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DRILL-STRING TORQUE & DRAG MODEL

Version 9

DEA 44
PHASE V

MAURER ENGINEERING INC.


2916 West T.C. Jester
Houston, Texas 77018

DRILL-STRING TORQUE & DRAG MODEL
Version 9

User's Manual

By
MAURER ENGINEERING INC.
2916 West T.C. Jester Boulevard
Houston, TX 77018-7098

Telephone: 713/683-8227
Facsimile: 713/683-6418
http://www.maurereng.com

March 2000
TR00-09

This copyrighted 2000 confidential manual and computer program are for the sole use of Commercial Customers of
Maurer Engineering Inc. and their affiliates, and are not to be disclosed to third parties. Data output from the program
may be disclosed to third parties. Customers are free to make copies of this manual for their in-house use only.

©Maurer Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.


Notice:
This document is printed from an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. Certain
types of graphics in this manual may appear slightly distorted when
viewed on your computer screen or printed. This is due to limitations
within the Acrobat viewing environment. If you have difficulty reading
the graphics in this document, please refer to the actual MEI program,
the Help system within the program (click [F1]), or the published
version of the User’s Manual from Maurer Engineering, Inc.
Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 NEW FEATURES OF DDRAG 9 ................................................................................................ 1
1.3 GENERAL FEATURES............................................................................................................... 2
1.4 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER............................................................................................. 4

2. GETTING STARTED.............................................................................................................5
2.1 HARDWARE AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................... 5
2.2 INSTALLING DDRAG................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 UNINSTALLING DDRAG.......................................................................................................... 5
2.4 RUNNING DDRAG..................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 QUICK TOUR OF DDRAG......................................................................................................... 6

3. INPUT.......................................................................................................................................9
3.1 PROJECT PAGE .......................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 SURVEY PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 11
Entering/Editing the Survey Data ............................................................................................... 12
3.3 TUBULARS PAGE .................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 WELLBORE PAGE ................................................................................................................... 16
Friction Factor Estimator ............................................................................................................ 17
3.5 OPERATION PAGE .................................................................................................................. 18
3.6 2D WELL PLANNER WINDOW.............................................................................................. 19
3.7 TORTUOSITY WINDOW......................................................................................................... 20
3.8 MENUS ...................................................................................................................................... 22
File Menu.................................................................................................................................... 22
Edit Menu ................................................................................................................................... 24
View Menu ................................................................................................................................. 24
Run Menu ................................................................................................................................... 24
Options Menu ............................................................................................................................. 24
Units Selection Window ............................................................................................................. 25
Utilities Menu ............................................................................................................................. 26
Window Menu ............................................................................................................................ 27
Help Menu .................................................................................................................................. 28

4. OUTPUT.................................................................................................................................29
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 29
4.2 MAIN OUTPUT WINDOW....................................................................................................... 29
4.3 OPERATING MARGIN ANALYSIS WINDOW...................................................................... 32
4.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS WINDOW ..................................................................................... 33

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5. THEORETICAL BASIS .......................................................................................................35
5.1 TORQUE AND DRAG MODEL ............................................................................................... 35
5.2 APPLYING THE MODEL TO A DRILL STRING................................................................... 38
5.3 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM.......................................................................................... 39
5.4 ADDING TORTUOSITY........................................................................................................... 41
5.5 BUCKLING MODES................................................................................................................. 42
Which Buckling Criterion Do I Use?.......................................................................................... 43
Which Buckling Model Do I Use?.............................................................................................. 43
5.6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 45

6. GETTING HELP...................................................................................................................47
6.1 CONTACTING MEI .................................................................................................................. 47
6.2 REPORTING PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 47

APPENDIX A – COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS.............................................A-1

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1. Introduction

Note: Go to Section 2.5 for a Quick Tour of major features and functions of DDRAG.

1.1 BACKGROUND
DDRAG, the Drill-String Torque and Drag Model, was developed by Maurer Engineering Inc. as part of
the DEA-44 joint-industry project to “Develop and Evaluate Horizontal Well Technology.” DDRAG is the
drilling industry’s premier engineering program for computing torque and axial drag on a drill string. The
program is used worldwide for designing and monitoring operations in deviated, horizontal and extended-
reach wells. DDRAG can also be applied to casing, liners, or tubing-string applications.

A wide variety of prob-


lems can arise during
drilling, completion, and
workover operations due
to excessive torque and
drag in the borehole.
DDRAG analyzes the
complex phenomena of
axial and torsional loads,
and the development of
torque and drag (and
buckling) of drill pipe as
it is run into the hole
(slacked off) and pulled
out of the hole (picked
up). For compressive loads, the onset of 1) sinusoidal buckling (with a choice of three models), 2) helical
buckling (with a choice of three models), and 3) pipe yielding are indicated. A discussion of buckling
limits is presented in Section 5.5.

Two types of load plots and tables are generated:

1. Load vs. measured depth along the drill string at a specific time and condition (that is, a
snapshot of instantaneous loads on the string when the BHA is at a depth of interest)

2. Surface and BHA load history vs. measured depth of the BHA during complete slack-off/pick-
up operations (that is, a dynamic load history at the surface)

DDRAG is coded in Visual Basic 6 and written for use with IBM-compatible computers with Microsoft
Windows 95 or later versions.

1.2 NEW FEATURES OF DDRAG 9


DDRAG version 9 has been completely upgraded and enhanced. The “look and feel” of the program is
user-friendly and intuitive. Convenient icons and tabs can be used to quickly navigate through the entire
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Chapter 1. Introduction
program. File management is simple, and options for customizing graphics and producing professional-
style printouts are included.

Several important new features have been added to version 9. These include:

 a modernized 32-bit operating system

 a completely updated input/output interface

 new buckling criteria are provided

 the effect of drill-pipe stiffness is included in the torque and drag calculations

 an enhanced database of drill pipe, drill collars, and casing

 a convenient 2D Well Planner utility has been added to quickly create wellpath surveys for
simple or complicated wells for use in planning analyses for directional wells

 a utility to calculate sheave efficiency

 output can be exported directly as a Microsoft Word document, Excel workbook, and/or
PowerPoint presentation

Another significant feature is comprehensive on-line Help. Descriptions and instructions are provided for
every input and output screen by clicking or pressing [F1]. The on-line Help system is also context
sensitive to allow intuitive navigation by pointing and clicking the mouse on the area of the screen where
your question originates. Most of the information provided in the User’s Manual is also contained in the
on-line Help system.

DDRAG runs in the Microsoft Windows 95/98 and Windows NT environments. As a true 32-bit
application, the program is not compatible with Windows 3.x.

1.3 GENERAL FEATURES


Important technical features of the DDRAG Drill-String Torque and Drag Model include:

 Handles seven operating modes: pick-up with rotation; pick-up without rotation; slack-off with
rotation; slack-off without rotation; drilling with rotation; drilling without rotation; and rotation
off bottom

 Handles up to 15 tube segments for each drilling operation set and 15 well intervals
 Drill string and casing data can be imported directly from the on-line database (compatible with
Microsoft Access), which can be modified within DDRAG or in Access

 Results, data, and graphs can be output to screen, printer, and disk file
 Supports English and metric units, as well as custom combinations of units (bit size in inches,
depth in meters, etc.)

Drilling/Tripping Operations
 Calculates torque and drag for pick-up with or without rotation

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Chapter 1. Introduction
 Calculates torque and drag for slack-off with or without rotation

 Calculates torque and drag for drilling with or without rotation


 Calculates torque and drag for rotation off bottom

 Calculates hook loads and surface torques for continuous operations (dynamic)

Friction Factor
 Determines friction factor for pick-up without rotation
 Determines friction factor for slack-off without rotation

 Determines friction factor for rotation off bottom

Buckling
 Indicates the onset of 1) sinusoidal buckling, 2) helical buckling, and 3) yield stress limit

 One of three sinusoidal buckling criteria can be selected: 1) Exxon's equation, 2) Texas A&M
University's equation, and 3) Rogaland Research’s equation

 One of three helical buckling criteria can be selected: 1) Rice University's equation, 2) Texas
A&M University's equation, and 3) Rogaland Research’s equation

Tortuosity
 Survey data can be “tortured” (add small imperfections to an ideal wellpath so that it better
represents real wells)

 Different tortuosity amplitudes and cycle lengths can be applied across as many as five wellpath
intervals

The output window provides a wide variety of informative graphs and reports that may be printed or stored
to disk.

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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.4 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER


This software and manual are copyrighted (©2000) by Maurer Engineering Incorporated. The copyright
agreement and usage restrictions are described on the Licensing window that is accessed under the Help
menu by selecting “About...”  “Licensing...” (see below). By selecting [Accept] at the bottom of this
screen, the user signifies that he (and others within his organization) agrees to abide by the restrictions as
presented. No warranty or representation, either express or implied, is given with respect to this program
and documentation, including their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular
purpose.

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2. Getting Started

2.1 HARDWARE AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS


DDRAG is written in Microsoft Visual Basic® version 6. It runs in Microsoft Windows 95/98 or Windows
NT (or later versions). As a 32-bit application, DDRAG cannot be run under Windows 3. The minimum
hardware requirements are:

 IBM-compatible machine with 80486 processor

 Hard disk (about 10 megabytes of storage space required)


 Mouse

 VGA or compatible display

2.2 INSTALLING DDRAG

Program Disks
DDRAG is shipped on CD. The DDRAG executable file (DDRAG9.EXE) should be placed in a new
folder (default “C:\MEI\DDRAG”) along with the example data files. This will be accomplished during
the set-up procedure described below.

Installation
The following procedure will install DDRAG from the floppy drive onto the working directory of the hard
disk (e.g., copy from D: CD drive onto hard drive directory C:\MEI\DDRAG).

1. Choose “Run...” from the Start menu. Then type “D:MENU” for CD.
2. Follow the on-screen instructions.

During set up, a new program folder (“MEI Applications”) will be created (depending on your choice
during installation) with the shortcut to DDRAG and other MEI programs.

Note: To move other previously installed MEI software applications into this folder, select Start  Settings
 Taskbar & Start Menu...  Start Menu Programs  [Advanced]. Then double-click “Programs” to
display the folders in your Programs menu. Drag and drop shortcuts to other MEI programs into the MEI
Applications folder.

