Solutions for Chapter 6 1

The Chemistry Maths Book

Erich Steiner

University of Exeter

Second Edition 2008

Solutions

Chapter 6. Methods of Integration

6.1 Concepts
6.2 The use of trigonometric relations
6.3 The method of substitution
6.4 Integration by parts
6.5 Reduction formulas
6.6 Rational integrands.
6.7 Parametric differentiation of integrals

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 2

Section 6.2

Evaluate the indefinite integrals:

∫ ∫
1 1⎡ 1 ⎤
1. sin 2 3 x dx = (1 − cos 6 x) dx = ⎢ x − sin 6 x ⎥ + C
2 2⎣ 6 ⎦
1
= ⎡ 6 x − sin 6 x ⎤⎦ + C
12 ⎣

∫ sin 3x cos 3x dx = 2 ∫ sin 6x dx = − 12 cos 6x + C

1 1
2.

∫ sin 3x cos 2x dx = 2 ∫ ⎡⎣sin x + sin 5x⎤⎦ dx = 2 ⎢⎣− cos x − 5 cos 5x⎥⎦ + C

1 1⎡ 1 ⎤
3.

1
=− ⎡5cos x + cos 5 x ⎤⎦ + C
10 ⎣

∫ ∫
1 1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
4. sin x cos 3x dx =
2 ⎣⎡sin 4 x − sin 2 x ⎦⎤ dx = 2 ⎢ − 4 cos 4 x + 2 cos 2 x ⎥ + C
⎣ ⎦
1
= ⎡⎣ 2 cos 2 x − cos 4 x ⎤⎦ + C
8

∫ ∫
1 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
5. sin 3x sin x dx = ⎡⎣ cos 2 x − cos 4 x ⎤⎦ dx = ⎢ sin 2 x − sin 4 x ⎥ + C
2 2 ⎣2 4 ⎦
1
= ⎡⎣ 2sin 2 x − sin 4 x ⎤⎦ + C
8

∫ ∫
1 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
6. cos 5x cos 2x dx = ⎡⎣cos 7 x + cos 3 x ⎤⎦ dx = ⎢ sin 7 x + sin 3x ⎥ + C
2 2 ⎣7 3 ⎦
1
= ⎡3sin 7 x + 7 sin 3 x ⎤⎦ + C
42 ⎣

Evaluate the definite integrals:

π 2 π 2 π 2

∫ ∫
1 1 ⎡1 ⎤
7. cos 2 3 x dx = ⎡⎣ cos 6 x + 1⎤⎦ dx = ⎢ sin 6 x + x ⎥
0 2 0 2⎣6 ⎦0
1 ⎪⎧ ⎡ 1 π ⎤ ⎫⎪ π
= ⎨ sin 3π + ⎥ − 0 ⎬ =
2 ⎩⎪ ⎢⎣ 6 2 ⎦ ⎭⎪ 4

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 3

π 2 π2

∫ ∫
1 1 π 2
8. sin 2x cos 2 x dx = sin 4x dx = − ⎡⎣ cos 4 x ⎤⎦
2 8 0
0 0
1
= − ⎡⎣cos 2π-cos0 ⎤⎦ = 0
8

π π π

∫ ∫
1 1 ⎡1 ⎤
9. sin x cos 2 x dx = ⎡⎣sin 3x − sin x ⎤⎦ dx = − ⎢ cos 3x − cos x ⎥
0 2 0 2 ⎣3 ⎦0
1 ⎪⎧ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎪⎫ 2
= − ⎨ ⎢ − + 1⎥ − ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎬ = −
2 ⎩⎪ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎭⎪ 3

10. The wave functions for a particle in a box of length l are

2 ⎛ nπx ⎞
ψ n ( x) = sin ⎜ ⎟, n = 1, 2, 3, …
l ⎝ l ⎠
Show that the functions satisfy the orthonormality conditions

if m = n
∫ψψ
⎧1
l
dx = ⎨
if m ≠ n
n m
0 ⎩0

∫ ∫ sin
l l
2 nπ x mπ x
We have ψ nψ m dx = sin dx
0 l 0 l l

∫
⎡ πx ⎤
l
1 πx
= ⎢cos(m − n) l − cos(m + n) l ⎥ dx
l 0⎣ ⎦

l
1⎡ 2nπ x ⎤
∫ ∫
⎡ 2nπ x ⎤
l l
1 l
For m = n : ψ n 2 dx = ⎢1 − cos l ⎥ dx = l ⎢ x − 2nπ x sin l ⎥
0 l 0⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦0
1
= ×l =1
l

