Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Part A
Manuscript Draft
Manuscript Number:
Abstract: This work investigates the effects of fibre content and fibre
orientation on the damping properties of flax fibre-reinforced
polypropylene composites. Laminates of various fibre contents were
manufactured by a vacuum bagging process; their dynamic properties were
then found from vibration measurements of beam test specimens using an
impulse hammer technique to frequencies of 1 kHz. The circle-fit method
and the Newton divided difference formula were used to estimate the
natural frequencies and loss factors. The damping estimates were also
investigated using a "carpet" plot. The results showed that composites
containing 45°, 60° and 90° fibre orientation exhibit approximately the
same natural frequencies. Composites with differing fibre orientations
exhibited different loss factors, with the loss factor generally lying in
the range of 2-7%. These outcomes indicate that this composite could be a
commercially viable material for applications in which noise and
vibration are significant issues and where significant damping is
required.
7
8
9 -0.6
10
11
12 -0.8
13
14 -1
15
16
17 -1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
18 Temperature (C)
19
20 Fig. 3. A differential scanning calorimetry curve of neat polypropylene.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 Laser vibrometer
29
30
31
32 Impulse hammer
33
34
35
36 Composite specimen
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45 Dynamic signal analyser
46
47 Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of experimental setup for an impulse hammer technique.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 20
63
64
65
1
4
2 10
3 Accelerance magnitude [A/F], (m/s2)/N
4
5
6
3
7 10
8
9
10
11
12 2
10
13 Flax/PP (300x20x3.07 mm3), V =0.31 ( = 0)
f
19
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency [Hz]
21
22
23 Fig. 5. Accelerance magnitudes for flax/PP beams of different fibre orientations and a
24 fibre volume fraction of 0.31, and a neat PP beam.
25
26 4
27 10
28
Accelerance magnitude [A/F], (m/s2)/N
29
30
31 3
32 10
33
34
35
36 2
37 10
38 Flax/PP (300x20x3.00 mm3), Vf=0.40 ( = 0)
44 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
45 Frequency [Hz]
46
47
48
Fig. 6. Accelerance magnitudes for flax/PP beams of different fibre orientations and a
49 fibre volume fraction of 0.40.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 21
63
64
65
1
4
2 10
3 Accelerance magnitude [A/F], (m/s2)/N
4
5
6
3
7 10
8
9
10
11
12 2
10
13
Flax/PP (300x20x3.22 mm3), Vf=0.50 ( = 0)
14
Flax/PP (300x20x3.39 mm3), Vf=0.50 ( = 30)
15
16 Bending-twisting coupled mode Flax/PP (300x20x3.15 mm3), Vf=0.50 ( = 45)
168.2812Hz
-3000 80
37 168.125Hz
73
-91 165.4688Hz
167.9688Hz -84 165.625Hz
38 65
167.8125Hz 56
-78 165.7813Hz
-4000 -71 165.9375Hz
39 167.6563Hz 47 -62 166.0938Hz
7
8 600
9 500
10
11 400
12 300
13
14 200
15 100
16
17 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
18 Fibre orientation
19
20
21 Fig. 9. Variation of natural frequency with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a fibre
22
23
volume fraction of 0.31, and neat PP beams.
24
25 1000
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 300 mm
26 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 350 mm
900
27 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 400 mm
28 800
29
700
30
Frequency (Hz)
31 600
32
500
33
34 400
35
300
36
37 200
38
100
39
40 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
41 Fibre orientation
42
43
44
45 Fig. 10. Variation of natural frequency with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a
46 fibre volume fraction of 0.40, and neat PP beams.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 23
63
64
65
1
2 1000
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 300 mm
3 900 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 350 mm
4 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 400 mm
5 800 Coupling mode, L = 300 mm*
6 Coupling mode, L = 350 mm*
700
Coupling mode, L = 400 mm*
7
Frequency (Hz)
8 600
9 500
10
11 400
12 300
13
14 200
15 100
16
17 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
18 Fibre orientation
19
20
21 Fig. 11. Variation of natural frequency with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a
22
23
fibre volume fraction of 0.50, and neat PP beams. *Natural frequencies of bending-
24 twisting coupled modes.
25
26 16
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.31)
27
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40)
28 14 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50)
29 Neat PP
30 12
Flexural modulus (GPa)
31
32 10
33
34 8
35
6
36
37 4
38
39 2
40
41 0
42 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
Fibre orientation
43
44
45
46 Fig. 12. Flexural moduli for neat PP and flax/PP samples of different fibre volume
47 fractions and orientations using static three-point bending measurements.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 24
63
64
65
1 4
2 10
3
Accelerance magnitude [A/F], (m/s2)/N
4
5
3
6 10
7
8
9
10 2
10
11
12
13
Flax/PP(300x20x3.22 mm3), Vf=0.50 ( = 0)
14
1
15 10 Flax/PP (350x20x3.22 mm3), Vf=0.50 ( = 0)
17 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
18 Frequency [Hz]
19
20
21 Fig. 13. Accelerance magnitudes for different flax/PP beam lengths of a fibre volume
22
23 fraction of 0.50.