2.3 UNINSTALLING DDRAG


To remove DDRAG from your computer, access the Windows Add/Remove Programs feature (rather
than simply deleting the DDRAG folder). This feature is activated by running  Settings 
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Chapter 2. Getting Started
Control Panel  Add/Remove Programs and selecting DDRAG from the list of programs currently
installed on your computer.

Using this procedure clears the library registry in the Windows system folder and erases the corresponding
library files that are not stored in the DDRAG directory.

2.4 RUNNING DDRAG


To launch DDRAG, select it from the MEI Applications program group under the Program Menu (or other
program group you assigned during setup).

The design and operation


of the input windows in
DDRAG are described in
Chapter 3. Output
windows and features are
discussed in Chapter 4.
Theoretical background
for the program is
presented in Chapter 5.
For additional assistance
with the program, contact
MEI using information
presented in Chapter 6.
Common problems and
solutions are described in
Appendix A.

2.5 QUICK TOUR OF DDRAG


The following quick tour will give new users a rapid overview of the basic structure, features and functions
of DDRAG.

Install:
1. Start Windows 95 (or above)

2. Insert the DDRAG CD into drive D:


3. Choose “Run...” from the Start Menu.

4. Type “D:MENU” and press <Enter>. Follow the on-screen instructions.

Run:
5. Launch DDRAG. Select DDRAG from the MEI Applications folder under Start Menu  Programs.

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Chapter 2. Getting Started
Input:

6. In the Main window of DDRAG, choose “Open...” from the File menu (or click ).
7. From the Project File Open dialog box, select “DDRTest.DD9” in the file list box, and click [OK].

8. Review the input data by clicking the tab on each input page in turn (Project, Survey, Tubulars,
Wellbore, Operation).

9. Click the view output icon to launch the calculations and display the results. The progress of the
calculation will be shown on the right end of the icon toolbar.

Output:
10. After the Output Window is loaded, review the graphs and table in turn by double-clicking on the title
bar to maximize and double-clicking again to restore the tiled display.

11. Click to print out the graph and tabulated results.

12. Click to return to the Input window. Change any parameters as desired. Click the view output
icon to calculate torque and drag based on the new parameters.

13. Finally, select “Exit” from the File menu or in the upper right corner of the main DDRAG window
to close the program.

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Chapter 2. Getting Started

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3. Input

3.1 PROJECT PAGE


Input data for calculating torque and drag for a drill string in a wellbore are entered on five input pages.
Each is accessed by clicking on the corresponding tab.

 Menu Bar. Functions of the pull-down menus in the Main Window are similar to that in other
Windows applications. A description of all functions and features is presented later in this chapter in
Section 3.8.

 Tool-Bar Icons. Tool-bar icons can be used to quickly access commonly used functions. The icons
are short-cuts for menu options. The functions of the icons are:

New Project. Clears all input data.

Open Project. Activates the Open DDRAG File window.

Save. Saves all input data to current file name. If the project is new, the Save As... window is
activated automatically.

Print. Prints the current window (input or output). To change printers, open the “Page
Setup…” window under the File menu.

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Chapter 3. Input

View Input. Used to return to the Input window for reviewing and modifying input data after
the Output window has been accessed.

View Output. Launches the calculations based on the current input data and automatically
displays the results in the Output window.

Operating Margin. Opens the Operating Margin window (see Section 4.3) for analyzing the
range of safe operational loads (torques and bit weights) and how pipe stresses develop as
loads are increased.

Sensitivity Analysis. Opens the Sensitivity Analysis window (see Section 4.4) for analyzing
the relative impact of changes in individual parameters while other parameters remain
constant.

Wellbore Geometry Schematic. Opens a utility window that displays the relative diameter
with depth of the wellbore and drill string.

Sheave and Weight Indicator Calculation. Opens a utility window (see Section 3.8) used to
calculate sheave efficiency based on weight indicator readings and loads.

Units. Opens the Units Selection window (see Section 3.8). You can select default English
units, default SI units, or any custom combination of English and SI units.

Help. Opens the DDRAG on-line Help system directly to a description of the current page.
Same as [F1]. Alternatively, select “Help Topics” from the Help menu to open the Help
Contents.

Calculator. Activates the Windows utility calculator for quick arithmetic.

 Page Tabs. Switching between the five input pages for entering or checking data is simple – just
click on the corresponding tab. The small circle on the left side of each tab is like a traffic
signal light. A red light indicates that data entry is not complete on that page. A green light
on all tabs means that all required data have been entered and that the calculation sequence
may be launched by clicking .

Note that the tab traffic light may not change color until the tab is redrawn (by selecting another tab).

 Project Documentation. These data provide specific information about the project to identify the
company, project name, well location, date, and miscellaneous comments. Any or all of these items
may be left blank if desired. The function of the program is not affected.

 Operational Mode. Select one operational mode for the analysis. String rotation has a dramatic
impact on torque and drag. Axial friction becomes very small if the pipe is rotated while it is moved
axially. This occurs because the frictional drag force acts in a direction opposite to the velocity of a
point on the surface of the drill pipe. If the pipe is both rotating and moving axially, the velocity of
the pipe relative to the hole is a combination of two vector quantities – axial velocity and rotational
velocity. More discussion on these concepts is presented in Section 5.1.

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Chapter 3. Input
The boundary conditions at the bottom of the string will depend on the operation being simulated.
When the string is going into the hole (slack off or drill), the bottom of the string is in compression.
When the string is coming out of the hole (pick up), the bottom of the string is in tension. For drilling
or string rotation, a positive value of torsion at the bottom of the string will simulate torque from the
bit and BHA. The following are factors that affect bottom boundary conditions for each operation
simulated.

1. PICK-UP WITH ROTATION DRAG: +BHA DRAG


TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE
2. PICK-UP WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: +BHA DRAG

3. SLACK-OFF WITH ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG


TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE
4. SLACK-OFF WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG

5. DRILL WITH ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG –WEIGHT ON BIT


TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE +TORQUE ON BIT
6. DRILL WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG –WEIGHT ON BIT

7. ROTATION OFF BOTTOM TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE

3.2 SURVEY PAGE


A wellbore survey is required that describes wellbore inclination and azimuth with depth. These data can
be entered 1) manually, 2) by pasting from an Excel spreadsheet (or other source), 3) imported from an
existing survey file (*.SDI) created and saved using another MEI program, or 4) imported as a *.TXT file.

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Chapter 3. Input
 Survey Data Import/Export. Wellbore survey data in DDRAG can be easily imported or exported for
sharing with other MEI software. The standard Survey Data Input file format (*.SDI file) is fully
compatible. Data previously entered and saved in other MEI programs in the *.SDI format can be
imported into DDRAG. Likewise, survey data entered into DDRAG can be saved separately for
exporting into other programs. Note, however, that the DDRAG project file (accessed under the File
menu) which stores all input data (including the wellbore survey) is not compatible with other MEI
programs. Sharing survey data requires the additional step of creating an *.SDI file from this
window.

Use the button to clear the survey data table (i.e., new file). The button will open an existing
*.SDI file for importing into DDRAG. will save the current survey data into the *.SDI format so
that it can be imported into other MEI software. Again, note that this save button is not needed unless
these survey data are to be used elsewhere in other software.

 Survey Data Units Selection. Specify the format for entering survey data based on the format of the
source data. If inclination is entered in Degrees:Minutes, the data may be entered using a decimal
point to separate degrees and minutes. A colon will be entered automatically.

 Survey Data Table. Wellbore survey data are entered into the first three columns of the table.
Column 1 is Measured Depth of the survey point. Column 2 is Inclination Angle at that depth.
Column 3 is Azimuth Angle at that depth. Column 4, TVD (true vertical depth), and column 5, DL
(dogleg severity) are calculated quantities. The yellow background on these columns denotes they
cannot be entered or edited by the user.

You can input any number of survey positions in the table. Survey depth in row 1 should be 0 feet
(or 0 meters). Survey depths must be in increasing order (i.e., descending down the hole). The
inclination angle and azimuth angle each have two options for units, independent of the general
system of units selected for the overall application.

Entering/Editing Survey Data


To enter survey data, click on the appropriate box in the spreadsheet table. The most straightforward
technique for data entry is to type the number and then press <Enter>. This will automatically shift
the cursor position to the next cell. The order of entry when the <Enter> key is used is:

[ROW 1] MD, Inclination, Azimuth; [ROW 2] MD, Inclination, Azimuth; [ROW 3]......

Copying Data
The standard Windows key combinations can also be used to copy, paste or move individual entries
or blocks of cells in the survey table. Control+C will copy the selected entry (ies); control+V will
paste; control+X will remove the entry to the Clipboard. Note that you can copy individual entries
only to individual cells, not to a block of cells.

To copy from a spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel), assemble the data in the spreadsheet in three
columns in the correct order. Select the range of interest and copy to the clipboard (control+C). Go
back to DDRAG, click on the upper left cell to position the cursor, and press control+V.

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Chapter 3. Input
Moving Around
When editing survey data, the arrow keys are the easiest way to navigate within the table. The
up/down arrow keys are used to move up or down within a single column. Do not use the Tab Key
to move between columns; this will move the cursor out of the table to the next button.

After an arrow key or the mouse is used to move to the cell of interest, the default edit mode for that
cell is the overwrite edit mode. Type any number or a decimal point, and the old value will be
erased and replaced by the new number.

The number edit mode allows changing individual digits in the cell entry. Double-click on the entry
to activate the blue highlight on the cell. Cancel the blue highlight by clicking inside it or
using the right or left arrow key. After the blue highlight is removed, single digits can be erased
(using backspace or delete keys) and new digits added.

 Survey Calculate Button. After survey data are entered or modified, the [Calculate] button must be
pressed for calculating Columns 4 and 5 in the data table. These data will also be used to generate or
refresh the survey graph on the right half of the screen.

 Table Control Buttons. The table control [Insert] and [Delete] buttons can be used for editing the
survey table data. [Insert] will place a new blank row above the cursor position. [Delete] will clear
the current row. A confirmation pop-up box appears before any data are deleted.

 Dogleg Warning Feature. The dogleg warning feature was added at the request of our clients. If this
feature is active, the computer will warn you when the dogleg severity exceeds the limit entered in the
box. Extreme dogleg severity in column 5 will be displayed as red text on a white background
. This alarm function can be used for indicating significant errors in inclination or azimuth
data. Large errors (which produce large doglegs) will be quickly found and corrected.

