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org f,dal iudcjd§ fjí wvúh
y;r jk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r lñgqfõ m%ldYkh
reishdkq úma,jfha Y; ixj;airh ms,sn| foaYkh
1905 Wreuh iy reishdkq úma,jfha uQf,damdh
Lecture on the centenary of the Russian Revolution - The Legacy of 1905 and the Strategy of the Russian Revolution
f*%â ú,shïia úisks $ 2017 wfm%a,a 7
fuu ,smsh ud¾;= 25 od 1905 reishdkq úma,jfha iïNjh yd tys wod,;ajh ms,sn|j wka;¾cd,fha
mj;ajk ,o foaYkfhka ielisks' ta foaYkfha ijka msgm;a" Èis msgm;a fuys hg we;=¨ fldg we;'
foaYk ud,dj i|yd wsws.org/1917 fj; msúfikak'
f,
kska 1905 úia;r lf,a 1917 i|yd mQ¾j rx.kh
f,igh' fg%dÜials th kï lf,a" wfkla foa w;r"
—uyd¾> mQ¾jrx.hla˜ f,i h' Èk lsysmhlg fmr f,dal
iudcjd§ fjí wvúh úiska h,s m, lrk ,o ,smshla ;=,
fg%dÜials tu is;=ú,a, h,s isysm;a lrñka mjid we;af;a"
lïlrejka 1905 yodrd mdvï bf.k .; hq;= njhs' 1905
§ reishdkq wêrdcHh md,kh lf,a id¾ flfkl= jQ 2 jk
ksfld,ia id¾ úisks' Tyq mru wd{dodhlfhls' jxYdêm;s
yd ks,Orfha ia:rhka u; mokï fjñka Tyq oejeka;
rdcH hdka;%kh mj;ajdf.k .sfhah' Tyq rg md,kh
lf,a wd{d u.sks' rfÜ cd;sl Okfhka buy;a fldgila
ld oeuQ fhdaO ñ,sgßh md,kh lf,a o id¾ úisks'
ta ld,fha reishdfõ l;d lsÍfï ksoyila ;snqfka ke;'
mqj;a m;a ksoyila o fkdùh' we;a;gu oeä m%jD;a;s
jdrkhls ;snqfka' /iaùug whs;shla ;shd id¾g fm;aiula
bÈßm;a lsÍfï ksoyi mjd ;snqfka ke;' tfia lsÍug
whs;shla ;snqfka Tyqf.a wud;HxY ;=, isá ro,hka
w;f,diailg muks' jev j¾ck lsÍug whs;shla o
;snqfka ke;' jD;a;Sh iñ;s yokag whs;shla fkd;snqks'
md¾,sfïka;=jla ;snqfka o ke;' pkao whs;shla o ke;' meh 8
jev Èkh o fkdù h' we;a;gu 19jk ishji wjidkfha§"
fndfyda lïlrejka Èklg meh 14la jev l, hq;= úh'
meh 12la jevlrkakg ,enqfkd;a ta jdikdjg h' 1897 §
—uylrekdjla˜ my,jQ id¾ jev Èkh meh 11 yudr olajd
wvq lf,a h' tfy;a fuh mjd fndfyda lïy,aj, l%shd;aul
fkdùh' iq¨ lreklg mjd lïlrejkag ov .ik ,§'
meh ld,lg jvd mrlal= jqjfyd;a ojil mä lmkq
,efí' ksIamdokfha wvqmdvq ;snqfkd;a Bg;a jvd mäh
lmk ,§' Tjqkag f.jk ,oafoa hqfrdamfha wvqu jegqma h'
reishdkq wêrdcHh iyuq,skau reishdkq jQfha ke;'
we;a;gu reishdkq ckj¾.hg wh;a wh isáfha wêrdcHfha
ck.ykfhka ishhg 50la muks' cd;sl;aj m%Yakhg kQ;k
iufha § y÷kd.; yels cd;sl;ajhka 150 la we;=,;ah'
iuyr cd;Ska jvd uekúka m;,j we;s w;r" jgyd.; yels
fõ' Wodyrkhla yeáhg reishdkq wêrdcHfha fmda,ka;
cd;slfhda jdih lf,da h' fmda,ka;h 18jk ishjfia w.
