I.

INTRODUCTION
The use of water in the kitchen and bathrooms is the most common example of human
activities that generates wastewater. Equally, wastewater is the water been consumed for a number
of purposes in the society and its total amount is usually the combination of sewage from domestic,
industrial, commercial, and institutional establishments, and of storm water as well as groundwater
(Tchobanoglous, Burton, & Stensel, 2003). And if untreated wastewater is dumped in the nearest
water body, it will lead to water contamination that have adverse effects on the quality of water
supply. Consequently, it affects the quality of environment and the public health and welfare. Thus,
this implies the need for an adequate design for a wastewater treatment plant (National Small Flows
Clearinghouse, 1997).

The main concern of a wastewater treatment plant is to process sewage for reuse or to reclaim
at a quality suitable for the disposal to its corresponding water body. An adequate treatment plant
results to a larger portion of reclaimed water for water preservation and prevention of global water
shortage (Wright, 2014). Upon the collection, wastewater undergo processes of treatment such as the
Preliminary, Primary, Secondary Treatment, and Advanced Treatment.

Preliminary treatment is the first of all the processes in a wastewater treatment. Preliminary
treatment is responsible for the removal of solid particles to avoid clogging, wear and abrasions of
pipes and other mechanical equipment. This is obtained through the use of screens and grit chambers.
After removal of large debris, the untreated wastewater is subjected to primary treatment. This
treatment involves the removal of the remaining solids from the previous process by decreasing the
velocity. This allows settling of heavier particles to the bottom of the tank, and floating of lighter
particles on the surface. These settled and floating solids are removed from the wastewater through
the mechanisms installed in a settling tank. Biological treatment processes are then performed on the
secondary treatment of the wastewater. Microorganisms are used to consume the organic solids and
produce biological mass which can be removed on the later part of the process. Through disinfection,
disease causing bacteria is processed by either the use of chlorine or UV radiation. To conclude the
wastewater treatment, Advanced Treatment removes nutrients, remaining solids, and the
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which decreases the efficiency of disinfection. Both biological and
chemical processes are applied in this process for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients
respectively (Cerro-Reehil, et al., 2013).

In the Philippines, most of wastewater from residential sources does not undergo wastewater
treatment. Thus, wastewater is discharge untreated and is summarized to be 58% of the Philippines’
wastewater, while leaving only 10% of the total wastewater is treated (Claudio, 2015). Inadequate
wastewater treatment has been one of the problems faced by some of Southeast Asian countries,
including the Philippines. The access to wastewater treatment in the Philippines does not necessarily
provide sufficient means to address the growing problem of groundwater and surface water pollution.
This results to problems in public health and to economic losses (Lumbao, n.d.).
Addressing the concerns in the wastewater problems in the Philippines, this project proposal
aims to apply wastewater treatment concepts, familiarize wastewater treatment facility design
parameter and procedure, familiarize effluent quality standards, and design a wastewater treatment
plant suitable for the given parameters and conditions under the University of the Philippines Los
Baños setting.
II. DESIGN PARAMETERS
The influent to be considered in the design of the wastewater treatment plant has a flowrate
equal to 20 MLD (Megaliters per Day) and has quality characteristics defined by the value of BOD5
(Biological Oxygen Demand) equal to 280 mg/L, the value of TSS (Total Suspended Solid) equal to 400
mg/L where the BOD5 in TSS is 60% of the TSS concentration, and the coliform count equal to 2x108
MPM (Most Probable Number). Also, the point of discharge is a Class C river, which has intended
beneficial use of fishery water, recreational water Class II, or for agriculture, irrigation, and livestock
watering, as defined in the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016 or the
Department of Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order No. 2016-08. That is, the effluent
standards are given below.

Table A. Effuent Standards: Conventional and Other Pollutants in Protected Inland Waters Class C

III. WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) DESIGN

A. PHYSICAL TREATMENT

The physical treatment is the type of treatment which includes sedimentation, flotation,
filtration process. They are the processes that are conducted by physical means. The two systems
under physical treatment are preliminary and primary treatment.
The preliminary treatment system in a WWTP is the system responsible for flow regulation
and removal of large debris. For this project, it was assumed that these debris like branches, rags and
other large solids exist, and thus, there is a need to design for facilities that will receive and enable
effective and efficient treatment procedures.
Primary treatment on the other hand is the treatment responsible for the removal of most of
the suspended solids before discharge and are usually facilitated by the use of flocculation,
sedimentation and other physical methods like the use of screens (Tchobanoglous, 2003).
 1. Receiving Chamber
A receiving chamber is WWTP facility that receives or holds the influent before it is subjected
to treatment processes.

