Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Vol.03,Issue.07,
May-2014,
Pages:1227-1233
www.semargroup.org,
www.ijsetr.com
Abstract: Transformer is essential and important in power system. Distribution transformer is designed for output rating of
500kVA, 11/0.4kV with sheet winding. Application of sheet windings is common practice for distribution transformers but is
usually only applied to small power transformers. In distribution transformer, sheet (copper film) windings are very common
for low voltage windings. The benefit of this is that any high voltage ampere-turn asymmetry which might occur is
compensated automatically by an appropriate internal current distribution in the low voltage foil. This reduce the axial stresses
produced by the short circuits to a minimum (down to 10% of those for conventional windings), thus enabling the axial support
construction to be greatly simplified. This paper presents a design theory and calculation of a three phase foil winding
transformer design with the output rating of 500VA, 11kV~0.4 kV used in distribution.
Keywords: Distribution Transformer, Sheet Windings, Copper Film, Low Voltage Winding, Tap Changer.
Figure 2. Core cutting and stacking processes for 3 phase Figure 4. Foil winding for LV voltage.
transformer.
Helical Winding: When the current is heavy for the low
C. Types of Winding voltage winding, the Helical winding (Spiral Winding a
According to the voltage ratings and current, we adopt special type flat spiral winding) is used. In the helical
one of the following types of windings. winding, it is possible to make complete transposition of the
total number of parallel conductors in the course of winding.
1. Cylindrical Winding
Because of simple construction, good space factor and High Series Capacity Winding: The high series capacity
economy, the Cylindrical Winding is used for the low voltage winding which is used for transformer above 72.5kV, has
and small current. Cylindrical winding are wound with very good impulse voltage characteristics and great dielectric
various conductor such as Rectangular copper conductors, strength [3].
Round magnetic wire (enamel) and Copper foil (see fig 3).
D. Coil Insulation and Insulation Paper
Insulation structure is to achieve the coordination of
penetrating dielectric strength and creeping dielectric
strength so as to resist to the stress of commercial frequency
and various surges. Usability as insulation in electrical
equipment’s.
1. Flexibility
2. Easy to use
3. Higher insulation with lesser thickness
4. Higher resistance to oil
5. Reasonable heat resistance
6. Lower chloride impurities
The paper is silted into various widths depending upon
the number of coverings required on the controller [4].
E. Transformer Oil
Copper foil Round magnetic wire Insulating oil in an electrical power transformer is
Figure 3. Two types of conductor. commonly known as Transformer Oil. It is normally obtained
by fractional distillation and subsequent treatment of crude
Cylindrical winding with copper foil is terms as foil petroleum. That is why this oil is also known as Mineral
winding. Foil winding design is as shown in figure 4. Insulating Oil. Transformer Oil serves mainly two purposes
one it is liquid insulation in electrical power transformer and
2. Continuous Disc Winding: These are most commonly two it dissipates heat of the transformer i.e. acts as coolant
used for coils below 24kV. In case of parallel constructions, [5].
there is no problem as to circulating current and eddy current III. DESIGN SYSTEM
loss as being made transposition at each turn, being disc A. Basic Concept of Design
shaped coils piled up continuously with no joints and The basic concept of the selection of number of turns
provided with oil ducts, they are of sturdy construction both
Q
electrically and mechanically. with the equation is, E t = K
phase
(1)
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.07, May-2014, Pages: 1227-1233
Design Implementation of Copper Film Distribution Transformer
Where, E t =voltage per turn Window area, Aw = 0.075 m2
Width of window, bw = D d (for various stepped core) (5)
Q = rated kVA
L
K=factor to be decided L (D d) = 0.075 m2 and = 2.75(assume)
Based on any assumed value of K a preliminary design is (D - d)
worked out. All performance figures like losses, impedance, Solving the above Equation,
resistance, etc. are calculated and compared with the Length of the core, L = 0.454 m
guaranteed values. In case of any difference between the Width of the window, bw = D d =0.165 m
calculated values and the guaranteed values, a separate re- D = bw + d = 0.353 m
turn is done with a revised value of K [1]. Overall length of the yoke,
500 W = 2D+0.9d =0.875 mm (6)
E t = 0.75 = 9.682 V/turn (2)
3 W
The value of K factor chosen is 0.75.
yoke
B. Selection of Core Area
Based on the requirement of no-load loss and no-load
current, a suitable working flux density are known, the gross d
core area may be calculated by using the formula: window
E t =4.44 f Bm Ai
(3) L
The design is to select the number of turns of coils and
proceed further towards estimating the coil configuration till bw
arriving at the window height of the core frame. Based on the
calculated window height, the design of the low voltage coil
is done. Further, the core diameter, step width, core stack,
core area, flux density, etc. are calculated with the design
output available [1]. The fig 5 and table shows the main
D D
dimensions of magnetic frame.
Figure 5. Main Dimensions of Magnetic Frame.
Et C. Selection of Winding Wires and Strips
Ai = = 0.034 m2 (4) Winding wires and strips are selected on the bases as the
4.44 f Bm
requirement of the design current. While selecting the size of
a conductor, we must keep in mind the winding materials as
Maximum flux density chosen is 1.3 Tesla. For step core, well as the current density. To start the preliminary design,
Ai = ki d2, core diameter, d = 0.188 m the current density may be based on the following values.
ki = stacking factor, For 9 step ,stacking factor is 0.955.
Q = 3.33fBmδkwAw Ai Volt-Amp For aluminium winding: 1.5 A/mm2(maximum)
For copper winding: 3.0 A/mm2 (maximum)
TABLE I: DIMENSIONS OF MAGNETIC FRAME For foil winding: 3.6 A/mm2 (maximum)
V2
T2 = =24 turns, (7)
Et
3 kVA
I2 = =721.68 A (8)
3 V2
Current density, δ 2= 3.6 A/mm2
I 721.68
Cross sectional area, a 2 2 = = 200 mm (9)
δ2 3.6
Percentage Impedance: Percentage impedance is the The width of the tank for 3 phase transformer,
vector sum of percentage reactance and percentage b = D +Δb= 491.3 mm
t o1
resistance,
2 2 The height of the tank for 3 phase transformer,
Z(%) = X(%) + R(%) = 0.04 pu (20)
h = L+2h +Δh= 1142 mm
t y
F. Efficiency
TABLE VI: RESULT DATA OF TANK DESIGN
Output Power
Efficiency = × 100 (21)
Output Power + total losses
Where, output is the rated kVA and total losses are equal
to the sum total of no-load and load loss in kW [4].
Efficiency at full load at unity p.f = 98.67 %
G. Regulation
The voltage ratio defined for any transformer is at no-
load. During loading the load voltage drops down, based on
its percentage reactance and resistance. For any assumed load
other than the rated load and at any power factor, the
percentage regulation is approximately equal to
I1 ( R1 cos θ + X1 sin θ)
Per unit regulation, Ɛx= ×100 (22)
V1
Per unit regulation at 0.8 p.f, Ɛ = 0.038 pu
Per unit regulation at unity p.f, Ɛ = 0.0119 pu = 1.19 %