∫ ∫ ⎢⎣cos(m − n) l − cos(m + n) l ⎥⎦ dx
⎡ πx⎤
l l
1 πx
For m ≠ n : ψ nψ m dx =
0 l 0

l
1⎡ l πx l πx ⎤
= ⎢ sin(m − n) − sin(m + n) ⎥
l ⎣ (m − n)π l (m + n)π l ⎦0

= 0 because sin p π = 0 if integer p ≠ 0

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 4

Section 6.3

Evaluate the indefinite integrals (use the substitutions in parentheses, when given):

11.
∫ (3x + 1) dx 5
(u = 3 x + 1)

du 1
We have du = dx = 3dx, dx = du
dx 3

u6
∫ ∫
1
Therefore (3 x + 1)5 dx = u 5 du = +C
3 18
(3x + 1)6
= +C
18

12.
∫ (2x −1) 12
dx

Let u = 2 x − 1, du = 2 dx

∫ ∫
1 1 2
Then (2 x − 1)1 2 dx = u1 2 du = × u 3 2 + C
2 2 3
1
= (2 x − 1)3 2 + C
3

13.
∫ (3x 2
+ 2 x + 5)3 (3 x + 1) dx (u = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5)

We have du = (6 x + 2) dx

∫ ∫
1 1
Therefore (3 x 2 + 2 x + 5)3 (3 x + 1) dx = u 3 du = u 4 + C
2 8
1
= (3x 2 + 2 x + 5) 4 + C
8

14.
∫ (2x + 3x − 1)
3 13
(2 x 2 + 1) dx

Let u = 2 x3 + 3 x − 1, du = (6 x 2 + 3) dx

∫ (2x ∫
3 1 13 1 3
Then + 3 x − 1)1 3 (2 x 2 + 1) dx = u du = × u 4 3 + C
3 3 4
1
= (2 x3 + 3 x − 1) 4 3 + C
4

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 5

∫
3
15. (3 x 2 + 2)e − ( x + 2 x)
dx (u = x3 + 2 x)

We have du = (3 x 2 + 2) dx

∫ ∫e
3
Therefore (3 x 2 + 2)e−( x + 2 x)
dx = −u
du = −e −u + C
3
= −e − ( x + 2 x)
+C

∫
2
16. (1 − x)e4 x − 2 x dx

Let u = 4 x − 2 x 2 , du = (4 − 4 x) dx

∫ ∫
2 1 u 1
Then (1 − x)e4 x − 2 x dx = e du = eu + C
4 4
1 2
= e4 x −2 x + C
4

17.
∫x 4 − x 2 dx (u = 4 − x 2 )

We have du = −2 x dx

∫x ∫
1 1 2
Therefore 4 − x 2 dx = − u1 2 du = − × u 3 2 + C
2 2 3
1
= − (4 − x 2 )3 2 + C
3

18.
∫ cos x e 2 sin x
dx

Let u = 2sin x, du = 2 cos x dx

∫ cos x e ∫
2 sin x 1 u 1
Then dx = e du = eu + C
2 2
1
= e2sin x + C
2

19.
∫ e (1 + e )
x x 12
dx (u = 1 + e x )

We have du = e x dx

∫ ∫
2 32
Therefore e x (1 + e x )1 2 dx = u1 2 du = u +C
3
2
= (1 + e x )3 2 + C
3

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 6

20.
∫ x cos(3x 2
− 1) dx

Let u = 3 x 2 − 1, du = 6 x dx

∫ ∫
1 1
Then x cos(3x 2 − 1) dx = cos u du = sin u + C
6 6
1
= sin (3x 2 − 1) + C
6

∫x
2x + 1
21. 2
dx (u = x 2 + x + 2)
+x+2

We have du = (2 x + 1) dx

∫x ∫ u du = ln u + C
2x + 1 1
Therefore 2
dx =
+x+2
= ln ( x 2 + x + 2) + C

3x 2 − x
22.
∫ 2x − x 3 2
+3
dx

Let u = 2 x3 − x 2 + 3, du = (6 x 2 − 2 x) dx

3x 2 − x
∫ 2x − x ∫ u du = 2 lnu + C
1 1 1
Then 3 2
dx =
+3 2
1
= ln(2 x3 − x 2 + 3) + C
2

∫ 1 − sin x dx
cos x
23. (u = 1 − sin x)

We have du = − cos x dx

∫ 1 − sin x dx = −∫ u du = − ln u + C
cos x 1
Therefore

= − ln (1 − sin x) + C

∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx
sin x
24.