§ fnok ,§' fmda,ka; cd;slhka id¾jd§ md,kh úiska
reishdkq lrkhg Ndckh lrk ,o w;r Tjqkag" ;u
mdie,aj, fmda,ka; niska fkdj reishdkq niska Wf.kSug
n, lrk ,§' *ska,ka;h wêrdcHfha fldgila jQ ksid *ska
cd;slhskag o fuh isÿ úh' tl,ays reishdkq wêrdcHh ;=,
jvd;au mSvkhg ,lajQ hqfoõ ck;djg o fuh wod,
úh' o, jYfhka ñ,shk 5la jQ hqfoõ ckhdg Ôj;a úh
yelafla fld;koehs Bkshd mÈxÑ lsÍfï lv;=rdj hgf;a
iSud mkjd ;snqks' fndfyda /lshd Tjqkg ;ykï ù h'
iriúj,g we;=¨ ùfï§ mx.= kshu lr ;snqks' Tjqkag pkao
n,hla ;snqfka o ke;' l,ska ysgmq 3 jk wef,laiekav¾
id¾ >d;kh lrkq ,enQ 1881ka miq hqfoõ ck;djg
tfrysj ck >d;k /,a,la Èh;a lrk ,§' fujka ck
>d;k isÿ lrk ,oafoa ikakoaO uerjr lkavdhula" uQ,sl
jYfhkau fmd,sisfha oekqj;a fufyhqu hgf;a" wvq .kfka
fmd,sish wyl n,d isákd ;;= ;=, h' Tjqyq hqfoõ ksjyka
m%foaY ;=,g lvdje§" ñksiqka urd" jO§" ksjdi fld,a,
ld" jHdmdr jkid oud" ;j;a fkdtl=;a foa isÿfldg lsisÿ
lrorhlg uqyqk fkdmd msgj h;s' 1905 úma,jhg fmr
w;sYhskau wmlS¾;su;a ck ixydr j,ska folla isÿ lrkq
,enqfõ oeka fud,afvdjdfõ msysá lsYsfkõ m%foaYfha h'
reishdj f.dú rgla úh' Tjqka fndfydafldgu kQ.;a
yd ÿmam;a úh' ;ek ;ek úiqrekq .ï yd kshï.ï
500"000l h f.dùka Ôj;a jQfha' f.dùkaf.a úisrekq
iajNdjh úia;r lrk fg%dÜials" th fhdaO foaYmd,k
m%Yakhla jQ nj fmkakqï lf,a h' tjka iqúYd, rgl
;ekska ;k úisÍ isá ckhd flfia tlai;a lrkak o @
f.dú ckhd iudc jHQyhla f,i tlai;aj fkdisáfhdah'
w;sYhskau fmdai;a f.dúfhda o jQy' uyd bvï ysñfhda
fndfyda úg Okm;s mka;shg ióm jQy' lsisjla ysñj
fkdisá w;sYhska ÿmam;a f.dúfhda ienúkau lDIs ld¾ñl
lïlrejka n÷ jQy' Tjqkag isÿ jQfha ish Y%u Yla;sh
Okm;shkag ke;fyd;a fjk;a jvd fmdai;a f.dúhkag
úlskSug h' 60"000la muk f,dl= bvï ysñfhda ñ,shk
100la ;rï f.dú ckhdg wh;a jQ ;rï N+ñh wh;alr
.;ay' b;ska fndfyda úg ro,hka f,i ie,l=kq w;sYhska
Okj;a bvï ysñhka l=vd ia:rhla isá nj Tng oel .;
yelsh' 19 jk ishjfia wjidkh jk úg wudre ld,hlg
uqyqk foñka isá ro,fm, ;u Okh Okm;shkag úlskSu
wrUd ;snqks' fuh mq¨,a iudc >¾Ikhlg fya;=úh' flfia
fj;;a ro,fhda f.dùkag jvd fnfyúka fmdai;aj isáfhdah'
fndfyda iudklï ;sìfhaù kuq;a uq¨ukskau jy¨ka
kqjQ m%fõks odifhda 1861 § ksoyia lrkq ,enQy' tfy;a
ta ksoyi w;sYhskau iSñ; tlla úh' th Tjqka weo
oeïfï wdka;sl kh.e;s Ndjhlgh' fndfyda wjia:dj,§
—ksoyi ,;a˜ f.dùkag ;u kh f.ùug wjqreÿ 48la
