Contents

Manual for K-Notes ................................................................................. 2

Transmission Lines .................................................................................. 3
Underground Cables ............................................................................. 14
Overhead Insulators .............................................................................. 16
Distribution Systems ............................................................................. 16
Per Unit System .................................................................................... 17
Load Flow Study .................................................................................... 18
Economic Power Generation ................................................................ 20
Fault Analysis ........................................................................................ 21
Power System Stability.......................................................................... 29
Power System Protection ...................................................................... 33

© 2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

1
 Manual for K-Notes

Why K-Notes?

Towards the end of preparation, a student has lost the time to revise all the chapters from his /
her class notes / standard text books. This is the reason why K-Notes is specifically intended for
Quick Revision and should not be considered as comprehensive study material.

What are K-Notes?

A 40 page or less notebook for each subject which contains all concepts covered in GATE
Curriculum in a concise manner to aid a student in final stages of his/her preparation. It is highly
useful for both the students as well as working professionals who are preparing for GATE as it
comes handy while traveling long distances.

When do I start using K-Notes?

It is highly recommended to use K-Notes in the last 2 months before GATE Exam
(November end onwards).

How do I use K-Notes?

Once you finish the entire K-Notes for a particular subject, you should practice the respective
Subject Test / Mixed Question Bag containing questions from all the Chapters to make best use
of it.

© 2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

2
Transmission Lines
Skin Effect

It is tendency of AC current to be concentrated on the surface of conductor.

Cause: Non-uniform distribution of magnitude flux linkages Due to skin effect, the effective
area of cross section of conductor decrease and hence resistances increases.
In case of DC, There is no skin effect so
RDC  R AC
 With increase in frequency, skin effect increases.
 With increase in r , skin effect increases.
Inductance of a Transmission line

 Single Conductor
 0 r
Internal inductance
8
External inductance from distance ‘ d1 ’ to ‘ d2 ’
0r  d2 
Lex  ln  
2  d1 
0 r 0 r  d2 
Total inductance   ln  
8 2  r 
   d     d
 0 r ln  1   0 r ln  
2  re 4  2  r  
r  0.7788r = Geometric mean radius (GMR)

 Single phase 2 – wire line

 0 rd
Inductance of single wire  ln  
2  r  
Total inductance = L1  L2
0  d 
Lsys  ln  
  r 
If radius of both wire is not same, assume radius of 1st wire ra & that of second wire is rb

0  d 

Lsys  ln
  r r 
 a b 
ra  0.7788ra & rb  0.7788rb

If instead of a single conductor per phase we use multiple conductor, then GMR is
replaced by self GND (Geometric Mean Distance) and ‘d’ by mutual GMD.

3
Self GMD

1
self GMDfwd  D11 D12 ........D1n D21 D22 .........D2n  ....... Dn1 Dn2 ........Dnn  n2

Where Dii  ri  0.7788ri

1
Self GMDbwd  Di 1 ' '  
Di' 2' ........Di'm' .............. Dml' ' ................Dmm 
' '
 m2

Where Dii  ri  0.7788ri

Mutual GMD
1
Mutual GMD  D11' D12' ...........D1m'  ................. Dn1' Dn2' .................Dnm'  
mn

Now, with these terms all the inductance expressions change to

0  d 
Single wire : ln  
2  self GMD 

0  mutual GMD 
1  , 2 wire: ln  
2  Self GMD 

Three – phase Transmission line

Symmetrical configuration

0r  D 
Lph  ln  
2  r 

r  0.7788r

4
Asymmetrical configurations

If conductors are placed horizontally or vertically.

1
Deq  Dab  Dbc  Dca  3

0r  Deq 
Lph  ln  
2  r 

In case of bundled conductor, more than one conductor per phase

We replace Dab  Dabeq = mutual GMD between a phase & b phase

Similarly, Dbc  Dbceq

Dca  Dcaeq

In place of GMR, Self GMD is used

1

  Self GMD Self GMD 

Self GMD=  Self GMD
3
a b c

Example: Calculate inductance per phase of following circuit?

Between successive conductors, distance = 3m , Radius of each conductor = 1m

Solution
1
Dab eq  Da1b1 . Da1b2 . Da2b1 . Da2b2  4

1
 3  12  12  3 4
 6m
1
Dbc eq  3  6  6  3 4  4.24m
1
Dca eq   6  9  9  6  4  7.348m

Deq = mutual GMD

1
 Dab.eq  Dbc.eq  Dca.eq  3

= 5.71m

5
 1
Self GMD   r  D
a a1a2
 Da2a1  r   4

0.7788  0.012  152 

1
4


= 0.341m
1
Self GMD   r  D
b b1b2
 Db2b1  r   4

= 0.2467m
1
Self GMD  r  D
c c1c2
 Dc2c1  r  4

= 0.1528m
1
Self GMD   Self GMD a Self GMD b Self GMD  c  3

= 0.2398m
0  GMD 
L ln  
2  GMD Self 

 5.71 
 2  10 7 ln    0.634mH / km
 0.2398 
Remember, Inductance calculated using these formulas is per unit length.

Transposition of Transmission line

The position of different lines are changed after regular intervals to reduce radio interference in
neighboring communication lines.

Capacitance
Single Phase 2 – Wire System
0 r
Cab 
 D 
ln  
 rr 
 12 
Line to neutral capacitance

6
 20 r 20 r
Can  , Cbn 
D  D 
ln   ln  
 r1   r2 
Three phase single conductor system
20 r
Cph 
 GMD 
ln  
 r 
For bundled conductors
20 0
Cph 
 GMD 
ln  
 Self GMD 
In capacitance calculations, it must always be remembered that there is no concept of r, we
simply use radius in calculating self GMD.
Performance of Transmission line
Classification of lines based on length

1) Short Line
l < 80 km or l*f < 4000 , Where f = frequency

2) Medium Line
80 km < l < 200 km
4000 < l*f < 10000

3) Long Line
l > 200 km
l*f > 10000

Modeling of transmission lines

Transmission lines are modeled as 2 – port network

Vs  AVR  BIR
Is  CVR  DIR

Under no load
Vs
IR  0 , Vs  AVR , VR 
A

7
 Vs
No Load Voltage  and IR  0 , Is  CVR
A

Vs
 VR
A
Voltage Regulation   100%
VR
This current is called as line charging current and is responsible for as effect is called as “Ferranti
Effect”.

Ferranti Effect
Under no-load or light load conditions receiving end voltage becomes more than sending end
voltage due to presence of line charging current.

Short transmission line

Vs  VR  IR R  jwL 

 VR  IR Z

 Vs  1 z   VR 
 I   0 1   I 
 s   R 

A = D (symmetrical)

AD – BC = 1 (reciprocal)

Approximate Voltage Regulation

For lagging pf
IR
VR=
VR
R cos  R
 X sin R 

load pf=cosR

For leading pf
IR
VR  R cos R  X sin R 
VR