Let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx

∫ tan x dx = −∫ u du = − ln u + C
1
Then

= − ln(cos x) + C

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 7

∫
x
25. dx
4 − x2

Let u = 4 − x 2 , du = −2 x dx

∫ ∫u
x 1 1 1
Then dx = − 12
du = − × 2u1 2 + C
4−x 2 2 2

= − 4 − x2 + C

∫ ln(cos x) dx
tan x
26.

sin x
Let u = ln(cos x), du = − dx = − tan x dx
cos

∫ ln(cos x) dx = −∫ u du = − ln u + C
tan x 1
Then

= − ln ⎡⎣ ln(cos x ) ⎤⎦ + C

27.
∫ sin x cos x dx
3
(u = sin x)

We have du = cos x dx

∫ ∫
1 4
Therefore sin 3 x cos x dx = u 3 du = u +C
4
1 4
= sin x + C
4

28.
∫ ln (cos x ) sin x dx
Let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx

Then
∫ ln (cos x ) sin x dx = −∫ ln u du = − ⎡⎣u ln u − u ⎤⎦ + C
= cos x ⎡⎣1 − ln (cos x) ⎤⎦ + C

∫4+ x
dx 1 ⎛ x⎞
29. 2
= tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + C (Integral 4 in Table 6.3)
2 ⎝2⎠

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 8

x 2 dx
30.
∫ 1 − x2
( x = sin θ )

We have dx = cos θ dθ , 1 − x 2 = cos θ

x 2 dx
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎡⎣1 − cos 2θ ⎤⎦ dθ
1
Therefore = sin 2 θ dθ =
1 − x2 2

1⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
= ⎢θ − sin 2θ ⎥ + C = ⎡⎣θ − sin θ cos θ ⎤⎦ + C
2⎣ 2 ⎦ 2

1 ⎡ −1
= sin x − x 1 − x 2 ⎤⎥ + C
2 ⎣⎢ ⎦

∫
x
31. dx (u = x )
1+ x

1
We have du = dx, dx = 2u du
2 x

u2
∫ ∫
x
Therefore dx = 2 du
1+ x 1+ u2

⎡1 + u 2 1 ⎤
∫ ∫
⎡ 1 ⎤
=2 ⎢ 2
− 2
⎥ du = 2 ⎢1 − ⎥ du
⎣⎢ 1 + u 1 + u ⎦⎥ ⎣ 1 + u2 ⎦

= 2 ⎡u − tan −1 u ⎤ + C
⎣ ⎦

= 2 ⎡ x − tan −1 x ⎤ + C
⎣ ⎦

∫
dx ⎛ x⎞
32. (i) Use the substitution x = a sinh u to show that = sinh −1 ⎜ ⎟ + C .
x2 + a2 ⎝a⎠

∫ = ln ⎡⎢ x + x 2 + a 2 ⎤⎥ + C .
dx
(ii) Use the substitution u = x + x 2 + a 2 to show that
2
x +a 2 ⎣ ⎦

(i) We have x = a sinh u, dx = a cosh u du

and x 2 + a 2 = a 1 + sinh 2 u = a cosh u

∫ ∫ du = u + C = sinh −1 ⎛
dx x⎞
Therefore = ⎜ ⎟+C
2
x +a 2 ⎝a⎠

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 9

⎡ x ⎤ x + x2 + a2
(ii) We have u = x + x 2 + a 2 , du = ⎢1 + ⎥ dx = dx
⎢⎣ x + a2
2 ⎥⎦ x2 + a2

u
Therefore du = dx
x + a2
2

∫ ∫ u du = ln u + C
dx 1
and =
2 2
x +a
= ln ⎡⎢ x + x 2 + a 2 ⎤⎥ + C
⎣ ⎦

Evaluate the definite integrals:

∫
x dx
33.
1 3x2 − 2

Let u = 3 x 2 − 2, du = 6 x dx

We have u = 1 when x = 1, u = 10 when x = 2

2 10

∫ ∫
x dx 1 du 1 10
Therefore 2
= = ⎡⎣ln u ⎤⎦
1 3x − 2 6 1 u 6 1

1
= ln10
6

π2

∫
sin( x + π)
34. dx
0 x

1
Let u = x + π, du = dx
2 x

We have u = π when x = 0, u = 2π when x = π 2

π2 2π

∫ ∫
sin( x + π) 2π
Therefore dx = 2 sin u du = −2 ⎡⎣cos u ⎤⎦
π
0 x π

= −2 ⎡⎣cos 2π − cos π ⎤⎦

= −4

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 10

π 2
35.
∫0
sin θ cos θ dθ

Let u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ

We have u = 0 when θ = 0, u = 1 when θ = π 2

π 2 1 1

∫ ∫
⎡2 ⎤
Therefore sin θ cos θ dθ = u1 2 du = ⎢ u 3 2 ⎥
0 0 ⎣3 ⎦0
=2 3

1
1
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
∫
dx
36. = ⎢sin −1 ⎜ ⎟⎥ (Integral 1 in Table 6.3)
0 2 − x 2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0
⎛ 1 ⎞
= sin −1 ⎜ −1
⎟ − sin (0) = π 4 − 0 = π 4
⎝ 2⎠

