical damage to structures and life hazards. It is worth
noting that the damage of the electrical and/or electronic
equipment of a PV installation, due to surges originates from
The open circuit voltage across the (+) Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse (LEMP) as well as from
and (-) negative pole of the string was Switching Electromagnetic Impulse (SEMP) [8].
82V and the injected current was 100kA
(10/350μs).
However, literature survey reveals that there is still very
little information published regarding the design of lightning
and surge protection for large and extended PV installations.
In particular, reference [9] comprehensively covers the related
Figure 9. Experimental results of scaled down experiment examining the
behavior of a non-isolated LPS with respect to the induced over-voltages on
scientific background by emphasizing on the aspects of
the DC cabling of a PV string standardisation that should be addressed in the near future. As
quoted, the current practice, for protecting PVIs from
lightning surges, rests with adopting (partly) protective
α
measures described in standards for conventional low-voltage
Case Β power distribution systems.
100%
It is vital that the LPS provide an effective protection
1 1
against direct or indirect lightning strikes in order avoid the
destructive effects of lightning. As previously mentioned, the
The open circuit voltage across the (+) investment cost is very considerable and 1 thunderstorm can
and (-) pole of the string was 390V and be catastrophic with inestimable financial consequences.
the injected lightning current 100kA
(10/350μs). It was almost 480% than the
non isolated case. This is due to the
The results presented in this paper propose the most cost
reason that the current was not effective and technically correct solution for the LPS design of
distributed but driven 100% through one the large scale photovoltaic system under study. The need
path creating a high magnetic field.
however, for deeper and more detailed analysis is required so
Figure 10. Experimental results of scaled down experiment examining the
that amendments are made to the current standard in order to
behavior of an isolated LPS with respect to the induced over-voltages on the include guidance and regulations for common large scale PV
DC cabling of a PV string installation practices and examples.
REFERENCES