Development of

Communication Field
and Skills
Session 2 Introduction to Communication Science
After completing this lesson, you will
understand why…
• Communication is one of the oldest yet
newest disciplines.
• Early Greeks saw communication theory and
practice as critical.
• The popularity of communication is a mixed
blessing.
• Communication is an activity, a social science,
a liberal art, and a profession.
 Chronology of Communication Media
Development
 100 The Chinese invent paper
 700 Arab traders introduce paper to the West
 1445 Gutenberg invents movable type and
publishes the Gutenberg Bible (in 1455)
 1641 First book published
 1640s Diurnos, first daily newspapers, published
 1731 First magazine published
 1792 Telegraph
 1835 Camera
 1843 Facsimile
 1876 Telephone
 1895 Film
 1905 Radio
 1925 Television
hide 1445 Gutenberg invents
movable type
 Chronology of Communication Media
Development
 1951 Digital computers are developed
 1956 Magnetic videotape
 1965 Computers
 1975 Videodisc
 1978 VCR (Video Cassette Recorder)
 1982 Audio Compact Disc
 1985 CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)
 1985 Digital video
 1996 DVD-Video (Digital Versatile Disc)
 1997 DVD-ROM (Read Only Memory, DVD-RAM)
 Today: Digital electronic information delivery
is the standard for all media

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In Brief, There Are Seven Milestones in
Human Communication

 Language
 Writing
 Printing
 Telephone and Telegraph
 Photography and Motion Pictures
 Radio and Television
 Computers and The Internet
 essay
writing about 3000B.C offers advice
on ‘How to speak Effectively
 The beginning of systematic theory
development in communication can be traced
to the Greeks.

Lawsuits were common in Athens, and as result,

PUBLIC SPEAKING in legal context became a
preoccupation.
 …Rhetoric and Speech…
1st theory of communication was developed in Greece

• Corax and his student Illias:

- persuasion could be thought as an art
and provided encouragement for
instructors of what was called Rhetoric.
- develop the concept of message organization:
3 parts in corresponding  introduction, body,
conclusion.
 early NEWSpaper…
• Early newspaper were a mixture of newsletter,
proclamations, political information, and
describing various events – like speech and
rhetoric.
• The mid 1600s: modern form of newspaper.
1st paper published in US, Publick Occurences
Both Foreign and Domestick, appeared in
1690 (Boston).
 • In the early 20h century,
speech became a discipline
study (1910)

• The practice of journalism

also help the growth of
courses and academic study
of journalism and media in
universities
• In the 1940-1950, the scope of field
communication broadened and extend
with other social science (politics,
sociology, pshycology, anthropology)

• Anthropology (non verbal & intercultural

communication), psychology
(persuasion, attitudes, social influence),
politics (rhetoric, propaganda),
language (semiotics, linguistic), art
(theater, performing arts)
• The field of communication
study start to expand and
specialized (1970-1980)

• Interpersonal, group,
organizational, political,
international, intercultural,
public and mass
communication

• And also distinct areas of

study such as public
relations, advertising,
journalism, marketing comm
 Growth of Communication Careers

Managing Communications
Media Management Corporate Communication Publishing
Public Affairs Internal Communication Comm & Information Policy
Advertising Management International Information Services &
Communication management

Preparing Communication
Products & Services
Editing Advertising Production Public Information
Marketing Communication Broadcast Journalism Community Outreach
Media Production Public Relations Customer Relations
Events Coordination Writing & Reporting Film Writing
 Growth of Communication Careers

Analyzing Communications
Communication Research Market Research Audience Analysis
Public Opinion Research Individual Interviewing Customer Satisfaction
Analysis
Academic Research

Communication Education
& Training
Communication Training Human Resource Leadership & Staff
Development Development
Professional Development Organizational
Development
 • In the 1990s, we live in
information age, which
communication &
information technology play
an important role in our
society

• News and converging

media were fundamental to
our lives and information
technology have its impact
on human behavior
The Third Wave (Toffler 1987)
• The Third Wave
Information Society: Work with computers, Create, process,
store, transmit information.
• Communication: Internet, WW W, E-mail
• Computer readable information: Digital video,
Multimedia, Digital audio
• The Second Wave
Industrial Society: Mass production, Industrial revolution.
Factories: Specialized jobs in industry
• Communication: Printed books  Gutenberg Bible
1455; Movable type, Price of books decline, Slow
increase in literacy
• The First Wave
Agricultural Society: farming, fishing, mining
• Communication: Development of writing, Needed to
keep records, Few books
• Only nobility (leisure class) could read
• Books were hand copied
 Information Society

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Now, we’re entering the age of
network society…
 photo: donnybu

Where we’re no longer spend more time

in here
Instead, we spend our time here…
Every Generation has Their Own Culture
Every Culture has Their Own Tools
Every Tools has Their Own Product
 07.00 AM

or
Work Hard! Work Smart!