∫
2
37. xe − x dx
0

Let u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
2 1 1 ⎡ −u ⎤ ∞ 1
Then xe− x dx = e−u du = −e =
0 2 0 2⎣ ⎦0 2

38. Line shapes in magnetic resonance spectroscopy are often described by the Lorentz function
∞

∫
1 T
g (ω ) = . Find g (ω ) d ω.
π 1 + T 2 (ω − ω0 ) 2 ω0

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
1 T
We have g (ω ) d ω = dω
ω0 π ω0 1 + T 2 (ω − ω0 ) 2

Let u = T (ω − ω0 ), du = T d ω . Then u = 0 when ω = ω0

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
1 du 1 ⎡ −1 ⎤ ∞
and g (ω ) d ω = = tan u
ω0 π 0 1 + u2 π⎣ ⎦0

π
Now lim tan −1 u = , tan −1 0 = 0
u →∞ 2

∫
1
Therefore g (ω ) d ω =
ω0 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 11

39. An approximate expression for the rotational partition function of a linear rotor is
∞
qr =
∫
0
(2 J + 1)e− J ( J +1)θ R T dJ

2
where θ R = 2Ik is the rotational temperature, I is the moment of inertia, and k is Boltzmann’s

constant. Evaluate the integral.

Let u = J ( J + 1), du = (2 J + 1) dJ

∞ ∞ ∞
⎡ T −uθ ⎤
Then qr =
∫0
(2 J + 1)e − J ( J +1)θ R T
dJ =
∫
0
e − uθ R T
du = ⎢ −
⎢⎣ θ R
e R T
⎥
⎥⎦ 0

T
=
θR

Section 6.4

Evaluate the integrals:

40.
∫ x sin x dx
dv
Let u = x, = sin x in equation (6.14) for integration by parts.
dx

Then
∫ x sin x dx = − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx
= − x cos x + sin x + C

41.
∫ x sin x dx
3

We integrate by parts three times:

∫ x sin x dx = − x cos x + 3∫ x cos x dx

dv
u = x3 , = sin x → 3 3 2
dx

∫
dv ⎧ ⎫
u = x2 , = cos x → 3 2
= − x cos x + 3 ⎨ x sin x − 2 x sin x dx ⎬
dx ⎩ ⎭

⎪⎧ ⎡ ⎤ ⎪⎫
∫
dv
u = x, = sin x, → = − x3 cos x + 3 ⎨ x 2 sin x − 2 ⎢ − x cos x + cos x dx ⎥ ⎬
dx ⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭⎪

{
= − x 3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x − 2 ⎡⎣ − x cos x + sin x ⎤⎦ + C }
= 3( x 2 − 2) sin x − x( x 2 − 6) cos x + C

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 12

42.
∫ (x + 1) 2
cos 2x dx

By parts twice:

∫ ( x + 1)
dv
u = ( x + 1) 2 , = cos 2 x → 2
cos 2x dx
dx

∫
1
= ( x + 1) 2 sin 2 x − ( x + 1) sin 2 x dx
2

∫ cos 2x dx⎭⎬
dv 1 ⎧ 1 1 ⎫
u = ( x + 1), = sin 2 x → = ( x + 1) 2 sin 2 x − ⎨ − ( x + 1) cos 2 x +
dx 2 ⎩ 2 2
1 1 1
= ( x + 1) 2 sin 2 x + ( x + 1) cos 2 x − sin 2 x + C
2 2 4

43.
∫x e 2 2x
dx

dv dv
By parts twice: u = x 2 , = e2 x , then u = x, = e2 x .
dx dx

∫x e ∫ xe
2 2x 1 2 2x 2x
dx = x e − dx
2

∫
1 2 2x ⎧ 1 2x 1 ⎫
= x e − ⎨ xe − e2 x dx ⎬
2 ⎩2 2 ⎭

1 2 ⎧⎪ 1 2 x 1 ⎡ 1 2 x ⎤ ⎫⎪
= x − ⎨ xe − ⎢ e ⎥ ⎬ + C
2 ⎪⎩ 2 2 ⎣2 ⎦ ⎪⎭
1⎡ 2
= 2 x − 2 x + 1⎤ e2 x + C
4⎣ ⎦

1 1

∫ ∫
1 1 1
44. xe x dx = ⎡ xe x ⎤ − e x dx = ⎡ xe x ⎤ − ⎡ e x ⎤ = ⎡ e1 − 0 ⎤ − ⎡ e1 − 1⎤ = 1
0
⎣ ⎦0 0
⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

∫
2! 1
45. x 2 e−2 x dx = 3
= (by formula)
0 2 4

46.
∫ x ln x dx
dv
By parts with u = ln x, =x
dx

∫ ∫
1 2 1 1 1
Then x ln x dx = x ln x − x dx = x 2 ln x − x 2 + C
2 2 2 4
2
x
= ⎡ 2 ln x − 1⎤⎦ + C
4 ⎣