 2D Planner. The 2D Planner button opens the 2D Planner window for rapidly creating a simple or
complicated wellbore survey based on geometric constraints. See Section 3.6 for a complete
description.

Survey Data Graph. The survey data are plotted graphically in one of three formats chosen by the
user. Options, which include dogleg severity with depth, inclination angle with depth, and a 2D
wellbore profile, are selected by clicking the tabs at the bottom of the graph area. These plots can be
very helpful for spotting errors in the survey data. The current graph can be sent to the printer by
clicking [Print Graph].

Tortuosity Button. The tortuosity button activates the Tortuosity window for adding doglegs and
other irregularities to ideal wellbore surveys to represent typical field conditions. See Section 3.7 for
a complete description.

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Chapter 3. Input

3.3 TUBULARS PAGE

 Drill-String Data Table. The drill string placed in the well must be specified in detail. The first row
is the first section that would be inserted into the hole (i.e., the BHA, collars, etc.). Other sections of
drill pipe should be entered in order proceeding up the string.

Several convenient features are provided for assistance with data entry into the Drill-String Data
Table.

The first utility can be used to calculate the final length of drill pipe required to achieve the planned
depth. The last row entered in the table describes drill pipe in the uppermost section of the well when
the bit is at the depth of
interest. The length of drill
pipe for this section should
only be enough to complete
the string to the depth of
interest (which may be at any
depth). A utility is provided
to quickly compute the
required length to complete
the string. Right-click on the
length cell in the final row of
the table (as shown in the
figure). Within the Final Section Length utility, enter the MD of interest where the bit will be
located. The required length of drill pipe to complete the string will be calculated automatically.
Click [Apply] to export the resulting value to the Drill String Data Table.

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Chapter 3. Input
The second utility is a reference
table for estimating yield strength
for a variety of pipe materials. To
access the reference table, right click
on the seventh or eighth columns
(Pipe Density or E (Young’s
Modulus)). These reference values
can be copied and pasted into the
table as required.

The third utility is provided for


quickly estimating tensile and
torsion limits. To open this utility,
right-click on either of the final two
columns (Tensile Limit or Torsion
Limit) (see figure). Change any default
input parameters as required. Click
[Calculate] to calculate yield strengths.
Click [Apply] to export these values to
the Drill-String Data Table.

 Design Factors. Design factors are


included in the calculation of tension
and torsion strength limits. These are
the ratio of pipe strength to load. For
example, design factors of 2.0 imply
that the working limits will be set at
one-half the ultimate tension and torsion limits.

 Drill-String Database. An extensive on-line database of drill string dimensions and properties is
provided. Dimensions and strengths for a wide variety of drill pipes can be directly imported into the
Drill-String Data Table.
Before accessing the database,
position the cursor anywhere
on the row into which data are
to be imported. Note that
column 1 (Description) and
column 2 (Length) will not be
affected by the import. Any
information entered in those
columns will remain after
importing data from the
database.

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Chapter 3. Input

3.4 WELLBORE PAGE

 Wellbore Data Table. Friction along the wellbore must be specified so that torque and drag can be
calculated. ID and friction factor are required for each section. If friction factor is unknown, open
[Friction Estimator] to derive an appropriate value for the expected conditions. If casing ID is
unknown, access the [Tubular Database].

 Friction Estimator Utility. A utility window is provided for estimating friction factor for a range of
conditions. This utility is described below.

 Tubular Database. An extensive on-line database of casing and tubing dimensions is provided.
Internal diameter for a wide variety of tubulars can be directly imported into the Wellbore Data Table.
Before accessing the
database, position the cursor
anywhere on the appropriate
row. Note that columns other
than Pipe ID will not be
affected. Any information
entered in other columns will
not be changed after
importing data.

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Chapter 3. Input

Friction Factor Estimator

 Friction Factor Estimate Selection. Two options are provided for estimating friction factor. The
simpler approach is to select the “Oilfield Experience” tab and review the table of representative
values presented (see table at right). Choose the most appropriate value(s) based on the area of
operations and anticipated field conditions.
“Actual Friction Factors” are those reported
by operators and service companies for
operations in real wells. “Predictive
Friction Factors” have been increased to
account for differences between drag
predicted in smooth planned wellpaths and that observed in real wells. Apply these predictive friction
factors at the planning stage when only planned well surveys are available. Another technique to
address the differences between real and ideal wells is to add tortuosity to the well survey. The
Tortuosity window is described in Section 3.7.

The second option is to calculate an estimate of friction factor based on a field measurement of hook
load at a given depth. Click the “Calculated Estimates” tab.

 Operation Selection. Select the calculation option based on the field measurement(s) available.
These include “Pick-up without Rotation” and “Slack-off without Rotation” when hook load is
known, and “Rotation off Bottom” when surface torque is known. Parameter fields will change to
reflect the selected operation.

 Operating Parameters. Enter the depth and hook load (or surface torque) measured in the field. The
surface load is equal to the hook load you enter minus the weight of the traveling assembly. This
surface load is used to calculate the estimated average friction factor of the wellbore section.

 Friction Factor Estimate. After entering all required input parameters (in white boxes), click
[Calculate] to display friction factor and calculated hook load. Results displayed in yellow boxes
cannot be edited.

To change the traveling assembly weight, return to the Operation page (Section 3.5).

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Chapter 3. Input
A calculated estimate of hook load based on the predicted friction factor is also provided. You can
compare measured hook load to the hook load calculated based on the estimated friction factor.

3.5 OPERATION PAGE

 BHA Loads. Enter the operational parameters and loads at the bottom-hole assembly. BHA torque
and drag values are usually either engineering judgments or are based on the difference in surface
readings between a slick drill string and one containing the BHA or similar assemblies. These values
are primarily used with stabilizers or logging tools that go into the hole collapsed and are withdrawn
with arms extended.

BHA torque and drag are boundary conditions at the bottom of the drill string. They represent
starting points for the calculation of torque and drag, which proceeds upward along the drill string
from the BHA.

 Mud Weight and Traveling Assembly Weight. Mud weight affects buoyancy of the drill string and
hook load at surface. The weight of the traveling assembly is a tare weight that is subtracted from
hook load to derive actual string weight.

 Tripping and Drilling Speeds. Axial and rotary velocity of the string affects hook load when drilling
or tripping. Enter all four parameters if you will evaluate both drilling and tripping operations.
Otherwise, you may leave the parameters blank (zero) that are not needed.

 Depth of Operation. The starting and ending depths define the operating range for the specific
(current) analysis. This range will impact the data display in the output graphs. In output graphs and
tables that describe conditions at the BHA or surface, results will be displayed only for this defined

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Chapter 3. Input
depth range. Other output displays summarize loading conditions all along the drill string and will
include data from the surface (depth = 0) to the End Point MD.

3.6 2D WELL PLANNER WINDOW


If no wellbore survey exists, the 2D Well Planner window can be used to rapidly create a two-dimensional
(constant azimuth) survey for use in torque and drag analysis. This convenient utility is accessed by
clicking [2D Planner] on the Survey page.

 2D Plan Options. Three basic directional wellpath types are provided: 1) build and hold (for
example, a classic horizontal well), 2) build and drop (an S-shaped trajectory), and 3) build and build
(an extended-reach well with a tangent section). Geometric parameters required for the well plan
vary depending on the option selected. The example wellpath shown in the graphic (which defines
the geometric parameters) will change to reflect the option currently selected.

 Calculated Survey Table. After all required geometric parameters are entered, click [Calculate]. The
calculated survey will be displayed in this survey table. The 2D Plan survey table includes only
essential points defining the wellpath, that is, where the inclination and/or build rate changes.
Additional survey stations will be added into the survey as it is exported to the Survey page.

 2D Plan Target. Specify the target end point of the wellpath. Two format options are provided: 1)
TVD (true vertical depth) along with North/South and East/West distances, or 2) TVD along with
horizontal displacement and azimuth direction. Labels on the number entry boxes will change to
reflect the option selected.

 2D Plan Parameters. After you specify the target position, several basic geometric parameters must
be entered. Obviously, an infinite number of wellpaths could be used to connect the surface and
target locations. To develop a practical solution, you must specify most of the geometric parameters.

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Chapter 3. Input
For a Build and Hold trajectory, specify three of the following: 1)
inclination 1 (from surface to KOP), 2) length 1, 3) build rate 1, 4)
inclination 2 (from the end of the curve to TMD) and/or 5) length 2.

For Build and Drop and Build and Build trajectories, specify six of
the following: 1) inclination 1 (from surface to the first KOP), 2)
length 1, 3) build rate 1, 4) inclination 2 (the tangent section), 5)
length 2, 6) build rate 2 (the second curve section), 7) inclination 3
(from the end of the curve to TMD), and/or 8) length 3.

 Interval between Survey Stations. After the survey is calculated, it


is ready to be copied back into the Survey page for use in the torque
and drag analysis. It is useful to “fill in” the survey so that survey stations are regularly spaced
throughout the survey. Specify the interval between survey stations for straight sections and curve
sections. Additional stations will be added after you click [Accept].

The default interval between inserted stations is 100 ft.

 2D Plan Control Buttons. Click [Calculate] after the geometric parameters are entered. DDRAG
will iteratively calculate the values of the two unknown parameters and devise the survey. When you
are satisfied with the results, click [Accept] to complete the survey with incremental survey stations
and to export the results to the Survey page.

“Cannot Build Wellpath” Error


It is possible that the first set of parameter constants
(including well section lengths, build rates, and
inclinations) you enter do not lead to a solution. After
[Calculate] is pressed, the program may respond with
the message “Cannot build wellpath based on the
input data.” Sometimes it is obvious on closer
consideration why the well cannot be assembled as specified (for example, the length you assigned
for an inclined/horizontal section does not provide enough space (displacement) for a turning section).
When these errors occur, carefully visualize the well shape and consider why a solution cannot be
achieved. Change one or more parameters accordingly and recalculate.