When working hours are changing…

When working places are changing…
Even libraries are changing…
o Social Networks
o News & Bookmarking
o Blogs
o Microblogging
o Video Sharing
o Photo Sharing
o Message boards
o Wikis
o Virtual Reality
o Social Gaming
o Related:
o Podcasts
o Real Simple Syndication (RSS)
o Social Media Press Release
Determinisme Teknologi, artinya
penemuan atau perkembangan teknologi
komunikasi mengubah kebudayaan
manusia
 Facing those changes in communication field,
demand our ability to analyze communication
situations, develop effective comm strategies,
collaborate wih others and present ideas effectively
Communication Skills Overview

Effective communication skills

are a critical element in your
career and personal lives.

We all must use a variety of

communication techniques to
both understand and be
understood.

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 What is Communication?
Communication is the process of sending
and receiving information among people…
Feedback

Channel
SENDER RECEIVER

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 Communication Goals
To change behavior

To get and give

To get action
Information

To persuade To ensure understanding

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What will you learn in this
session?

 Listening

 Presenting
Why listening is very important in
communication process?
1)The most basic level,
listening is just as
important level as speaking.
2) We spend more time
listening than others.
3) Misunderstanding or
misinterpretation of others
words greatly impact our
communication.
 Importance of Listening
We have the ability to listen to sounds
patterns and translate their meaning into
languages

Listening behaviors can also determine

social and professional success.

Listening is an effective communication

tools in our life.
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Listening is actually a
complex process involving
four elements:
- Hearing
- Attention
- Understanding
- Remembering
 Listening and Hearing Are Not
The Same Thing
Hearing is the process in which sound waves
strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that
are transmitted to the brain.

Listening occurs when the brain reconstructs

these electrochemical impulses into a
representation of the original sound and then
gives them meaning
Understanding Human Communication, Ronald B. Adler and George Rodman
 Hearing
First element is
hearing,
which is the
automatic
physiological
process of
receiving aural
stimuli
 Attention
Concentration as
one of the most
important
aspects of
listening.
Concentration is
really just paying
close attention
 Understanding
Understanding refers to
the process whereby we
assign meaning to the
words we hear that
closely corresponds to
the meaning intended
by the person sending
the message
 Remembering

Remembering is
the storing of
information
for later retrieval.
- Short Term Memory
- Long Term Memory
 Types of Listening
These four are not the exclusive but merely
representative:
-Pleasurable Listening -Discriminative Listening

-Critical Listening -Emphatic Listening

 How to Improve Listening
1)Listen Effectively
2) Pay Attention
3) Listen for Main Points or Ideas
4) Use Your Spare Time
5) Aerobic Listening
Presenting
or
Delivering
Guidelines for Delivery
Visual Aspects of Delivery:

Appearance
Movement
Posture
Facial
Expression
Eye Contact
Guidelines for Delivery
 Guidelines for Delivery
Auditory Aspects of Delivery:

Volume
Rate
Pitch
Articulation
5 Dimensions of
Credibility of Presenter

1. Competence
Character
Composure
Extroversion
Sociability
 What creates bad
presentation

- Lack of preparation
- Not knowing audience
- Inappropriate visual aids
- Too much material
- Using monotone
- Lacking focus
Practicing Your Presentation

Simulate the presentation setting

Practice aloud
Practice standing up
Time your presentation
Memorize your sentences
Watch yourself in a mirror
 One study in US found these skills are the most
important in the workplace (and most of them
required comm skills!)

Skills & Traits Means

1. Integrity & Honesty Choosing ethical courses of action
2. Listening Attending & Interpreting messages from others
3. Reading Understanding & interpreting written informations
4. Oral Communication Communicating ideas & info through oral presentations
5. Written Communication Communicating ideas & info through written
documents
6. Self Management Striving to achieve goals, monitoring progress
/Responsibility
7. Problem Solving Recognizing problems & implementing solutions
8. Know how to learn Acquiring & applying new knowledge & skills
9. Self-esteem Maintaining positive view of ourselves & job
10. Sociability Working & interacting well with others
11. Diversity Functioning effectively in a multicultural & diverse
work environment
12. Decision Making Prioriting goals, generating & choosing alternatives,
considering risks
13. Math Performing basic computations
14. Creative Thinking Generating new ideas