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 13

∫x
ln x
47. 2
dx

By parts with u = ln x

∫x ∫
ln x 1 1 1 1
Then 2
dx = − ln x + 2
dx = − ln x − + C
x x x x
1
= − (ln x + 1) + C
x

1 1 1
1 ⎡ x3 ⎤ 1 1 ⎡ x3 ⎤ 1 ⎡ x3 ⎤
48.
∫0
x 2 ln x dx = ⎢ ln x ⎥ −
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ 0 3 ∫ 0
x 2 dx = ⎢ ln x ⎥ − ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ 0 3 ⎣⎢ 3 ⎥⎦ 0
1
=−
9

49.
∫e −x
sin 2x dx

Twice by parts with u = e− x

We have
∫e −x
∫
sin 2 x dx = −e − x sin 2x + 2 e− x cos 2 x dx

∫
⎧ ⎫
= −e− x sin 2x + 2 ⎨−e− x cos 2 x − 2 e− x sin 2 x dx ⎬
⎩ ⎭

∫
= −e− x ⎡⎣sin 2x + 2 cos 2 x ⎤⎦ − 4 e− x sin 2 x dx

The integral occurs on both sides of the equal sign.

∫e −x 1
Then sin 2 x dx = − e − x ⎡⎣sin 2x + 2 cos 2 x ⎤⎦ + C
5

50.
∫e ax
cos bx dx

Twice by parts with u = eax

∫e ∫e
1 ax b
ax
cos bx dx = e cos bx + ax
sin bx dx
a a

∫ e cos bx dx⎭⎬
1 ax b ⎧1 b ⎫
= e cos bx + ⎨ e ax sin bx − ax
a a ⎩a a
b2
∫ e cos bx dx
1 ax b
= e cos bx + 2 e ax sin bx − 2 ax
a a a

∫
1
Therefore e ax cos bx dx = ⎡⎣ a cos bx + b sin bx ⎤⎦ e ax + C
a + b2
2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 14

π 2
51.
∫ 0
e −2 x cos 3x dx

By Exercise 50 with a = −2, b = 3

π2 π2

∫
⎡ 1 ⎤
e −2 x cos 3x dx = ⎢ 2 2 ⎡⎣ −2 cos 3 x + 3sin 3x ⎤⎦ e−2 x ⎥
0 ⎣2 + 3 ⎦0
1 ⎡
= (−3e − π ) + (2) ⎤
13 ⎣ ⎦
1
= ⎡ 2 − 3e − π ⎤
13 ⎣ ⎦

Section 6.5

52. Determine a reduction formula for

∫ sin n
x dx, where n is a positive integer.

Write In =
∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin
n n −1
x sin x dx

Then, by parts

In =
∫ sin n −1
x sin x dx

∫
= −sin n −1 x cos x + (n − 1) sin n − 2 x cos 2 x dx

= −sin n −1
∫
x cos x + (n − 1) sin n−2
x (1 − sin 2 x ) dx

= −sin n −1
∫
x cos x + (n − 1) sin n−2
∫
x dx − (n − 1) sin n x dx

= −sin n −1 x cos x + (n − 1) I n − 2 − (n − 1) I n

Therefore, solving for I n ,

1 ⎛ n −1 ⎞
I n = − sin n −1 x cos x + ⎜ ⎟ I n−2
n ⎝ n ⎠

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 15

53. Show that, for integers m ≥ 0 and n ≥ 1 ,

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ
∫ ∫ sin
n −1
sin m θ cos n θ dθ = + m
θ cos n − 2 θ dθ
m+n m+n

Write I=
∫ sin m
∫⎣
θ cos n θ dθ = ⎡sin m θ cos θ ⎤ cos n −1 θ dθ
⎦

Then by parts, with

du
u = cos n −1 θ , = −(n − 1) cos n − 2 θ sin θ
dθ

dv sin m +1 θ
and = sin m θ cos θ , v =
dθ m +1

we have I=
∫ ⎡⎣sin m
θ cos θ ⎤ cosn −1 θ dθ
⎦

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
=
m +1
+⎜
⎝ m +1⎠
⎟ sin ∫
m+ 2
θ cos n − 2 θ dθ

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
=
m +1
+⎜
⎝ m +1⎠
m
∫ 2 n−2
⎟ sin θ (1 − cos θ ) cos θ dθ

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
∫ ∫
n−2 ⎛ n −1 ⎞
= +⎜ ⎟ sin θ cos θ dθ − ⎜ ⎟ sin θ cos θ dθ
m m n
m +1 ⎝ m +1⎠ ⎝ m +1⎠

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
∫ n−2 ⎛ n −1 ⎞
= +⎜ ⎟ sin θ cos θ dθ − ⎜
m
⎟I
m +1 ⎝ m +1⎠ ⎝ m +1⎠

Therefore, solving for I,

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
I=
m+n
+⎜
⎝ m + n ⎠
m
∫ n−2
⎟ sin θ cos θ dθ

54. Use the results of Exercises 52 and 53 to evaluate

∫ sin 5
x cos 4 x dx.