2. Bar Screen
Screening is the first unit operation in a wastewater treatment plant. It is the process of
removing settleable and large solids or debris from the influent and retaining these solids by using
surface straining (Ana, 2012). It is a required operation in a WWTP since it prevents clogging in the
system thus protects other equipment like pumps. That is the design of bar screens is necessary. Also,
preliminary treatment is usually performed by screening process.

Design Theory
Approach velocity , 𝑣 ≥ 0.4 𝑚/𝑠
Velocity through bars, 𝑉 ≤ 0.9 𝑚/𝑠
Headloss, ℎ𝑙 ≤ 150𝑚𝑚
1 𝑉 2 −𝑣 2
ℎ𝑙 = 0.7 ( 2𝑔
)
𝑏 𝑣2
Kirschmer’s Formula, ℎ𝑙 = 𝛽(𝑑)4/3 2∗9.807 ∗ sin 𝜃
Assumptions
Peak hour factor (PF) is dependent on the population of the area concerned
18 + √𝑃
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝′ 𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
4+ √𝑃
𝑉 = 0.7 𝑚/𝑠
B=H
Design Calculations
Given: Qave= 20 MLD
P = 10200 (UPLB)
Required: Bar Screen Design
Solution:
18 + √10.2
𝑃𝐹 = 4+ √10.2
= 2.946 ≈ 3
1 𝑚3 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 3 ∗ 20 𝑀𝐿𝐷 ∗ 1000 𝐿 ∗ 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
∗ 3600 𝑠 = 0.6944 𝑠
Choose 𝛼 = 0.668, 𝑏 = 9.5𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 19.1𝑚𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑣 = 𝛼𝑉 = 0.668 ∗ 0.7 𝑠 = 0.4676 𝑠 > 0.4 𝑠 (ok)
𝑄 0.6944
𝐴= 𝑉
= 0.7 = 0.992 𝑚2
𝐴 0.992
= = 𝐵𝐻, 𝐵 = 𝐻 = 1.219𝑚
𝛼 0.668
1 0.72 −0.46762
ℎ𝑙 = 0.7 ( 2∗9.807 )= 0.0198 m < 0.150m (ok)
9.5 0.46762
ℎ𝑙 = 1.79(19.1)4/3 2∗9.807 ∗ sin 45 = 0.006𝑚 < 0.150𝑚 (𝑜𝑘)

FINAL DESIGN
B = H = 1.219m
d = 19.1mm
b = 9.5mm
V= 0.7 m/s
v= 0.4676 m/s
𝛉= 45°
 3. Comminutors and Flow Equalization Tanks

4. Grit Chamber
Grit is either or a combination of gravel, sand, cinder and other heavy materials that may
cause abrasion and result to the damage of plant appurtenances like pumps (Ana, 2012). The presence
of grit in the influent are usually caused by the mixing of washed off wastes or storm water and sewage
waste. And because of this, grit chamber is used to adjust the flow of wastewater to allow the
settlement of grits and other particles that are mixed with the wastewater.

Assumptions
Q = Qpeak
Since flow rate is relatively low, only one chamber will be designed
Detention time, td = 3 min
Width-to-depth ratio, w:d = 1.2:1
Depthmin = 3m
𝑚3
Air supply per unit length = 0.4
𝑚∗𝑚𝑖𝑛
Design Calculations
𝑚3
Given: 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 0.6944
𝑠
Required: Grit Chamber Design
Solution:
𝑚3 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
∀ = 𝑄 ∗ 𝑡𝑑 = 0.6944 ∗ 3𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ = 125𝑚3
𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.2 ∗ 3𝑚 = 3.6𝑚
∀ 125𝑚3
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑤 = 3𝑚 ∗3.6𝑚 = 11.574𝑚
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝐴 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝐴𝑆 = 11.574𝑚 ∗ 0.4 𝑚∗𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.6296 𝑚𝑖𝑛