.; úh' nr nÿ f.jQ Tjqyq uQ,sl jYfhka .; lf,a
ld,lkaks Ôú; h' Tjqka bvï h,s fn§ula o kh nr
wfydais lsÍula o wjYH uxuq,diy.; ;;ajhl miq úh'
19 jk ishji wjika jk úg l¾udka; iEfyk
fõ.hlska jefvkakg mgkaf.k ;snqks' l¾udka; i|yd
fndfyda ÿrg úfoaY kh" úfYaIfhkau ì%;dkH iy m%kai
kh fhdojkq ,enQ w;r c¾uka kh Bg wvq uÜgulska
fhdod ;snqks' fuh —wiudk yd taldnoaO j¾Okh˜ hkqfjka
fg%dÜials kïl, m%mxphg ;=vq ÿks' reishdj ngysr jvd;a
ixj¾ê; fndfyda rgj,a j,g msgqmiska ,e. isá kuq;a"
ì%;dkH fyda m%kai Okm;sfhl=g reishdj ;=, wdfhdackh
lsÍug Wjukdkï" Tjqka tfia l, w;r" Tjqkag m%d.aOkh
iy w;sYhskau kQ;k ;dlaIkh o úYd, *elagß o w¨;au
ld¾ñl hka;% hkdÈh o reishdj ;=,g wdkhkh l, hq;=
úh' b;ska reishdj wfkl=;a rgj,a úiska miqlr hd hq;=j
;snqkq ixj¾Okfha w;rueÈ wjëka .kkdjlg Wäka
mekSug iu;a úh' fuh 1000lg jeä lïlre ixLHdjla
kshq;= úYd, lïlre ixLHdjla iys; lïy,a ìys lf,a
h' ^fuh ta jkúg fujka lïy,a ks¾udkh lsÍu ms,sn|
by,u wdo¾Yh jQ weußld tlai;a ckmoh o blaujd
f.dia ;snqks& fï wkqj frÈms,s" f,day" m;,a" ÿïfld, hkd§
l¾udka;j, kshq;=" .ïno isg meñks" ;rek lïlre
mka;shla mekke. ;snqks' idudkHfhka k.r j,g iómj
Ôj;ajQ Tjqka ld¾ñl uOHia:dkj,g ;,a¨ lr ouk ,§'
fï lïy,a iajdNdúlju we;=¨ k.r ;=, jeã wdjd fkdfõ'
mSg¾ian¾.a" fudialõ" bjfkdfjda lsfhõ iy
wfkl=;a k.rj, isá lïlrejka ñ,shk ;=kla fyda
myla cd;sl Okfhka yß wvla ks¾udkh lf,da h' uq¨
lDIsld¾ñl wxYhu ksmhQ m%udkhg iudk mx.=jls'
ixLHd;aulj l=vdjqj o lïlre mka;sh" reishdkq
wd¾Ólh ;=, bgq l, l¾;jHh w;Hka; úh' Tjqka
ork ,o idfmalaI iudc yd wd¾Ól nr oejeka; úh'
fudialõ iy mSg¾ian¾.a w;r m%:u ÿïßh u. újD;
lf,a 1851 § h' fg%dÜials lS mßÈ bka fmr rclf,a
—fldfy;au ud¾. ke;s luhs'˜ reishdfõ mej;s mdrj,a
ìhlre úh' jika;fha iy Yrofha jeis iys; ld,fha" ysu
Èhjk l,ays tajdfha .uka l, fkdyels úh' Wl=,la ufâ
tÍ hd.;yels jqfjd;a ta wudrefjks' tu ;;= ;=, k.r
iy ld¾ñl uOHia:dk w;r m%Odk mqrel jQfha ÿïßhhs'
úma,jfha jir jQ 1905 § t;rï id;sYh jeo.;a foaYmd,k
N+ñldjla bgq l, ÿïßh lïlrefjda .kkska 667"000la jQ
y' th lïlrejkaf.a yuqodjla jQ w;r wmg miqj olakg
,efnk mßÈ" Tjqka ;Srkd;aul N+ñldjla bgqlf,ah'
úfYaIfhkau .ïno m%foaYj, uxudj;a" wOHdmkh"
fi!LHh yd ffjoH lghq;= md,khg" fndfydaúg
fiïiaÜfjda hhs okakd ,o ksoyia u;sl ,snr¨ka
hï m%udkhla iïnkaOj isá kuq;a Tjqyq fndfyda