By Exercise 53,

sin 6 x cos3 x 1
∫ sin 5 x cos 4 x dx =
9
+
3 ∫
sin 5 x cos 2 x dx

sin 6 x cos3 x 1 ⎧⎪ sin 6 x cosx 1 ⎫⎪

=
9
+ ⎨
3 ⎪⎩ 7
+
7 ∫ sin 5 x dx ⎬
⎭⎪

sin 6 x cos3 x sin 6 x cosx 1

=
9
+
21
+
21
sin 5 x dx
∫

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 16

By Exercise 52,

∫ ∫
1 4
sin 5 x dx = − sin 4 x cos x + sin 3 x dx
5 5

∫
1 4⎧ 1 2 ⎫
= − sin 4 x cos x + ⎨− sin 2 x cos x + sin x dx ⎬
5 5⎩ 3 3 ⎭
1 4 8
= − sin 4 x cos x − sin 2 x cos x − cos x + C
5 15 15

sin 6 x cos3 x sin 6 x cosx

Therefore
∫ sin 5 x cos 4 x dx =
9
+
21
1 ⎧ 1 4 4 2 8 ⎫
+ ⎨− sin x cos x − sin x cos x − cos x ⎬ + C
21 ⎩ 5 15 15 ⎭

sin 6 x cos3 x sin 6 x cosx

= +
9 21
1 4 8
− sin 4 x cos x − sin 2 x cos x − cos x + C
105 315 315

55. Show that, for integers m ≥ 0 and n > 1,

π 2 π2

∫ ∫
n −1
sin m θ cos n θ dθ = sin m θ cos n − 2 θ dθ
0 m+n 0

By Exercise 53,
π 2
π 2 ⎡ sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ ⎤ π 2

∫ ∫
n −1
sin θ cos θ dθ = ⎢
m n
⎥ + sin m θ cos n − 2 θ dθ
0 ⎢⎣ m+n ⎥⎦ 0 m+n 0

At θ = π 2 , sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ = cos n −1 π 2 = 0 if integer n > 1

At θ = 0 , sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ = sin m +1 0 = 0 if integer m ≥ 0

Therefore, when integers m ≥ 0 and n > 1,

π 2 π2

∫ ∫
n −1
sin m θ cos n θ dθ = sin m θ cos n − 2 θ dθ
0 m+n 0

Evaluate

π 2
56.
∫ 0
sin 5 x cos5 x dx

By Exercise 55,
π 2 π 2 π 2

∫ ∫ ∫
4 4× 2
sin 5 x cos5 x dx = sin 5 x cos3 x dx = sin 5 x cos x dx
0 10 0 10 × 8 0

π2
4 × 2 ⎡ sin 6 x ⎤ 4× 2 1
= ⎢ ⎥ = =
10 × 8 ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 10 × 8 × 6 60
0

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 17

∫
2
57. r e −2 r dr
0

Put u = 2r 2 , du = 4r dr

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
2 1 1
Then r e −2 r dr = e −u du = ( I1 of Example 6.16)
0 4 0 4

∫
2
58. r 2 e −2 r dr = I 2 in Example 16.6.
0

1 1 π
Then I2 = I0 =
4 8 2

∫
2
59. r 3 e −2 r dr = I 3 in Example 6.16.
0

1 1
Then I3 = I1 =
2 8

60. The probability that a molecule of mass m in a gas at temperature T has speed v is given by the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
32
⎛ m ⎞ 2 − mv 2 2 kT
f (v ) = 4π ⎜ ⎟ v e
⎝ 2π kT ⎠
∞
where k is Boltzmann’s constant. Find the average speed v =
∫0
v f (v ) d v .

32
2 ⎛ m ⎞
Write f (v ) = Av 2 e − Bv , where A = 4π ⎜ ⎟ , B = m 2kT
⎝ 2π kT ⎠

∞ ∞

∫ ∫ve 3 − Bv 2 A
Then v = v f (v ) d v = A dv = (Exercise 59 with B = 2)
0 0 2B2
32
⎛ m ⎞
= 4π ⎜ ⎟ 2 (m 2kT ) 2
⎝ 2π kT ⎠
12
⎛ 8kT ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎝ πm ⎠

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 18

61. For the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution in Exercise 60, find the root mean square speed v2 ,
∞
where v2 =
∫0
v 2 f (v ) d v .