3.7 TORTUOSITY WINDOW


Torque and drag analyses can be highly useful when wells are being planned. These results can provide
critical information with respect to the feasibility of drilling the well with required WOB, as well as re-
entering the well for completion, recompletion, workovers, etc. One disadvantage of analyses at the
planning stage is that hypothetical surveys generated mathematically from geometric considerations (kick-
off point, build rate, well-path shape, etc.) are smooth curves. Actual wells, however, contain doglegs and
other irregularities that increase torque and drag. When ideal smooth curves are input into engineering
models such as DDRAG, the predicted torque and drag values are lower (sometimes significantly) than
those that would be expected in typical field wells.

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Chapter 3. Input
A simple technique originally developed by Exxon to modify survey data so that conditions are more
representative of real wells is incorporated in DDRAG. Tortuosity can be added to the wellpath; that is, a
small-amplitude sinusoidal variation (undulation) with a given period (or cycle length) is added to both
inclination and azimuth angles.

The amplitude of the tortuosity (maximum value in degrees of the sine-wave variation) is chosen according
to hole conditions. Dr. Russell Hall of MEI recommends a tortuosity of T = 0.7º as a typical starting
point. After the tortuosity amplitude is set, the original survey data are then modified (“tortured”) by
adding the corresponding sinusoidally varying dogleg to each survey point. These data can then be
exported to the Survey page and used to predict wear in a non-ideal wellbore more representative of field
wells.

 Survey Data Table. The values initially appearing in this table are copied from the Survey page.
After tortuosity is added to inclination and azimuth, the adjusted values will appear in this table for
review. Data cannot be edited within this table. Return to the Survey page (click [OK] or [Cancel])
to make changes to any survey data. The table can be enlarged for detailed review by the Windows
control buttons and .

 Tortuosity Zone Parameters. The survey can be divided into as many as five zones (for example:
surface to KOP, first build section, first tangent section, second build section, second tangent
section...). Each survey zone may then be given a different amplitude and/or period for its distributed
tortuosity. The bottom measured depth should always be the maximum survey depth.

Select Sinusoidal or Random for the general method to modify the survey. As stated above,
sinusoidal tortuosity adds a regular, sinusoidally varying dogleg to inclination and azimuth. Random
tortuosity adds a “random” dogleg to inclination and azimuth.

Amplitude is the maximum dogleg added to the data. Exxon reported that they used a tortuosity of
1º. Dr. Russell Hall of MEI has found a tortuosity of T = 0.7º to be typical.

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Chapter 3. Input
The Period is the length of one sine-wave cycle to be superimposed onto the survey. This value is
generally greater than the distance between survey data points. Note that, in selecting the tortuosity
period, a potential problem needs to be avoided. If the untortured survey data are equally spaced and
the tortuosity period  is assigned a value such that the measured depth of each survey station is n· /2
(where n is any integer), then after calculation the survey data will remain untortured (the value of the
tortuosity sine function will be zero exactly at every station, thereby not affecting the data).


This means that the tortuosity period should not be assigned a value that is 2/n (2, 1, , ½, etc.) times
the distance between survey stations. It is recommended that  be at least five times greater than
the interval between survey stations.

Insert Survey Stations is used if the survey depths are too widely spaced for a reasonable tortuosity
period. Click “insert in zone x” to add stations to the existing survey. The default interval between
inserted stations is 100 ft.

 Tortuosity Control Buttons. There are five command buttons at the bottom of the Tortuosity
Window. [Calculate] tortures the original survey data, and both the survey data table and dogleg
severity graph show the tortured survey. [Undo] resets the data to the original survey. [Print] prints
the active window. (If the table or graph is maximized on the screen and the print command button is
hidden, press [F6] to print.) [OK] copies the tortured survey data to the Survey page. [Cancel] closes
the Tortuosity window without any changes to the survey data.

 Tortured Dogleg Graph. The impact of adding tortuosity to the survey can be visualized by
inspecting the dogleg graph. The graph may be enlarged for easier viewing by using the Windows
control buttons and .

3.8 MENUS
The menu system in DDRAG is typical of Windows
applications. Most functions are self-explanatory.
There are eight menus available in all primary input and
output windows: File, Edit, View, Run, Options,
Utilities, Window and Help.

File Menu
The File menu contains commands for creating,
retrieving, saving and printing input data. The functions
of the individual menu options are:

1. “New” clears the four input pages for creating a


new project. Same as .

2. “Open...” opens a dialog box for exploring the file


system for input files with the extension “*.DD9.”
Same as .

3. “Save” replaces the previous version of the input

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Chapter 3. Input
data file with the current modified data. No prompt is given before overwriting the previous version
of the file. Same as .

4. “Save As...” saves the current version of the input data under a different name. A dialog box is
opened to let the user specify the drive, directory, and name of the project file.

5. “Import from DDRAG 8” is used to open project data files previously created and saved with an
earlier version of the program. After a file is imported, you will need to input additional data that is
not stored in DDRAG 8 files. These are Tool Joint IDs on the Tubulars page. You also need to
check Tripping Speed, Tripping RPM, Drilling ROP and Drilling RPM on the Operation page. Some
of these parameters will have been assigned a default value of zero because they were not stored in
your DDRAG 8 data file. For example, if your DDRAG 8 project was for a drilling operation,
tripping speed and tripping RPM were not required and were not stored. We recommend that you
check all of these parameters on the Operation page after importing data.

Note that, in addition to this menu option which imports entire DDRAG projects (which consist of
multiple data files), wellbore survey data may be easily imported independently from any existing
survey file in the MEI standard *.SDI format by clicking the special open survey file icon near
the top of the Survey page.

6. “Page Setup...” provides options for selecting printers. Select the printer from those available on your
computer before selecting “Print.”

7. “Print” prints the current input data file on the default printer. To select another printer, go the “Page
Setup...” Same as .

8. “Print All” prints all input data and output graphs and tables to the default printer. This option is
available only after a calculation has been completed.

9. “Print Summary Report” prints a one-page report that summarizes important input parameters and
output results. This option is available only after a calculation has been completed.

10. “Export Results…” opens a dialog window for saving the output table to a text file (*.txt) for opening
in other applications for further analysis of the results. This option is available only after a
calculation has been completed.

11. “Export as MS Office Report…” allows you to


save results in any or each of three formats that can
be opened immediately as a Microsoft Word
document (graphs and tables), an Excel workbook,
(tables) or a PowerPoint presentation (graphs).

12. “Copy to Clipboard” copies the currently selected


graph or table to the Windows Clipboard for exporting into other applications. This option is
available only after a calculation has been completed.

13. “Database...” opens the interface for the GALAXY database for sharing project data between MEI
programs.

14. “Exit” concludes the current session. DDRAG will prompt for saving the input file if data have been
changed and not yet saved.

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Chapter 3. Input
Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains commands for use when working inside data
tables. The functions of the individual menu options are:

1. “Cut” removes the contents of the selected cell(s) to the Clipboard.

2. “Copy” places a copy of the selected cell(s) to the Clipboard.

3. “Paste” copies the Clipboard contents to the data table starting at the
current position of the cursor.

4. “Clear” deletes the contents of the selected cell(s).

5. “Insert Row” inserts a blank row into the currently selected table at the cursor position.

6. “Delete Row” deletes the row of the data table the cursor is currently positioned in, whether a cell or
the entire row is selected.

View Menu
The View menu contains commands for changing the main display. The
functions of the individual menu options are:

1. “Input” displays the main input window for entering and editing
input data. Same as .

2. “Output” calculates the results and displays the main output window for reviewing the torque and
drag analyses. Same as .

3. “Wellbore Schematic” displays the relative diameter with depth of the wellbore and drill string. Same
as .

Run Menu
The Run menu is used to launch DDRAG calculations. Click “Start” after all input
data are entered. Green traffic lights on all tabs indicate that all required data are entered and that the
calculations can now be performed. The view output icon can also be used to launch the calculations.

After the calculations are complete, the results will be displayed automatically in the output window.

The same results are obtained by selecting “Output” from the View menu.

Options Menu
The Options menu includes:

1. “Units”  “Custom…,” “English,” or “Metric”


selects the system of units for input/output displays

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Chapter 3. Input
and printouts. “Custom” opens the Units Selection window (see below) for selecting nonstandard
English or metric units, or a combination of English and metric units. Same as . “English” selects
the default English system of units. “Metric” selects the default S.I. system of units.

2. “Buckling Model…” opens a dialog window for


specifying which buckling model is to be applied
in the calculations. Three options for modeling
sinusoidal and helical buckling limits are
provided. A comparison of these models is
presented in Section 5.4.

Units Selection Window

 Units Table. Physical parameters and currently assigned units for each quantity are displayed in the
Units Table. The user cannot edit this table directly (as indicated by the yellow background).
Allowable options for each quantity are accessed by pulling down the drop-down box attached to each
quantity.

 Custom Units Control Buttons. If any changes are made to the default English or SI systems of units
by selecting another option from one or more pull-down boxes or changing the decimal display
format, the new custom system will need to be saved for future use. Use the [Save] button for new
custom systems or updates to previously created systems. The [Save As...] button is used when a new
combination of units is designed, and you wish to save it separately, rather than overwriting the
previous custom system. Custom systems of units are stored as *.UNT files and normally placed in
the C:\MEI main folder for easy access by other MEI programs.

The [Print] button will print the Units Table for documentation or reference. (This functions only
after a save.)

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Chapter 3. Input
 Units Control Buttons. These buttons control operations for the entire Units Selection window.
[OK] accepts the current settings after any changes are made and then returns to the previous input
window. [Cancel] ignores any changes made since this Units window was activated and returns to the
previous window. [Undo All] deletes all changes made since this Units window was activated, but
stays in the window for further editing.

 Numeric Display Format Table. The user can adjust the number of decimal digits displayed for each
parameter. The number of zeroes typed after the decimal point for each quantity will be used as
standard for the input entries and for printouts.

Within the decimal section of the number (which defines how many decimals are displayed), a zero
denotes a “hard” digit (always displayed) and a “#” denotes a “soft” digit (displayed if required). For
example, if the specification for diameter is “0.000,” a 3½-in. OD pipe will be listed as “3.500 (in.).”
If the specification is “0.###,” a 3½-in. pipe will be listed as “3.5 (in.).”

 System of Units Selection Buttons. These buttons select entire systems of units, which then appear in
the table, and in DDRAG screens, graphs and printouts. The [Other] button will display the file
names of the custom systems previously created and stored.

The name of the currently selected system of units is displayed in the upper left corner of the Units
Selection Window (“My Custom” in the figure above).