FINAL DESIGN
W = 3.6 m
D = 3m
L = 11.574m
QA = 4.6296 m3/min

5. Primary Settling Tank

Primary settling, or primary sedimentation is the operation responsible for the settling of the
suspended solids still present after the wastewater is subjected to the previous processes. The slow
movement of the particle or the slow particles’ velocity in the sedimentation tanks is what allows the
particles, which are heavier than water, to settle to the bottom. Because of this however, there are
considerations needed like the velocity of water in the tank to be maintained in order to have higher
percentage of removal of suspended solids and efficiency.

Assumptions
𝑚3
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 50 𝑚2 ∗𝑑

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡𝑑 = 2ℎ𝑟𝑠

 𝑚3
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 250 𝑚 ∗ 𝑑

Number of Tanks = 15 tanks

Length = 4 x width

Design Calculations
𝑚3
Given: Qpeak= 0.6944
𝑠

Required: Sedimentation Tank Design

Solution:
𝑚3
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 0.6944 3600𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑚3
𝑠
𝑄𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = 15
∗ 1 ℎ𝑟
∗ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 4000 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑄𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 4000
𝑑𝑎𝑦
A= 𝑂𝑅
= 𝑚3
= 80𝑚2
50 2
𝑚 ∗𝑑

𝑚3 2ℎ𝑟𝑠∗1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
∀= 𝑄𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∗ 𝑡𝑑 = 4000 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∗ 24ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 333.333𝑚3

∀ 333.333𝑚3
𝑑= = = 4.167𝑚
𝐴 80𝑚2

𝐴 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 = 4𝑊 2 = 80𝑚2 , 𝑊 = 4.472𝑚, 𝐿 = 17.889𝑚

𝑚3
𝑄𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 0.0463 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉= 𝑤∗𝑑
= 4.472𝑚 ∗ 4.167𝑚 = 2.485𝑥10−3
𝑠
𝑠
< 2.54𝑥10−3 𝑠
(𝑜𝑘)

𝑚3
𝑄𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 4000
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿𝑤 = 𝑊𝐿
= 𝑚3
= 16𝑚
250
𝑚∗𝑑

FINAL DESIGN

15 tanks

D = 4.167m

W = 4.472m

L = 17.889m

Lw = 16m

B. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

1. Aeration Tank

2. Secondary Settling Tank

C. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
1. Disinfection Tank
IV. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

PRIMARY
RECEIVING BAR GRIT
SETTLING
CHAMBERS SCREEN CHAMBER
TANK

DISINFECTION SECONDARY AERATION

TANK SETTLING TANK TANK

DISCHARGE TO
CLASS C RIVER

SLUDGE
PROCESSING
V. REFERENCES

Ana, E. V. (2012). Preliminary Treatment: Sanitary Engineering II Handout. CE Department, UPLB

Ana, E. V. (2012). Primary Treatment: Sanitary Engineering II Handout. CE Department, UPLB
Ana, E. V. (2012). Biological Treatment: Sanitary Engineering II Handout. CE Department, UPLB
Cerro-Reehil, P., Defrees, B., Dodson, K., & Taber, T. (2013). Wastewater Management Handbook for
Local
Representatives (2nd ed.).

Claudio, L. E. (2015, April 23). Wastewater Management in the Philippines(Rep.). Retrieved March 13,
2018, from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ip_mnl_15/wipo_ip_mnl_
15_t4.pdf

Lumbao, L. (n.d.). Small Scale Wastewater Treatment Systems for 3 Markets (Working paper).
Retrieved
from https://aboutphilippines.ph/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/17%20PH_PSA_Project_Case_Study.pdf

Parween, M., & Ramanathan, A. (2018). Wastewater Management to Environmental Materials

Management. Handbook of Environmental Materials Management,1-24. doi:10.1007/978-3-
319-
58538-3_72-1

Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & Stensel, H. D. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment and
reuse.
New York: McGraw-Hill.

The Importance of Wastewater Treatment. (2014, February 05). Retrieved March 13, 2018, from
http://marinesciencetoday.com/2014/02/13/the-importance-of-wastewater-treatment/