As in Exercise 60, let

32
2 ⎛ m ⎞
f (v ) = Av 2 e − Bv , where A = 4π ⎜ ⎟ , B = m 2kT
⎝ 2π kT ⎠

∞ ∞
Then v2 =
∫ 0
v 2 f (v ) d v = A
∫ve 0
4 − Bv 2
dv

Now, in Example 6.16 with a = B ,

∞

∫
2 3 3 1 3 π
I4 = v 4 e − Bv d v = I2 = × I0 = 2
0 2B 2B 2B 8B B

∫
3A π 3kT
Therefore v2 = v 2 f (v ) d v = 2
=
0 8B B m

3kT
and v2 =
m

62. Line shapes in spectroscopy are sometimes analysed in terms of second moments. The second
∞
moment of a signal centred at angular frequency ω0 is
∫ ω0
(ω − ω0 ) 2 g (ω ) d ω where g(ω) is a

shape function for the signal. Evaluate the integral for the gaussian curve

2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
g (ω ) = T exp ⎢⎢ − T 2 (ω − ω0 ) 2 ⎥⎥
π ⎣ 2 ⎦

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
2 2
( ω − ω0 ) 2 2
We have I= (ω − ω0 ) 2 g (ω ) d ω = T e −T (ω − ω0 ) 2 d ω
ω0 π ω0

Let A = 2 π T , B = T 2 2, x = ω − ω0

∞
Then I=A
∫e0
− Bx 2 2
x dx

Now, by Example 6.16 with a = B ,

∫ xe 2 − Bx 2 1 1 π
I2 = dv = I0 =
0 2B 4B B

∫
2 A π 1
Therefore I=A e − Bx x 2 dx = = 2
0 4B B T

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 19

Section 6.6

Evaluate the indefinite integrals:

∫ ∫
dx 1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ 1
63. =
(2 x − 1)( x + 3) 7 ⎢ 2 x − 1 − x + 3 ⎥ dx = 7 ⎣⎡ ln(2 x − 1) − ln( x + 3) ⎦⎤ + C
⎣ ⎦
1 2x −1
= ln +C
7 x+3

∫ (x + 3)( x + 4) dx = ∫ ⎣⎢ x + 4 − x + 3 ⎦⎥ dx = ⎡⎣2 ln( x + 4) − ln( x + 3)⎤⎦ + C

( x + 2) ⎡ 2 1 ⎤
64.

( x + 4) 2
= ln +C
x+3

( x 2 − 3 x + 3)
∫ ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 1 − x + 2 + x + 3 ⎥⎦ dx
1 ⎡ 7 26 21 ⎤
65. dx =
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) 2

1
= ⎡7 ln( x + 1) − 26 ln( x + 2) + 21ln( x + 3) ⎤⎦ + C
2⎣
1 ( x + 1)7 ( x + 3) 21
= ln +C
2 ( x + 2) 26

∫x ∫x
x+2 1 2x + 4
66. 2
dx = 2
dx
+ 4x + 5 2 + 4x + 5
1
= ln( x 2 + 4 x + 5) + C
2

∫ (x ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 3 − x + 4 ⎥⎦ dx
x 1 ⎡ 2x 2x ⎤
67. 2 2
dx = 2 2
+ 3)( x + 4) 2

1⎡
= ln( x 2 + 3) − ln( x 2 + 4) ⎤ + C
2⎣ ⎦

1 x2 + 3
= ln +C
2 x2 + 4

∫x ∫ ( x + 2)
dx dx
68. 2
= 2
+ 4x + 5 +1

= tan −1 ( x + 2) + C

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 20

∫ (x
dx
69. 2
+ 4 x + 5) 2

∫ (x ∫ (( x + 2) + 1)
dx dx
We have 2 2
= 2 2
+ 4 x + 5)

By (6.26), with n = 2, a = 1, u = tan θ = x + 2,

∫ (x ∫ (u + 1) = ∫ cos θ dθ
dx dx 2
2 2
= 2 2
+ 4 x + 5)
1
= (sin θ cos θ + θ ) + C
2

Then as in Example 6.20, θ = tan −1 u, sin θ = u u 2 + 1, cos θ = 1 u2 +1 ,

∫ (x
dx 1⎡ u ⎤
and 2 2
= ⎢ 2
+ tan −1 u ⎥
+ 4 x + 5) 2 ⎣u +1 ⎦

1⎡ x+2 ⎤
= ⎢ 2 + tan −1 ( x + 2) ⎥ + C
2 ⎢⎣ x + 4 x + 5 ⎥⎦

∫x
x
70. 2
dx
+ 4x + 5

∫x ∫x ∫x
x x+2 1
We have 2
dx = 2
dx − 2 2
dx
+ 4x + 5 + 4x + 5 + 4x + 5

Therefore, by Exercises 66 and 68,

∫x
x 1
2
dx = ln( x 2 + 4 x + 5) − 2 tan −1 ( x + 2) + C
+ 4x + 5 2

∫ (x
4x + 3
71. 2
dx
+ 4 x + 5) 2

∫ (x ∫ (x ∫ (x
4x + 3 2x + 4 1
We have 2 2
dx = 2 2 2
dx − 5 2
dx
+ 4 x + 5) + 4 x + 5) + 4 x + 5) 2
= 2 A − 5B