ÿrg tajdgu iSñ; jQy' ixLHd;aulj l=vdjQ Tjqkag
;snqfka iSñ; foaYmd,k wkqyila muks' fmdÿfõ .;a
l,ays k.rj, iq¨ OfkaYajr ,snr,a¨ .kkska wvqjQ
w;r" Tjqkag ;snqfka o iSñ; foaYmd,k n, mEuls'
id¾ f.a md,kh fmr,doud OfkaYajr iuQydkavqjla
msysgqùfï úma,jh fndfyda fokd wfmalaId l,y' tfy;a
úfYaIfhkau ngysr hqfrdamfha wd¾Ól jYfhka jeä
Èhqkq rgj,a yd iulr n,k l, iudcjdoh ms,sn|
isyskh kï fmkS.sfha fndfyda ÿria; fohla f,i h'
flfia jqj;a udlaiaf.a m%d.aOkh 1872 § reishdkq nig
mßj¾;kh lrk ,§' fuh jkdys tu lD;sh fjk;a
nilg mßj¾;kh lrk ,o uq,au jd;djhs' th id¾f.a
jdrlhskaf.ka fíÍ .sfha" th wd¾Ól ixLHd yd o;a;
ms,sn| idrix.%yhla f,i Tjqkag fmkS .sh ksidh'
1870 .kka ;=, n,j;aj mej;s ck;djd§ jHdmdrh
f.dúck fldñhqkfha iduQysl moku Wv iudcjdoh
wdrïN lsÍug fhdackd lf,a h' .eñ m%foaYj, iduQysl
whs;sh iuyr úg OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh uq¨ukskau blaujd
hkq we;ehs th wfmalaId lf,a h' 1881 § Tjqyq udlaiag mjd
fufia ,shd hejqy' —wm reishdfõ§ wfmalaId l, hq;af;a
l=ula o @˜ f.dúck fldñhqkfha moku u; iudcjdoh
jeã tkq we;e˜hs wfmalaId lsÍug iqcd; mokula ;sfí o @
m%:u reishdkq udlaiajd§ lkavdhu msysgqjk ,oafoa 1883
§ ðkSjd kqjr§h' thg fcda¾ð maf,Ldfkdõ ^mska;+rfha
ueo& m%uqL" msgqjyf,a isá úma,jjd§ka yh fofkla iïnkaO
jQy' maf,Ldfkdõ m%uqL lD;Ska mßj¾;k lrñka o udlaia
f.a u;jdo ckm%sh lrk .%ka: iïmdokh lrñka o 1889
hqfrdamfha§ msysgqjk ,o fojk cd;Hka;rhg iyNd.S
fjñka o jeo.;a m%;smodkhla lf,a h' tu wjqreoafoa
§ Tyq my; i|yka iqm%isoaO m%ldYh l,d' —reishdfõ
úma,jjd§ jHdmdrh ch.kq we;af;a lïlre jHdmdrhla
f,ih' ke;fyd;a th lsisfia;au ch.kq ke;'˜ fhdaO
f.dú ck;djla ueoafoa ixLHdfjka wÕ=gqñá jQ lïlre
mka;shla .ek fujka m%ldYhla lsÍu Tyqf.a úfõplhka
fndfyda fofkl= úiska oel.kakd ,oafoa úldrhla f,ih'
W;=re ix.uh" ol=kq ix.uh jeks 1870 iy 80 .kkaj,
§ f.dvk.k ,o hï l=vd lïlre ldkavdhï ;snqks'
flfia fj;;a" ó,Õ uyd mshjr t,Uqfka 1895 §
mSg¾ian¾.a kqjr —lïlre mka;sh úuqla; lr .ekSu
i|yd wr.,fha ix.uh˜ msysgqùu;a iu. h' tu
ixúOdkfha m%Odk idudðlhka fofokla kï" miq
lf,l f,kska kñka okakd ,o fnda,afYúla mlaIfha
kdhlhd jQ õ,äó¾ W,ahdfkdõ iy miq lf,l
m%uqL fukafYaúlfhl= jQ bhq,a,s udfgdaõ h' mska;+rfha
ol=kq fldfka udfgdaõ o f,kska fïih ,Õ ueo o isá'
 wr.,fha ix.ufhys j¾Okh flf¾ ie,lsh hq;=
fm%arkhla 1896 uehs-cqks udij, reishdkq wêrdcHfha