Utilities Menu
The Utilities menu includes:

1. “Operating Margin…” opens the Operating


Margin window (see Section 4.3) for
analyzing the range of safe operational
loads (torques and bit weights) and how pipe stresses develop as loads are increased. Same as .

2. “Sensitivity Analysis…” opens the Sensitivity Analysis window (see Section 4.4) for analyzing the
relative impact of changes in individual parameters while other parameters remain constant. Same as
.

3. “Friction Factor Determination…” opens the Friction Factor window (see Section 3.4) for estimating
appropriate friction factors for different wellbore
conditions.

4. “Effect of Circulating Pressure on Tension…” opens a


special work window (see figure) for estimating the
effective reduction in string tension due to hydraulic
pressure drop across the bit. Default data provided are
taken from the input window. Change any input
parameters (white boxes) as required. Click
[Calculate] to estimate pressure drop across the bit and
effective tension.

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Chapter 3. Input
5. “Sheave and Weight Indicator
Calculation…” opens a special
utility for calculating sheave
efficiency based on weight-indicator
readings and actual loads, or
calculating actual pick-up and slack-
off loads based on weight-indicator
readings and sheave efficiency.
Same as .

Window Menu
The Window menu contains commands for
arranging the output graphs and tables on the
screen. The first three options relate to the
simultaneous display of all output (i.e., all non-
minimized graphs and tables).

1. “Cascade” arranges the graphs and tables


in a front to back display with the title
block of each graph window remaining
visible. The program adjusts the size of
each open window to occupy the same
amount of display space. The windows
are then stacked starting from the upper left corner of the Output Window. Individual plots can be
pulled to the top of the stack for viewing by clicking on their title blocks or by selecting them from
the list (numbers 1 through 6) in the Window menu.

2. “Tile Horizontally” arranges the graphs and tables into three rows of two windows each. This is the
default arrangement when the Output window is first loaded.

3. “Tile Vertically” arranges the graphs and tables into two rows of three windows each.

4. Selecting a numbered graph/table has a different effect depending on the current display mode.

If the output screen currently is... Clicking Menu Item 1 to 6


will display that selection as...

A full-size maximized graph  A full-size maximized graph.


A cascaded (stacked) display  The top of the stack.
A tiled display  Unchanged, but with the focus moved.

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Chapter 3. Input

Help Menu
The Help menu provides on-line assistance for running DDRAG and
presents various parameters describing the user’s computer.

1. “Help Topics...” launches the DDRAG on-line Help system from the
Table of Contents. Alternatively, click or press [F1] to open the
Help system directly to a description of the current screen.

2. “Assistance...” opens a pop-up box which displays MEI's address,


phone number, e-mail address and other information. Use these contacts to obtain additional help
with DDRAG.

3. “Feedback...” opens a special screen form for documenting bugs, problems, etc. and communicating
with MEI. The form can be printed for faxing or saved to disk and attached to an e-mail routed to
mei@maurereng.com.

4. “MEI on the Web” provides a direct link to MEI’s home page for more information on MEI software,
including late-breaking announcements and other news.

5. “About...” opens the About window, which displays the version number of DDRAG along with
hardware in your computer. Click “Licensing...” to view a summary of the restrictions for copying
the program and manual, and the program disclaimer.

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4. Output

4.1 INTRODUCTION
A great variety of output data are generated by DDRAG for evaluation by the engineer. Output
presentations include X-Y graphs, tables, and secondary output windows for detailed analysis. The format
of the printouts is very concise and informative. Printed output is ready for inserting into proposals,
reports, etc.

Options are provided to view the graphs individually or in groups, to copy output data to the Clipboard for
importing into Word, WordPerfect, Excel, PowerPoint etc., as well as several other convenient features.
Output windows and all related functions are described in the following sections.

4.2 MAIN OUTPUT WINDOW


The main output window is loaded first after the calculations are completed (that is, enter required input
parameters and click ). Six graph and table windows are displayed in a three-by-two “tiled” matrix.
These can be quickly enlarged for viewing by double-clicking the title bar of the graph/table window of
interest.

 Menu Bar. Functions of the pull-down menus in DDRAG are similar to that in other Windows
applications. A description of all functions and features is presented in Section 3.8.

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Chapter 4. Output
 Tool-Bar Icons. Tool-bar icons can be used to quickly access commonly used functions. The icons
are short cuts for menu options. The functions of the icons are:

New Project. Clears all input data.

Open Project. Activates the open project file window.

Save. Saves all input data to current file name. If the project is new, the Save As... window is
activated automatically.

Print. Prints the current window (input or output). To change printers, open the “Page
Setup…” window under the File menu.

View Input. Used to return to the Input window for reviewing and modifying input data after
the Output window has been accessed.

View Output. Launches the calculations based on the current input data and automatically
displays the results in the Output window.

Operating Margin. Opens the Operating Margin window (see Section 4.3) for analyzing the
range of safe operational loads (torques and bit weights) and how pipe stresses develop as
loads are increased.

Sensitivity Analysis. Opens the Sensitivity Analysis window (see Section 4.4) for analyzing
the relative impact of changes in individual parameters while other parameters remain
constant.

Wellbore Geometry Schematic. Opens a utility window that displays the relative diameter
with depth of the wellbore and drill string.

Sheave and Weight Indicator Calculation. Opens a utility window (see Section 3.8) used to
calculate sheave efficiency based on weight indicator readings and loads.

Units. Opens the Units Selection window (see Section 3.8). You can select English, SI, or
any custom combination of English and SI units.

Help. Opens the DDRAG on-line Help system directly to help with the current page. Same
as [F1]. Alternatively, select “Help Topics” from the Help menu to open the Help system at
the table of contents.

Calculator. Activates the Windows utility calculator for quick arithmetic.

 Output Graphs and Table. Results of calculations for the current input parameters are displayed
graphically. Six graph and table windows are presented. These may be reviewed in any order by
double-clicking on a plot to enlarge it to full screen.

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Chapter 4. Output
Customizing the Graphs

To change graph titles, legends, styles, etc.,


right-click anywhere over the graph of interest. The
Graph Control window (at right) allows you to
customize most features of the graphic displays.
(Changes are valid only for the current session.)

Two principal formats are used to display data:

 A dynamic operations format. Load vs. measured


depth along the drill string at a specific time and
condition (that is, a snapshot of loads on the string
when the BHA is at a depth of interest)

 A static “snapshot” format. Surface and BHA load


history vs. measured depth of the BHA during
complete slack-off/pick-up operations (that is, a load history at the surface)

Output presentations when “Drill with Rotation” is the selected mode of operation include:

1. Drill with Rotation – Hook Load. This dynamic-format graph displays a plot of hook
load as the BHA moves over the entire range of operation specified on the Operation page.

2. Drill with Rotation – Axial Drag. This static-format graph displays a plot of load
conditions when the BHA is at the depth of interest.

3. Drill with Rotation – Surface Torque. This dynamic-format graph displays a plot of
torque at the surface as the BHA moves over the entire range of operation specified on the
Operation page.

4. Drill with Rotation – Drill-String Torque. This static-format graph displays a plot of
torque load conditions along the entire string when the BHA is at the depth of interest.

5. Drill with Rotation – Dynamic


Table. This table summarizes
hook loads and surface torques at
each depth over the entire range of
operation specified on the
Operation page.

6. Drill with Rotation – Static


Table. This table summarizes
torque and drag conditions and
buckling limits along the entire
string when the BHA is at the
depth of interest. The depth of
interest can be changed by typing it
above the table. Results will be updated automatically.

Note that the titles of the individual graphs and tables change to reflect the operating mode
currently selected.

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Chapter 4. Output
 Window Control Buttons. The standard Windows 95 control buttons can be very useful for
maximizing and minimizing individual graphs for rapid review and evaluation of results. will
enlarge a tiled graph or table to occupy the full screen. will minimize a graph or plot (i.e., convert
it to an icon at the bottom of the screen). will temporarily turn off (close) a graph that is not of
interest for a particular job operation.. After closing one or more graphs, select “Tile” from the
Window menu to redraw the screen with only the open plots (taking advantage of the increased space
for each graph).

4.3 OPERATING MARGIN ANALYSIS WINDOW


The Operating Margin Analysis window is a useful tool for increasing the engineer’s understanding of the
range of safe loads (torques and bit weights) and how pipe stresses develop as loads are increased. After
the specific mode and parameter under consideration are selected, the program calculates the pipe condition
at the initial low loading. Then, torque or bit weight is added successively until one of the mechanical
limits is exceeded. The graph is rapidly updated after each calculation increment, resulting in an animated
display. The exact location on the string where the limit is exceeded is indicated on the bottom of the
window. The Operating Margin Analysis window is accessed by clicking .

 Operating Mode Selection. The drill string operating mode may be selected and changed within this
window independently from the primary mode selection on the Project page.

 Operating Parameter Selection. Four different quantities may be considered, with from one to three
options available for any individual operating mode. Select one of the available parameters and click
[Calculate] to perform the analysis.

 Operating Margin Boundary Conditions. Starting boundary conditions of torque or drag, or torque
and drag should be specified. The data can be started at zero if you don’t know the proper value.

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Chapter 4. Output
Torque increment or weight increment is the value by which the torque or weight is increased for
each calculation during the calculation series. A low increment will result in a longer animation
sequence and lower accuracy of the results.

 Operating Margin Graph. The graph displays the limits defined for the drill string and the current
loading condition of the string. As calculations are performed, the drill-string curve (blue) will
gradually move toward the right (for tension and torsion) or toward the left (for buckling) until it
contacts the limit curve.

 Operating Margin Results. After all input data are entered (parameter values in white boxes), click
[Calculate] to begin the animation sequence. After the animation is concluded, the first point of
contact with the limit curve is described (string element, depth, and load) in the text box along the
bottom of the window. Corresponding conditions at the surface and at the bit are summarized in the
output table above the [Calculate] button.

4.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS WINDOW


The Sensitivity Analysis window is a secondary output window used to analyze the relative impact of
changes in individual parameters while other parameters remain constant. This type of analysis can be very
useful for determining which parameter(s) are of critical importance for a specific operation, so that careful
monitoring might be required, more precise measurements will need to be obtained, etc., to ensure the
success of the planned field operation. Conversely, other parameters may be found to have little impact
and not require rigorous optimization. This window is accessed by clicking .