In A, let u = x 2 + 4 x + 5, du = (2 x + 4) dx

∫ (x ∫u
2x + 4 1 1 1
Then 2 2
dx = 2
du = − =− 2
+ 4 x + 5) u x + 4x + 5

From Exercise 69,

⎡ ⎤
∫ (x
dx 1 x+2
B= 2 2
= ⎢ 2 + tan −1 ( x + 2) ⎥
+ 4 x + 5) 2 ⎣⎢ x + 4 x + 5 ⎦⎥

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 21

⎡ ⎤
∫ (x
4x + 3 2 5 x+2
Therefore 2
dx = − − ⎢ 2 + tan −1 ( x + 2) ⎥
+ 4 x + 5) 2 x2 + 4x + 5 2 ⎢⎣ x + 4 x + 5 ⎥⎦

1 ⎡ 14 + 5 x ⎤
=− ⎢ 2 + 5 tan −1 ( x + 2) ⎥ + C
2 ⎢⎣ x + 4 x + 5 ⎥⎦

θ 2
72. If t = tan , show that dθ = dt (Equation (6.33))
2 1+ t2

dt 1 2 1
We have = sec θ 2 = → dθ = 2 cos 2 θ 2 dt
dθ 2 2
2 cos θ 2

sin 2 θ 2 cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 1

Now t = tan θ 2 → 1 + t 2 = 1 + 2
= 2
= 2
cos θ 2 cos θ 2 cos θ 2

1
Therefore cos 2 θ 2 =
1+ t2

2
and dθ = dt
1+ t2

Evaluate by means of the substitution t = tan θ 2 :

1+ t2
∫ ∫ 1− t ∫ 1− t
1 2 dt
73. dθ = × dt = 2
cos θ 2
1+ t 2 2

1+ t
= ln +C (Integral 5 in Table 6.3)
1− t
⎛ 1 + tan θ 2 ⎞
=ln ⎜ ⎟+C
⎝ 1 − tan θ 2 ⎠

dθ ⎡ ⎤ 2
∫ ∫
1
74. = ⎢ ⎥ dt
5 − 3cos θ 2 2
⎢⎣ 5 − 3(1 − t ) (1 + t ) ⎥⎦ 1 + t
2

∫ 1 + 4t
1 1
= 2
dt = tan −1 (2t ) + C (Integral 4 in Table 6.3)
2
1
= tan −1 (2 tan θ 2) + C
2

⎡ ⎤ 2
∫ 1 + sin θ + cos θ ∫
1 1
75. dθ = ⎢ 2 2 2
⎥ 2
dt
⎢⎣1 + (2t ) (1 + t ) + (1 − t ) (1 + t ) ⎥⎦ 1 + t

∫ 1 + t dt = ln(1 + t) + C
1
=

= ln(1 + tan θ 2) + C

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 6 22

Section 6.7.

∫
2 1 π
76. By differentiation of the integral e− ax dx = with respect to a,
0 2 a
∞

∫
2 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1) π
show that x 2 n e− ax dx = n +1 n
0 2 a a

d − ax 2 2
We have e = (− x 2 )e− ax
da
d2 2 2

2
e− ax = (− x 2 ) 2 e− ax
da

dn 2 2 2

n
e− ax = (− x 2 ) n e− ax = (−1) n x 2 n e− ax
da

d ⎛ 1⎞
and a −1 2 = ⎜ − ⎟ a −3 2
da ⎝ 2⎠

d2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
a −1 2 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ a −5 2
2
da ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠

d3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞
a −1 2 = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ a −7 2
3
da ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠

dn ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2n − 1 ⎞ −(2 n +1)
a −1 2 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜− ⎟a
2
da n
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1) 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1)
= (−1) n a −(2 n +1) 2
= (−1) n a −1 2
2n 2n a n

∞ ∞⎡ ⎤ ∞

∫ ∫ ∫
dn 2 dn− ax 2 2
Then n
e − ax dx = ⎢ n e ⎥ dx = (−1)
n
x 2 n e− ax dx
dx 0 0 ⎣⎢ dx ⎦⎥ 0

dn 1 π 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1) π
= (−1) n
dx n 2 a 2n +1 a n a

∫
2 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1) π
and x 2 n e− ax dx = n +1 n
0 2 a a

© E Steiner 2008