w.kqjr jk mSg¾ian¾.a kqjr frÈms,s lïlrejkaf.a
jev j¾ckfhka we;súh' —b;ska lïlre mka;sh úuqla;
lr.ekSu i|yd wr.,fha ix.uh˜ f.dvke.= jydu" frÈms,s
lïlrejkaf.a wr., ud,djla werUqks' msg¾ian¾.a kqjr
is;shu fuys oelafõ' ia,hsâj, i,l=kq lr we;af;a wr.,fha
ix.uhg iïnkaO;d mej;s yd foaYmd,k lghq;=j,
fhÿkq lïy,ah' th uyd jevj¾ckhla jQ w;r reishdfõ
lïlre wr.,fha j¾Okhg fhdaO .eïula ,nd ÿks'
fuh yqfola mSg¾ian¾.a m%mxphla jQfha ke;' lïlre
úuqla;s wr.,fha ix.ufha idudðlhkag iïnkaO;d
mej;s" fmd;am;a fnodyeß" ksrka;rj jev l, úúO
k.r l¨ ;s;a j,ska i,l=kq lr we;' ud wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍug hk tla m%hqla;shla kï( lïlre mka;sh
ixúOdkh lf,a ljq o@ lïlre mka;sh úma,jh lrd
t,Uqfka flfiao@ hkakhs' 1883 isg maf,Ldfkdõ lr
;snqkq jev o 1890 .kkaj, lrk ,o jev o úma,jjd§ka
úiska m%Odk k.rj, lrk ,o jev o úma,jh lrd
ux ;ekQ mrujYfhkau neyer l, fkdyels wx. úh'
fï ishÆ jevlghq;= kS;s úfrdaë jQ nj wm úiska u;l
;nd.; hq;= fõ' m%isoaO /iaùula meje;aúh fkdyels úh'
uq,a ld,fha isgu mj;;ajk ,o jd¾Isl isoaëkaf.ka tlla
jQ - uehs Èkh meje;aùug Wjukdù kï /iaùug isÿ jQ
fha iuyrúg jk ,eyenl fyda iuyrúg .x bjqrl h'
Tng Yd,djla l=,shg .ekSu l, fkdyels h" ysia .nvdjla
fidhd.ekSug mq¨jka lu ;snqks' yeu;eku fmd,sish"
yeu ;eku T;a;=lrejkah' Tn l;dlrkakg mgkaf.k
úkdä 10la fyda 15la .;ùug fmr fldiela Nghka fyda
fmd,sia Nghka lvd mkskq we;' ñksiqkag fndfydaúg fjä
;nk ,§' Tn ysf¾ ú,x.=fõ jefgkq we;' Tn lïy,l
lïlrefjla kï Tfí /lshdj ke;sjkq we;' fï uq,ald,Sk
úma,jjd§ka lghq;= lf,a uq¨ukskau kS;s úfrdaëjh' 1895
foieïnrh jkúg f,kska w;awvx.=jg .kq ,en ;snqks'
flfkl= w;awvx.=jg .;a l,ays Tlardkd fyj;a id¾f.a
ryia fmd,sish Tyq i|yd ,smsf.dkq jla wßkq we;" tys
Pdhdremhlao we;=,;a h' Tjqka th È.gu mj;ajd.kq we;'
1898 § reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaIfha
^wd¾'tia'ã't,a'mS'& wdrïNl iïfï,kh ñkaiala kqjr§
meje;aúks' tys iïmQ¾k ksfhdað; ixLHdju tkï kj
fokdu Èk lsysmhla we;=,; isrNdrhg .kakd ,§'
1900 foieïnrfha § lïlre mka;sfha foaY jHdma;
úma,jjd§ mlaIhla f.dv ke.Sug Wmia:ïNl jkq
jia" bial%d [.sksmqmqr] kï iudc-m%cd;ka;%jd§ mqj;a
m; úfoaYfha uqøkh fldg reishdjg fydr ryfia
f.k tk ,§' fuh iq¨mgq jevla jQfha ke;' hqfrdamfha
m%uqL k.rhla jQ ñhqkslays uqøkh lr b;d l=vd f;d.