 Sensitivity Parameters. Select one parameter to be varied while others are held constant. Enter in the
table the range over which the parameter of interest will be varied (i.e., white cells in Range Low End
and Range High End). Base-case constants for the other parameters are assigned default values
corresponding to those assigned within the current project file. Of course, you can change any
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Chapter 4. Output
parameter to a different value within this window without impacting the project data in the main input
window.

 Sensitivity Output Table. To perform the sensitivity analysis, the parameter under consideration is
varied across its range in 10% increments and a calculation performed at each step. Results for each
step are recorded in the output table in 11 rows.

 Sensitivity Operating Mode. The operating mode (slack off, pick up, drill, etc.) may be selected
independently here without impacting the selection in the main input window (Project page).

 Friction Factor and Adjusted Weight Prompts. These drop-down boxes assist in recalling friction-
factor and adjusted-weight data for individual sections of the drill string. If you click on any of the
string sections listed, the corresponding friction factor or adjusted pipe weight will be copied from the
main input window into the Sensitivity Parameter input table.

 Sensitivity Output Graphs. Sensitivity results are summarized in two graphs, one for hook load and
one for torque. The parameter under consideration is the x-axis for both graphs.

Click [Print] to print the input data, output results, and graphs (two pages).

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5. Theoretical Basis

5.1 TORQUE AND DRAG MODEL


The basis of the torque and drag program is a mathematical model developed by Exxon Production
Research (Johancsik et al., 1984) that assumes the loads on the drill string result solely from effects of
gravity and drill-string frictional drag from contact of the drill string with the wall of the hole. These
frictional forces are the products of the normal force acting between the drill string and the wellbore, and
the friction factor. Two contributions to the normal force are considered for this model: 1) the effects of
gravity on the pipe, and 2) the effects of tension and compression acting through curvatures in the
wellbore. Although pipe bending may make minor contributions to normal force, its effect is neglected in
this model.

The model considers the drill string to be made up of short segments joined by connections which transmit
tension, compression and torsion, but not bending moment. The basic equations of friction are applied to
each segment, with the calculations starting at the bottom of the drill string and proceeding upward to the
surface. Each short element thus contributes small increments of torque drag, axial drag and weight. These
forces and torques are summed to produce the total loads on the drill string.

Introduction to the Variables


On the right is a simple free-body
diagram of a single element of the drill
string. Parameters required for
analyzing torque and drag include:

f = friction factor
F = axial friction force
M = torque
N = normal force
T = tension
R = effective radius of element
 = inclination angle
 = azimuth angle
 = incremental values
W = weight (including buoyancy)

Derivation of the Equations


Axial motion without rotation is considered in this derivation. In analyzing each segment, the first
requirement is calculation of the magnitude of the normal force, N, as follows:

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis

  2   2 
1/ 2

N   T sin    T  W sin  



  
The tension increment is then calculated as follows:

T  W cos   F
F  fa N

or T  W cos   f a N
In these equations, a plus sign is used for upward motion (meaning axial drag adds to the effect of gravity),
and a minus for downward motion (meaning axial drag subtracts from the effect of gravity).

When the string is rotating, there is no contribution from friction force (f = 0), so the equation is reduced to

T = W cos

During rotation, drag contributes to the incremental torque as follows:

M=fNR

Multi-Element Cases
As the calculation proceeds along the drill string, T + T becomes T for the element above the present
calculation point and T contributes to the overall sum of torque required for rotation. When completed,
the analysis yields tensile and torsional loads as functions of depth all along the string.

Simultaneous Rotation and Reciprocation


The drill-string torque and drag model was expanded to compute torque and drag while simultaneously
reciprocating and rotating the drill string. When simultaneous rotation and reciprocation are considered,
the definition of variables must be expanded as follows:

Fa = axial friction force


Fc = circumferential friction force

F = total frictional force = Fa2  Fc2


Va = axial velocity of a point on the circumference of the pipe
Vc = circumferential velocity of a point on the circumference of the pipe

Vr = resultant velocity of a point on the circumference of the pipe = Va2  Vc2

D = pipe diameter

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
The relation between axial, circumferential,
and resultant velocities of the drill string
relative to the wall of the hole with
simultaneous rotation and reciprocation is
shown in the figure.

Axial friction typically becomes very small if


the pipe is rotated while it is moved axially.
This occurs because the frictional drag force
acts in a direction opposite to the velocity of a
point on the surface of the drill pipe. If the
pipe is both rotating and moving axially, the
velocity of the pipe relative to the hole is a
combination of two vector quantities: axial
velocity (Va) and rotational velocity (Vc). Vc
is the circumferential velocity of a point on the surface of the pipe which equals:

Vc =  D· rpm

where D is the pipe diameter, and rpm is the rotary speed of the pipe. Va is either drilling rate or tripping
speed.

Va and Vc are perpendicular, and their resultant velocity, Vr, is the vector sum of these two quantities.

Vr2  Vc2  Va2

The magnitude of the frictional drag, F, is dependent only on the product of the coefficient of friction and
the normal force, N, that pushes the pipe against
the wall of the hole. Frictional drag acts in a
direction opposite to the resultant velocity of the
pipe relative to the hole wall. This frictional
drag can be resolved into components in exactly
the same manner as the velocity of the pipe.
One component opposes axial motion, while the
other opposes circumferential motion (as shown).

Since the two triangles shown in the figure are similar, the axial drag force equals:

Fa = F· (Va/Vr)

and the circumferential drag force, Fc, equals:

Fc = F· (Vc/Vr)

For example, if 5-inch pipe is rotated at 150 rpm and moved axially at a rate of 10 ft/min, axial friction will
be reduced to 5% of the value it would have been without simultaneous rotation (Va = 10 ft/min., Vc =
196.4 ft/min., Vr = 196.6 ft/min., Va/Vr = 0.051). This shows the importance of using a top drive in
horizontal wells where torque and drag are high.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis

5.2 APPLYING THE MODEL TO A DRILL STRING


To apply the mathematical model in a stepwise fashion as shown earlier, specific information must be
designated for each element. Each group of parameters is discussed below as they relate to drill-string
design and/or operation.

Physical Size and Weight


One critical aspect of physical size is the length of the element. When a stepwise solution is applied,
physical size is the size of each increment as the calculation proceeds up the drill string. The diameter of
the element is needed as the moment arm in the incremental torque calculation. This is obtained from a
physical description of the drill string. The weight of the element, adjusted for the effects of buoyancy, is
part of the tensile force balance. This information can be derived from a physical description of the drill
string and a value for mud weight in the wellbore.

Spatial Orientation
Spatial orientation refers to the values for inclination and azimuth angle at both ends of the element. These
are easily obtained from wellbore survey data.

Nature of Motion
The nature of the string motion determines the effect of the drag force. If the string is moving up and not
rotating, the drag force adds to the weight component of tension. With downward motion and no rotation,
the drag force decreases the weight component. If the element is rotating, drag is assumed to have no effect
on tensile force, but it does add to the total torque required to rotate the string.

In terms of field operations, upward motion with no rotation occurs when raising the string (i.e., picking up
or coming out of the hole). Downward motion with no rotation corresponds to lowering the string (i.e.,
slacking off or going in the hole). The string is rotated prior to drilling (no weight on bit) and during
drilling (with weight on bit).

Using a top drive, it is possible to rotate while moving either up or down. When rotating, most of the
frictional drag acts in the circumferential direction, leaving very little to oppose axial motion of the pipe.
In a deviated or horizontal well, this will allow a greater measured depth to be achieved before approaching
the yield load of the drill pipe.

Loads at the Bottom of Each Element


The tensile and torsional loads at the lower end of the element must be known prior to calculation for that
element. The model takes the increment of tension due to drag and weight and adds this to the tension
value found at the lower end of the element. The same process applies to the calculation of torque.
However, this information does not have to be supplied for every element because the method uses the
value calculated for the upper end of the element as the initial value at the lower end of the element above
the one currently under consideration. Thus, the boundary conditions of the tensile load and torsional load
at the bottom of the string are all that must be provided by the user.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions at the bottom of the string will depend on the operation being simulated. When
the string is going into the hole (slack off or drill), the bottom of the string is in compression. When the
string is coming out of the hole (pick up), the bottom of the string is in tension. For drilling or string
rotation, a positive value of torsion at the bottom of the string will simulate torque from the bit and BHA.
The following are factors that affect bottom boundary conditions for each operation being simulated.

1. PICK-UP WITH ROTATION DRAG: +BHA DRAG


TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE

2. PICK-UP WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: +BHA DRAG


3. SLACK-OFF WITH ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG
TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE

4. SLACK-OFF WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG


5. DRILL WITH ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG –WEIGHT ON BIT
TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE +TORQUE ON BIT

6. DRILL WITHOUT ROTATION DRAG: -BHA DRAG –WEIGHT ON BIT

7. ROTATION OFF BOTTOM TORQUE: +BHA TORQUE

Weight of Traveling Assembly


The traveling assembly includes the traveling block, swivel, kelly, etc. The difference between hook load
(as shown on the load indicator) and surface drag is the weight of the traveling assembly.

Friction Factor
The friction factor is a very important parameter because it characterizes the surface-to-surface interaction
central to the mathematical model. A great amount of work has gone into obtaining and verifying typical
friction factors for predictive work. The exact friction factor applicable to any particular situation is a
function of many things, including drilling fluid type and composition, formation type (in open hole),
casing material and condition (in cased hole), and tool-joint material and condition (e.g., roughness or
presence of hard-metal coating).

At a single point in time, mud type and composition in the well is constant but there may exist significant
portions of both cased and open hole. As a consequence, it may be necessary to use two friction factors,
one for the drill-string/casing interaction and one for the drill-string/formation interaction.

5.3 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM


As mentioned earlier, DDRAG uses a mathematical model based on gravity and sliding friction. The
program has been written to easily produce results that are in a format relevant to user needs.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
The following expression summarizes the input data necessary to apply the model.

 FRICTION FACTOR(S)
 OPERATION
DRILL-STRING LOADS = FUNCTION OF  TENSION/TORSION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 PIPE SIZES, WEIGHTS, LENGTHS
 MUD WEIGHT
 WELLBORE SURVEY

In other words, if the information listed on the right is known, the resulting loads on the drill string can be
calculated.