24
25
26
0.1
27 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.31 ( = 0)
28 0.09 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.31 ( = 30)
29 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.31 ( = 45)
0.08
30 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.31 ( = 60)
31 0.07
Flax/PP, Vf = 0.31 ( = 90)
32
Loss factor
0.06 Neat PP
33
34 0.05
35 0.04
36
37 0.03
38 0.02
39
40 0.01
41 0
42 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency [Hz]
43
44
45 Fig. 14. Variation of loss factor with frequency for flax/PP beams of different fibre
46 orientations and a fibre volume fraction of 0.31, and neat PP beams.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 25
63
64
65
1
2 0.1
Flax/PP, Vf = 0.40 ( = 0)
3 0.09 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.40 ( = 30)
4
0.08 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.40 ( = 45)
5
Flax/PP, Vf = 0.40 ( = 60)
6 0.07
7 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.40 ( = 90)
Loss factor
8 0.06 Neat PP
9 0.05
10
11 0.04
12 0.03
13
14 0.02
15 0.01
16
17 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
18 Frequency [Hz]
19
20 Fig. 15. Variation of loss factor with frequency for flax/PP beams of different fibre
21 orientations and a fibre volume fraction of 0.40, and neat PP beams.
22
23
24 0.1
Flax/PP, Vf = 0.50 ( = 0 )
25
0.09 Flax/PP, Vf = 0.50 ( = 30 )
26
Flax/PP, V = 0.50 ( = 45)
27 0.08 f
Flax/PP, V = 0.50 ( = 60)
28 f
0.07 Flax/PP, V = 0.50 ( = 90)
29 f
Flax/PP, V = 0.50 ( = 30)*
Loss factor
f
30 0.06 Neat PP
31
0.05
32
33 0.04
34
0.03
35
36 0.02
37 0.01
38
39 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
40 Frequency [Hz]
41
42 Fig. 16. Variation of loss factor with frequency for flax/PP beams of different fibre
43
44
orientations and a fibre volume fraction of 0.50, and neat PP beams. *Loss factors of
45 bending-twisting coupled modes.
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 26
63
64
65
1
2 0.1
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.31) and Neat PP, L = 300 mm
3 0.09 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.31) and Neat PP, L = 350 mm
4 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.31) and Neat PP, L = 400 mm
5 0.08
6 0.07
7
Loss factor
8 0.06
9 0.05
10
11 0.04
12 0.03
13
14 0.02
15 0.01
16
17 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
18 Fibre orientation
19
20 Fig. 17. Variation of loss factor with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a fibre
21 volume fraction of 0.31, and neat PP beams.
22
23
24 0.1
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 300 mm
25 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 350 mm
0.09
26 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.40) and Neat PP, L = 400 mm
27 0.08
28
0.07
29
Loss factor
30 0.06
31
0.05
32
33 0.04
34
0.03
35
36 0.02
37 0.01
38
39 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
40 Fibre orientation
41
42 Fig. 18. Variation of loss factor with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a fibre
43
44
volume fraction of 0.40, and neat PP beams.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 27
63
64
65
1
2 0.1
Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 300 mm
3 0.09 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 350 mm
4 Flax/PP (Vf = 0.50) and Neat PP, L = 400 mm
5 0.08 Coupling mode, L = 300 mm*
6 Coupling mode, L = 350 mm*
0.07
Coupling mode, L = 400 mm*
7
Loss factor
8 0.06
9 0.05
10
11 0.04
12 0.03
13
14 0.02
15 0.01
16
17 0
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° PP
18 Fibre orientation
19
20 Fig. 19. Variation of loss factor with fibre orientation for flax/PP beams of a fibre
21 volume fraction of 0.50, and neat PP beams. * Loss factors of bending-twisting coupled
22
23
modes.
24
25
26
27
28 0.0195
29 0.03
30 0.019
31
0.02
Damping
32
0.0185
33
34 0.01
35 0.018
36
37 0 0.0175
26.56
38 26.21 28.12
39 25.86 27.77
27.42 0.017
40 25.51 27.07
41 25.16 26.72
42 Before resonance After resonance
43
44
45 Fig. 20. Damping “carpet” plot (beam length: 300 mm, V f = 0.50, 0 , mode 1).
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 28
63
64
65
1
2
3 0.0184
4
5 0.03
6 0.0183
7
8 0.02
Damping
0.0182
9
10
11 0.01
0.0181
12
13
0 0.018
14 166.87
15 166.52 168.44
16 166.17 168.09
167.73 0.0179
17 165.82 167.38
18 165.47 167.03
19 Before resonance After resonance
20
21 Fig. 21. Damping “carpet” plot (beam length: 300 mm, V f = 0.50, 0 , mode 2).
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 29
63
64
65