jYfhka reishdj ;=,g ryfia f.khkq ,eìks' fuh
b;d ÿIalr l¾;jHhla úh' Tõ" ryiafmd,sish yeu
;eklgu ßx.df.k isàu ksid th jvd;a ÿIalr úh'
fmd,sish iudc m%cd;ka;% jHdmdrh ;=,g ldje§ ;snqks'
fidhdf.k ;snqkq lrekla kï" wjqreÿ .kkdjlau reishdj
;=,g bial%d m;%h fydfrka f.k tau ndrj isá ;ek;a;d
fmd,sia tacka;fhl= h hkakh' yeu fohlau hkafka
fld;kg o" ish¨u ,smskhka" ish¨u iïnkaO;d oek isá
Tyq reishdj ;=,g m;%h f.k tau o ixúOdkh lf,a h'
oykj jk ishji mqrd u reishdj m%;s.dñ;ajfha n,
fldgqjla f,i olakd ,o kuq;a hqfrdamfha udlaiajd§ka
w;r jvd;au ixfõ§ flfkla jk ld,a fl!Üials fuu
reishdkq wêrdcHh ;=, w¨;ska hula isÿfjñka mj;akd
nj 1902 § fmkakqï lf,a h' tl, Tyq fufia ,sùh(
—fuf;la l,a úma,jjd§ wdrïNl;ajh buy;a m%udkhla
ngysßka Wlyd.;a reishdj oeka úma,jjd§ n,Yla;sfha
W,am;la f,i" tu ngysrgu fiajh lsÍug ieriS isá'˜ [1]
reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaIfha fojk
[RSDRP] iïfï,kh reishdj ;=, meje;aùug kS;suh
jYfhka bvla fkd;snqkq fyhska 1903 cQ,s-wf.daia;= udij,
th" n%i,aia kqjr iy ,kavka kqjr mj;ajk ,§' fuu
iïfï,kfha § mlaIh ;=, fNaohla u;=jQ w;r tys m%Odk
md¾Yjhka jQfha fnda,afYúla iy fukafYaúla hk foms, h'
mlaIfha fndfyda idudðlhkag fNaoh fmkS.sfha ;djld,sl
tlla yeáhg h· thg fya;= uq¨ukskau meyeÈ,s jqfha o ke;'
fg%dÜials l,amkd lf,a l,a.;jk úg foaYmd,k u;fNao
ch.; yels nj;a mlaIh tlai;a lr.; yels nj;a h'
1905 woaor reishdfõ mej;s ;;ajh úia;r lsÍfï §
fg%dÜials 2 jk iïfï,kh foi wdmiq yeÍ ne¨fõ h(
mlaI iïfï,kh mj;ajk w;r reishdfõ iuia;
ol=kq m%foaYhu uyd jev j¾ckhl .%ykfha mej;=ks'
1902 fkdjeïn¾ iy 1903 cq,s Èk j, § th iuia;
ld¾ñl ol=k yryd me;sr hñka" lïlre mka;sfha wkd.;
iuia; ls%hdj,shu mQ¾jrx.kh lf,ah' f.dúck
úfrdaO;d jv jvd;a ksrka;r úh' úYaj úoHd, ;snqfka
lelEfrñks' iq¨ fudfyd;lg reishdkq - cmka hqoaOh
úiska jHdmdrh wekysgúh' tfy;a id¾jdoh uqyqkÿka
hqo jHikh úma,jhg n,.;= W;af;da,khla imhd ÿks'
mqj;am;a jvjvd;a ks¾NS; jkakg o ;%ia; ls%hd jv jvd;a
ksrka;r jkakg o mgka .;s' ,snr,a¨ ksÈ.eg yßñka
foaYmd,k W;aij mgka .;ay' úma,jfha we;s uq,sl
m%Yak fmrg wdfõ h' [fg%dÜials" uf.a Ôú;h 165msgqj]
uu fuu foaYkfha § ;%ia;jdoh ms,sn|j iúia;rj
l;dlrkakg hkafka ke;' tfy;a fg%dÜials ;%ia;jd§ka .ek
;enQ igyka .ek mukla l;d lrñ( kfrdaoakhd fjd,ahd
[ck;d wNsm%dh] kï merks ck;djd§ jHdmdrfha isg 1893
isg 1917 olajd ld,fha § iudc úma,jjd§ mlaIhg .sh
;%ia;jd§yq 12"000 muk id¾jd§ ks,OdÍka >d;kh lf,da
h' fuu >d;k YsIHfhl= fyda ;rek lïlrefjl= úiska
lrkq ,enQ tajdh' wdkavqldrfhl=" fmd,sia f,dlafll="
fyda by, ks,Odßfhl= g ,xù" ta ;eke;a;d fjä ;nd urd
oeóh' iuyrúg fndaïnhla úislr m%;sjdÈhd jkid
;uka o úkdY lr .;af;ah' b;d m%uqL mqoa.,fhda fufia
urd ouk ,oafoda h' 1904È reishdj mqrd fmd,sia jev
lghq;= Ndrj isá wNHka;r wud;H maf,yaõ urd oeóh'
Tyq lE,slr oeuqfõ ;rek úma,jjdÈfhl= úisks' id¾f.a
udud >d;kh leßks' fg%fmdõ jeks ;j;a fndfyda fokd
fíreky' tfy;a Tjqka isáfha ;uka urdoukq we;ehs hk
ksrka;r ìfhks' fukafIúlfhdao fnda,afYúla mlaIho
mqoa., ;%ia;jdoh Wmdhla f,i ms,s fkd.;ay' th id¾
fmr,d oeóug iEfykafka ke;s nj Tjqkag jegysks' tla
id¾jd§ ks,Odßfhla uerej úg ;j tflla" Bg;a jvd
kmqre tflla t;ek .kq we;' tfia jqj o fuh wm úia;r
lrk ld, mßÉfÉoh mqrdu me;sr mej;s m%mxphla úh'
fg%dÜials 1904 fmnrjdß udifha werô me;sr .sh
reishdkq-cmka hqoaOh g o wjOdkh fhduq lf,ah'
wêrdcHjd§ hqoaOhkaf.a hq.h wvqjYfhka 1898 iamd[a[
- weußldkq hqoaOfhka werö ;snkq w;r" 1899 isg 1902
olajd isÿ jQ tlai;a ckmoh ms,smSkhg t,a,l, uD.