Alternatively, if there is an existing well for which the drill-string loads and all other parameters except for
the friction factor are known, the above equation can be rearranged to yield:

 DRILL-STRING LOADS
 OPERATION
FRICTION FACTOR = FUNCTION OF  TENSION/TORSION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 PIPE SIZES, WEIGHTS, LENGTHS
 MUD WEIGHT
 WELLBORE SURVEY

The program is structured according to the relationships given above (so that the problem can be worked in
either direction). Obviously, the capability to calculate drill-string loads is necessary for prediction. The
reason the mode to calculate friction factors is included is also straightforward. To effectively use the
program as a predictor, it must be calibrated by obtaining friction factor values characteristic of the areas
and formations under study. These are usually not readily available data, so the best way to obtain them is
to derive values of loads from wells for which all other information is known.

Summaries of the two solution modes of the program are presented below.

Torque and Drag Calculation Mode


This is the predictive mode. Required input is described below:

 Wellbore Shape Information – This is azimuth, inclination and depth data for the anticipated well
shape. These data can be entered directly or loaded from an existing survey data file.

 Drill-String Design Information – This is the physical description data for the components in the
string.

 Well Design Information – These data are the applicable values for weight on bit, mud weight,
overpull at bit, estimated bit torque, BHA torque and drag, and friction factors.

DDRAG will calculate tensile and torsional loads on the drill string for the following situations:

1. Picking up (raising) the drill string with or without simultaneous rotation (with a margin of overpull if
desired)

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
2. Slacking off (lowering) the drill string with or without simultaneous rotation

3. Rotating the drill string (with no bit weight)

4. Rotating the drill string (with bit weight and resulting bit torque applied)

Friction Factor Calculation Mode


This is the friction calibration mode. Required input is as follows:

 Wellbore Shape Information – Same as above except that this is azimuth, inclination, and depth data
for an actual wellbore.

 Drill-String Design Information – Same as above.

 Well Design Information – The only item that must be specified is mud weight.

 Reference Load Data – This is a known value for load in a specific operating scenario. The value can
be either 1) pick-up hook load (minus the weight of the traveling assembly), 2) slack-off hook load
(minus the weight of the traveling assembly), or 3) torque for rotating off bottom.

 Calculation Parameters – The parameters specified always include the calculation interval, as above.
If the program is solving for one friction factor in a two-factor scenario, the known factor and its
interval of application must be specified.

After the required information is input, the program iterates to solve for the friction factor that produces a
predicted load equal to the known load.

5.4 ADDING TORTUOSITY


When planning a well, surveys generated mathematically from geometric considerations (i.e., kick-off
point, build rate, path shape, etc.) are smooth curves. In the real world, a well contains doglegs and other
irregularities that increase drag and normal force. Adding tortuosity is a method of making torque and drag
predictions more realistic by modifying the survey data. This method for adding tortuosity was developed
by Exxon and reported to MEI by Dr. Rap Dawson.

To add tortuosity to the well survey, sinusoidal variation with a period length (or cycle length)  is added
to both inclination and azimuth angles. This is of the form

Tortuosity = T sin(2 MD/)

where

T = amplitude or tortuosity number (degrees)


MD = measured depth (ft)
 = period length or cycle length (ft)

In addition, inclination angle is modified in the program so that it does not become less than zero, since
negative inclination angles are not permitted.

The amplitude or tortuosity number T of the sinusoidal variation is varied according to hole conditions. Dr.
Russell Hall of MEI typically recommends T = 0.7º as a starting value.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
The tortuosity period  is the length of one sine-wave cycle of the undulation to be superimposed on the
survey. This value is generally greater than the distance between survey data points. Note that, in selecting
the tortuosity period, one potential problem needs to be avoided. If the untortured survey data are equally
spaced and the tortuosity period  is assigned a value such that the measured depth of each survey station is
n· /2 (where n is any integer), then after calculation the survey data will remain untortured. For these
specified cases, the value of the tortuosity multiplier (sin 2 MD/) will be zero exactly at every station.


This means that the tortuosity period should not be assigned a value that is 2/n (2, 1, , ½, etc.) times the
distance between survey stations. It is recommended that  be at least five times greater than the
interval between survey stations.

5.5 BUCKLING MODES


Drag and buckling predictions are very useful for planning drilling/completion/workover operations and
avoiding problems in the field. The compressive loads required to initiate sinusoidal and helical buckling
modes are indicated on the slack-off plots. The tubing yield limit is also shown. The significance of these
stages of buckling is described below.

Sinusoidal Buckling
As compressive force is increased on a length of tubing lying along the bottom of an inclined hole, a point
is reached where the tubing will assume a sinusoidal configuration (basically a two-dimensional snake-like
undulation) side to side
across the bottom of the
hole. The axial force
required to initiate this
first mode of buckling is
calculated in DDRAG
using one of three
models selected by the
user (under Options 
Buckling Model).

Parameters that affect the


sinusoidal buckling limit
(the axial load above
which the pipe begins to
buckle) include:

 cross sectional area of pipe


 Young's modulus of pipe
 moment of inertia of pipe cross section
 radial clearance between pipe and borehole
 pipe density
 inclination of hole

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
Helical Buckling
If the compressive load is increased beyond the point where sinusoidal buckling occurs, helical buckling
will eventually be initiated. In this buckling mode, the tubing forms a helix (spiral) against the wall of the
hole (a three-dimensional shape like a stretched spring). The pitch of the helix decreases as the
compressive load increases. Helical buckling begins when the axial compressive force is about 1.4 times
the value of the sinusoidal critical load (based on the assumption of a straight hole).

Which Buckling Criterion Do I Use?


As indicated above, the smallest critical force is the compressive load that initiates sinusoidal buckling.
Next is the critical compressive force that shifts the tubing from sinusoidal to helical buckling. Finally,
axial load increases to the point where the tubing begins to yield. What is the safe upper limit for job
planning?

Field experience with buckling has been reported by several authors and participants in MEI projects,
especially with respect to CT operations. Newman et al. (“Safely Exceeding the ‘Critical Buckling Load’
in Highly Deviated Holes,” SPE 19229, 1989) along with numerous authors since indicate that tubing can
safely be pushed into a hole using compressive loads considerably in excess of the sinusoidal buckling
limit. In the field cases reported, compressive forces greater than the sinusoidal limit have been used to
push CT into inclined holes. A great number of field operations have also verified that compressive forces
larger than the helical buckling limit can safely be used to push CT into deviated holes.

The buckling yield criterion is normally significantly higher than the helical buckling limit. This condition
is closely associated with lock up. After the drill pipe or CT locks up and just begins to yield, significant
additional force may be placed on the string before it fails completely, but little additional penetration will
be achieved. The yield limit with an appropriate safety factor is a practical upper bound for tubing forces.
The design factor applied to the tubular limits (assigned on the Tubulars page) is applied to the output
graphs and should be based on practical experience.

Buckling criteria should be used carefully and as guides rather than as absolute indicators. Judgment based
on experience, though sometimes expensive to acquire, is of great value when dealing with buckling and all
its implications. Buckling itself does not imply failure, but it indicates the onset of a condition which may
precipitate failure.

Which Buckling Model Do I Use?


Three different models for calculating sinusoidal and helical buckling loads are provided. These include:

Sinusoidal Buckling Helical Buckling


1. Dawson/Paslay (Exxon) 1. Chen/Cheatham (Rice University)
2. Wu/Juvkam-Wold (Texas A&M) 2. Wu/Juvkam-Wold
3. He/Kyllingstad (Rogaland Research) 3. He/Kyllingstad

From an historical perspective, the Dawson/Paslay buckling model was developed first and published in
1984. It quickly became widely applied. Chen/Cheatham published their model for helical buckling in
1990. The other models were developed later (Wu/Juvkam-Wold and He/Kyllingstad were both published
in 1993) and sought to examine and improve the assumptions and boundary conditions of the earlier
models.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis
There are two primary areas where these buckling models differ.

Straight Wellbores
For straight wellbore sections (that is, wellbore sections where the inclination is not changing; for example,
horizontal sections), the primary difference between the three models is the nature of the changing axial
load in the load range between sinusoidal and helical buckling. The assumption made by Chen/Cheatham
is that the axial load present between the development of sinusoidal buckling and the onset of helical
buckling is constant. Since the load does actually increase between these two buckling modes,
Chen/Cheatham used a constant value that is the average axial load during the helical buckling process.

Wu/Juvkam-Wold proposed that, rather than the average load, a linearly increasing load should be assumed
for the helical buckling process. The result of this difference in assumptions is that Wu/Juvkam-Wold
predicts a helical buckling limit that is about 30% higher than Chen/Cheatham. Again, note that this
applies for straight sections.

The sinusoidal buckling load in a straight hole section is the same for all three models in DDRAG.

Curved Wellbores
Buckling criteria in curved wellbore sections (where the inclination is changing) can be significantly
different depending on the model selected. Tubing that is constrained in a curved wellbore is already
bowed and will be supported against the bottom side of the curve. Much greater axial loads are required in
curved wellbores to force the tubing to lift off the bottom of the hole and buckle. Dawson/Paslay and
Chen/Cheatham do not consider the impact of curvature on the development of buckling.

Wu/Juvkam-Wold and He/Kyllingstad both consider the impact of wellbore curvature on the onset of
buckling. Their analysis and experiments showed that, the larger the build rate, the larger the load to
initiate buckling in curved wellbores with increasing inclination. Wu/Juvkam-Wold also model the
increasing axial load between sinusoidal and helical buckling in curved wellbores, and consider the
difference in length of the inner and outer curve of the casing. He/Kyllingstad assume a constant load (as
did Chen/Cheatham) and ignore the length difference.

Comparison of Models
Due to the differences in these assumptions of axial loads and buckling in curved wellbores, the buckling
models in DDRAG can produce different results. This is especially true for helical buckling in curved
sections with increasing inclination (going to horizontal, etc.). Generally, Chen/Cheatham will produce the
lowest (most conservative) helical buckling load criterion, He/Kyllingstad a higher load, and Wu/Juvkam-
Wold the highest.

