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SOLUTION TO INDETERMINATE
FORMS �f(x) � �f "(x) �
lim k [ f(x)] = k �
lim f(x)� � lim � �= lim � �
x �a �
x �a � x �a �g(x) � x �a � g"(x) �
The L’Hospitals’ Rule:
�f "'(x) � 0 1 2
Sum or Difference of Two or More Generally, the L’Hospitals Rule works = lim � ... and so on
�
Functions only for the limit of a quotient that takes x �a �g"'(x) �
the indeterminate form 0/0 or �/ �
Theorems on Continuity:
lim [ f(x) �g(x)] = lim f(x) �lim g(x)
x �a x �a x �a
Limit of the Product of Two “The polynomial function f(x) is
Functions continuous for all values of x.”
“ The rational function f(x)/g(x) is
continuous everywhere EXCEPT for
values of x which make the denominator
x �a
( x �a
)(
lim [ f(x) gg(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x)
x �a
) Rule 1: (Form 0/0) g(x) equal to zero.
DERIVATIVES interval (a,b), then there is a number c in E. Inverse Trigonometric MAXIMA AND MINIMA
(a,b) such that : Functions
Given a continuous function y = f(x) , the d 1 du Critical Points
f(b) - f(a) 1. sin-1 u =
derivative of y or f(x) is defined as the f '(c) = dx 1- u 2 dx y
(instantaneous) rate of change of y with b-a
respect to the independent variable x, Maximum Point
expressed mathematically as: d -1 du
2. cos-1 u =
C. Derivatives Algebraic Functions dx 1 - u2 dx Point of
dy f(x + Dx) - f(x) inflection x
f '(x) = = lim d d
dx Dx �0 Dx 1. ( c) = 0 2. ( x) = 1 d 1 du
dx dx 3. tan-1 u =
Graphically, the (instantaneous) rate of dx (1 + u2 ) dx Minimum Point
change of a function is the slope of the d du d du dv ① At max imum point :
tangent line at a point on a graph of that 3.
dx
( )
u n = nu n -1
dx
4.
dx
( u �v ) = �
dx dx d -1 du f '(x) = 0
function. Therefore, we can also say that 4. cot -1 u =
differential calculus is about finding the
dx (1 + u2 ) dx f "(x) = - (concave downward)
slope of a tangent to the graph of a du dv
v -u
function, or equivalently, differential d dv du d �u � dx dx
5. ( uv ) = u +v 6. � �= d
5. sec -1 u =
�1 du ② At minimum point :
calculus is about finding the rate of change dx dx dx dx �v � v2 dx u (u - 1) dx
2 f '(x) = 0
of one quantity with respect to another
quantity.
D. Trigonometric Functions d m1 du f "(x) = + (concave upward)
6. csc -1 u =
dx u (u - 1) dx
2
d du ③ At the point of inf lection :
1. sinu = cosu
dx dx F. Derivatives of Logarithmic y" = 0
Functions Note:
d du The point of inflection is the point
2. cosu = - sinu loga e du on the curve wherein the curve
dx dx d
1. loga u = � a �0,1 changes its sense of concavity, that
dx u dx
is, from concave downward to
d du concave upward or vice versa.
3. tanu = sec 2 u
dx dx d d 1 du
2. lnu = loga u =
dx dx u dx How to Solve Worded Problems in
A. Rolle’s Theorem
d du Maxima and Minima
4. cot u = - csc 2 u
If f(x) is continuous over a closed interval dx dx G. Derivatives of Exponential Steps in Solving Worded Problems
[ a,b] and differentiable on the open Functions in Maxima and Minima:
interval (a,b), and if f(a)=f(b)=0, then d du
there is at least one number c in (a,b) 5. sec u = sec u tanu
dx dx d u du 1. Draw a diagram if necessary.
such that f’(c)=0 1. a = au ln a 2. Write an equation representing the
dx dx
quantity to be maximized or minimized.
B. Mean Value Theorem d du This quantity will typically be represented
6. csc u = - csc u cot u
dx dx d u du in terms of two or more variables.
2. e = eu
If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval dx dx 3. Use any relationships between the
[a,b] and differentiable on the open variables to express the equation