wdl%ukh o wêrdcHjd§ fld,a,lre f,i uyd ì%;dkHh
ol=kq wms%ldfõ f.k .sh fndah¾ hqoaOh o ta w;r úh'
uxfld,a,h iy fN!ñl m%idrkh wruqkq lr.;a
wêrdcHjd§ hqoaO j,ska msgù isàug reishdkq
wêrdcHhg fkd yels úh' fuys oelafjk mska;+rh
fmkakqï lrkafka tl,ays reishdkq wêrdcHjdoh" rgj,a
.kkdjla ysrfldg wXq mXq Èlalr.;a fhdaO nQj,af,l=
f,i cmka YsIHfhl=g fmkS.sh wdldrhhs' by, jfï
fmda,ka;fha mgka" ;=¾lsh" m¾ishdj iy ángh ;=,g
wXq úys§ ;sfí' tl wkavla Ökhg úys§ we;s w;r
;fjlla fldßhdj iuyrúg cmdkh olajd úys§ we;'
fuys fmkakqïlr we;af;a id¾ ksfld,iaf.a ysf;a ;snqkq foays
ms,srejls' id¾g cmdkh hqoaOfhka mrdch lsÍug Wpukdù
;snqfka" reishdj iy cmdkh hk fo rgu uekapqßhdj
yd fldßhdj w,a,d .ekSug ie,iqï lrf.k isá ksidh'
ì%;dkHh" m%kaih" c¾uksh iy weußld tlai;a ckmoh
iu. Ökh l=Üá lr .ekSug reishdj ;rÕ jeo isá ksidh'
id¾ rcq wfmalaId lf,a myiq ch.%ykhkah' fuys we;s
mska;+rfha m,af,yd ol=kq me;af;a id¾ ksfld,ia cmka
fid,aodÿfjla msU bj;alrkq fmkakqï flf¾' cmka kdjql
yuqodj jkid oud we;s fihls' myrlE —cmka orejka˜f.a
rEm o óg we;=,;a fõ' Tjqka ikikafka wkal,a iEï iy
fcdaka nq,a h' ta rEm ál ld,hlg cmdkhg iydh foñka
isá ì%;dkH iy weußldkq wêrdcHjdoh fmkakqï lrhs'
fuu ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï moku f,i reishdj"
1895 § Ökfhka fmda¾Ü wd;¾ jrdh È. noaolg f.k"
ì¢h fkdyelshhs is;k,o n,fldgqjla iy kdjql
l|jqrla f,i fõÈldjla f.dvk.d .;af;a h' th
W;=re Ökfha yd¾ìka k.rh yryd Èfjk ÿïßh ud¾.