In analyses of this type, engineers often tend to choose the most conservative model to “play it safe.”
However, since the constraining effect of a curved wellbore can be very significant, it is most probable that
Chen/Cheatham is too conservative in these instances; that is, the drill pipe or CT string can be subjected
to much higher loads without buckling helically.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis

5.6 REFERENCES
Bourgoyne, A.T., Jr., et al., 1986: Applied Drilling Engineering, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Richardson, Texas.

Chen, Y.C., Lin, Y.H. and Cheatham, J.B., 1989: “An Analysis of Tubing and Casing Buckling in
Horizontal Wells,” OTC 6037, 21st Annual OTC, Houston, Texas, May 1-4.

Dawson, Rapier and Paslay, P.R., 1984: “Drillpipe Buckling in Inclined Holes,” Journal of Petroleum
Technology, October.

Guild, G.J., et al., 1982: “Drilling Extended Reach/High-Angle Wells Through Overpressured Shale
Formation in the Central Graben Basin, Arbroath Field, Block 22/17, U.K. North Sea,” SPE/IADC 25749.

He, Xiaojun and Kyllingstad, Age, 1993: “Helical Buckling and Lock-Up Conditions for Coiled Tubing in
Curved Wells,” SPE 25370, presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference & Exhibition,
Singapore, February 8-10.

Lohuis, G. et al., 1991: “Coiled Tubing/Production Logging in Highly Deviated and Horizontal
Wellbores,” CIM/AOSTRA 91-15, 1991 CIM/AOSTRA Conference, Banff, April 23–24.

Newman, Kenneth R., Corrigan, Mark and Cheatham, John B, Jr., 1989: “Safely Exceeding the ‘Critical
Buckling Load’ in Highly Deviated Holes,” SPE 19229, Offshore Europe '89, Aberdeen, September 5–8.

Spotts, M.F., 1978: Design of Machine Elements, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

Wu, Jiang and Juvkam-Wold, Hans C., 1993: “Preventing Helical Buckling of Pipes in Extended Reach
and Horizontal Wells,” presented at the Energy-Sources Conference & Exhibition, Houston, Texas, January
31-February 4.

Wu, Jiang and Juvkam-Wold, Hans C., 1993: “Frictional Drag Analysis for Helically Buckled Pipes in
Extended Reach and Horizontal Wells,” presented at the Energy-Sources Conference & Exhibition,
Houston, Texas, January 31-February 4.

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Chapter 5. Theoretical Basis

46 2000 Maurer Engineering Inc.


6. Getting Help

6.1 CONTACTING MEI


For additional assistance with operation or application of DDRAG, contact:

TECHNICAL SUPPORT
MAURER ENGINEERING INC.
2916 WEST T.C. JESTER BOULEVARD
HOUSTON, TEXAS 77018-7098 U.S.A.

TEL: 713-683-8227 EXT. 238


FAX: 713-683-6418
E-MAIL: MEI@MAURERENG.COM
HTTP://WWW.MAURERENG.COM

6.2 REPORTING PROBLEMS


DDRAG has been carefully checked before its release; however, software bugs are a fact of life. Please
report any bugs you find and describe the input parameters and conditions selected when the problem
occurred. Please check Appendix A first to determine whether the solution to your problem is described
there.

MEI is also very appreciative of your comments and suggestions for improving DDRAG. Let us know if
there are additional features you would like to see added to the program. Though it may not be feasible to
incorporate every suggestion into the next version, many important improvements have been made to MEI
programs based directly on suggestions from users.

Please use the form on the next page to report bugs in the program, as well as suggestions on improving the
function and usefulness of DDRAG.

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Chapter 6. Getting Help

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Chapter 6. Getting Help

Bug Report/Enhancement Suggestion Form


Name: Company:

Address: Phone:

City: Fax:

State/Country: E-mail:

Bug/Problem Report Enhancement Suggestion Date:

Program Name and Version Number:

Bug/Problem Description or Suggested Enhancement:

Other Comments:

Data/Parameters Causing Bug

Will be mailed on diskette Will be faxed Attached None


Operating System
MS-Windows Version No.: (Win 3.1/Win 95/98)

MS-Windows NT Version No.: OS2:

Other:

Please mail, fax, or E-mail to:

TECHNICAL SUPPORT
MAURER ENGINEERING INC.
2916 WEST T.C. JESTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS 77018-7098
PH: 713-683-8227 EXT. 238 • FAX: 713-683-6418
E-MAIL: MEI@MAURERENG.COM

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Chapter 6. Getting Help

50 2000 Maurer Engineering Inc.


Appendix A – Common Problems and Solutions
Specific problems related to installing and running MEI software are described in this section. These
problems have been reported by multiple users and are often related to computer settings and file locations.

A.1 DECIMAL AND THOUSAND GROUPING SYMBOLS


Problem: calculated values are either significantly too large, or too small
All MEI software is fully compatible with
different conventions for decimal and thousand
grouping symbols. Under the British/U.S.
standard, the 1000 separator is a comma, and
the decimal separator is a period (“point”). In
many other countries, the convention is the
opposite. Thus, the number one thousand, two
hundred and thirty-four and 22/100 is written as
1,234.22 in the U.K. and the U.S., and as
1.234,22 in Holland.
In Windows 95, 98, NT and 2000, this problem
can be easily resolved by checking and
changing the “Number” properties in the
“Regional Settings” window in the Windows
Control Panel, as follows:

1. Click on the [Start] button from the


Windows Taskbar, then on “Settings”
followed by “Control Panel.” The window shown above appears:

2. Double-click the “Regional Settings”


icon, then click on the “Number” tab
(see at right).

3. Confirm that the decimal symbol and


the digit grouping symbol are either a
period (“.”) or a comma (“,”), and that
the same symbol is not used to denote
both. If you need to make any changes
to these, then make sure that the
“Negative Number Format” and the
“Display Leading Zeroes” follow the
same notation.

4. Click [Apply], then close any open


programs and restart Windows.

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Appendix A. Common Problems and Solutions

A.2 POTENTIAL LIBRARY FILE PROBLEMS


MEI programs are MS Windows-based programs which run under Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, and/or
NT operating systems. When our programs are run, several library files are needed (.VBX, .OCX, .DLL,
and .EXE) to support the Windows interface functions. These library files might also be used by other
Windows programs, which means all types of Windows applications theoretically can share the same
library file from a “common library.”

The basic concept of a common library is sound. Since one library file may support many programs,
storing the library once in an accessible location saves space on the hard drive. However, because of
compatibility issues with different versions of the same library files, the wrong library version can cause a
program error. Programs developed/compiled with older versions of library files may not run with newer
versions or vice versa.

When running a Windows application, Windows searches for required library files in the following
sequence:

1. the \Windows\System\ subdirectory

2. the \Windows\ subdirectory

3. the local program subdirectory which contains the executable application .EXE file

These rules were established by Microsoft and, unfortunately, may lead to serious problems. Placing the
wrong version of the common library into \Windows\System\ subdirectory will cause all programs which
use a different version of that library file(s) to malfunction. MEI has received reports of problems with our
software after users have installed another company’s software. These problems are the result of the third
party software installing its own (different) version of the library into the \Windows\System\ subdirectory.
This new version then gets priority over the correct version in the local MEI subdirectory.

All MEI Windows programs based on 16-bit operating systems install the required library into the local
program subdirectory to avoid conflict with other programs already installed. Though this method requires
slightly more disk space be reserved for libraries, this is the safest approach. If this procedure is
followed, users should not be apprehensive about installing MEI’s programs.

MEI programs based on 32-bit operating systems (these programs will only run in Windows 95 and above)
avoid library problems by taking advantage of design improvements in Windows 95/98 and NT.

If a user finds that an MEI program will not run or the output graphs will not display, the following
procedure should solve any library incompatibility problems.

1. Most often, MEI’s programs will display an error message to indicate which library files are
incompatible. If so, go to Step 4.

2. Look at the specific program’s subdirectory to find all the library files needed by the program.
Usually, the library file extensions are .VBX, .OCX, .DLL, .EXE.

3. Check the \Windows\System\ and \Windows\ subdirectories to see if there is a different version
of the library file (different size or different date) stored there.

4. Move these library files from the \Windows\System\ or \Windows\ subdirectories to a temporary
subdirectory (do not erase these files) to determine whether library incompatibility is the

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Appendix A. Common Problems and Solutions
problem. If these files are used by another (non-MEI) program, copy these files to the other
program’s subdirectory.

The following library files most frequently cause problems: GRAPH.VBX, GSWDLL.DLL, GSW.EXE,
GSWAG16.DLL, GSW16.EXE, VBDB300.DLL, THREED.VBX, and GRID.VBX.

If the problems persists after these steps are taken, please contact MEI.

A.3 PRINTER SELECTION


MEI programs support a wide range of monochrome and color printers. However, most programs written
in Visual Basic 3 (16-bit) do not have the capability to provide options within the program for selecting
individual printers. All print jobs are sent to the current Windows default printer.

Changing Printers
If you wish to switch to a special printer, assign that printer as the Windows default printer. The
default printer is selected under the Printers control window. This window is accessed in Windows 95 by
selecting Start  “Settings”  “Printers”. After the Printers window is open, click once on the printer of
interest to highlight it. Then, select “Set as Default” from the File menu.

Network Printers
Some users have experienced problems when trying to send output from MEI software to network printers.
Most difficulties can be addressed by modifying the printer port entry. If a network printer will not print
from an MEI program, follow these steps:

1. Select Start  “Settings”  “Printers”; then


double-click the network printer icon.

2. Select “Properties” from the Printer menu.


Select the “Details” tab from the Properties
window (see figure).

3. Place the cursor on the entry in the text box


under Print to the following port:. Copy
the text string by pressing control+C.

4. Click the “Capture Printer Port...” button.

5. Select “LPT2” or “LPT3” under the Device


pull-down menu.

6. Click the Path: text box; then paste the text


string into the box by pressing control+V.
Click <OK> to close the “Capture Printer
Port” window.

A-3 2000 Maurer Engineering Inc.


Appendix A. Common Problems and Solutions
7. On the “Details” window, pull down the list of options under the Print to the following port:
box. Select the new entry (that you just created) with “LPT2” or “LPT3” followed by the text
string copied and pasted.

8. Select <OK> and close all printer windows.

This procedure should allow printing to a network printer, provided that printer is also selected as the
Windows default printer.

A-4 2000 Maurer Engineering Inc.

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