hla iu. iïnkaO úh' wka;¾ ihsîßhdkq ÿïßh
ud¾.h ;ju;a iïmQ¾kù fkd;snqkq w;r uekapQßhdj
yryd jQ fldßfvdaj ms,sn|j iy;slhla o fkdùh'
flfia fj;;a hqoaOfha wdrïNl ojia j,u cmdk kdúl
yuqodj úiska reishdkq kdúl n,weksj,g ie,lshq;=
mrdchka w;alr ÿkafka h' Èk 300g jeä ld,hla jg,kq
,en ;snqk fmda¾Ü wd;¾ l|jqr cmkqkag hg;a úh'
reishdfõ Ydka;slr kdúl n,weks j,ska jeä yßhla
jrdfha§ úkdYhg m;a úh' ta uqyqÿ igka j,§ fkdj" jrdhg
by,ska ;snqkq l÷jeáj, isg t,a, l, fI,a m%ydr j,sks'
fmda¾Ü wd;¾ jrdfha fuu lïmdldÍ hg;aùu" reishdj
;=, ie,lsh hq;= fkdixiqka;d jkag ;=vq ÿkafkah' id¾ yd
Tyqf.a yuqod n, weks ¥Is; yd fn,ySk hhs jv jvd;a
fmkS .sfhah' lïlre mka;sh ;=, mukla fkdj iuyr
,snr,a lj ;=,;a hqo úfrdaë Woaf>daIk me;sr .sfhah'
1905 úma,jhg ;=vqÿka B,Õ wjia:dj fkdje,elaúh
yels hhs fmkS .sfhah' mSg¾ian¾.a wi, msysá mqáf,dõ
lïyf,a lïlrejka isõ fofkl= fodÜg oukq ,eîh'
Tjqka h,s fiajfha msysgqùu iïnkaO idlÉPd wid¾:ljQ
l, 1905 ckjdß 3od jevj¾ckhla yg .;af;ah'
m%uqL fukafYaúlfhl= jQ msfhdafoda¾ vEka ^ DAN& m%ldY
l, mßÈ" *elagßfhka fodÜg oukq ,enQ lïlrejka
y;rfofkl=g h,s /lshdj Èkd .ekSu n÷ iq¨ wruqkla"
i;shla muk flá ld,hla we;=,; uq¨ w.kqjru
.%ykh lr .ksñka mSg¾ian¾.a lïlre mka;sfha
oejeka; [2] foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla njg m%;sj¾;kh
jkq we;s hhs lsisfjl=g;a wfmalaId l, yels jQfha ke;'
i;shla we;=,; 9 jk bßod uyd ck fm,md,shla ie,iqï
lrk ,§' tys§ .efmdka mQcl jrhd" ^mska;+rh ueo
l=reihla me,|& —id¾ mshd˜ f.ka iyk b,a,d lïlrejka"
YsIHhka" .eyekqka iy ,uqka o we;=¨ fm;aiïlrejka
150"000 fyda 200"000l fm,md,shla fufyhjkq ,eîh'
Tjqkaf.a b,a,Sï j,g we;=,;a jQ fha( meh wgl jev
Èkhla" lïlrejkag yd f.dùkag /iaùfï ksoyi"
l;dlsÍfï ksoyi" mqj;am;a ksoyi" wd.u rdcHfhka fjka
lsÍu" hqoaOh bjrlsÍu" kj md¾,sfïka;= iuQydkavqjlg
moku oeóu i|yd jHjia:dodhl ukav,hla le|ùu h'
k.rfha úúO ;eka j,ska .uka werUq fm,md,s id¾ úiQ
ud,s.dj msysá p;=rY%fha § talrdYS jQy' ck;dj úkag¾
ud,s.h bÈßmsgg meñksl, fldiela Ngfhda Tjqka fj;
lvd mek fndfyda fofkl=g lvq j,ska myrÿka w;r
fndfyda fofkl=g fjä ;nk ,§' ksjerÈ .kka ke;s kuq;a
1000la muk urd oud 2000g muk ;=jd, lrk ,§' iuyr
úg ;=jd,lrejka Bg;a jeä úh yel' u, isrere bj;g
weo ouk ,§' fmd,sish tajd iuQy ñkS j,j,a ;=,g oeuQy'
t;eka mgka ckjdß 9od m%lg jqfka —udrl bßod˜ f,ihs'
fï ck ixydrh reishdj mqrd lïmk /,a,la ckkh
lf,a h' fndfyda ld¾ñl m%foaYj, lïlrefjda jev
j¾ckh lf,da h' YsIHfhda fnfyda iriú jid oeuQy'
fcda¾ðhd" ndl=" Tfâid" whsjfkdjd fjdaiafkdfiakaiala"
fmda,ka;fha f,dâia" ksYaks-fkdõf.dfrdâ" fid¾fudfjda
k.rj, oejeka; fm,md,s /,a,la mekke.=ks' iuyr
ñ,sgß tallhka ;=, o mD:q,j fkdjqj;a yg.;a fm,md,s
1905 jika;h" .sïydkh" iy Yroh mqrd o me;sr ;snqks'
,snr,a OfkaYajr nqoaêu;a;= id¾ >d;lfhl= hhs fy,d
ÿgy' uq,§ kS;Hdkq.; udlaiajdÈfhl=j isg ol=kg
;,a¨ù f.dia OfkaYajr ,snrf,l= njg m;ajQ iagDfõ
iïmdokh l, Osvobozhdenie kï mqj;a mf;a Ys¾I
mdGh jQfha —reishdj ;=, úma,jh˜ hkakhs' —ck;dj
f.a >d;lhd˜ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a th id¾ fy,d
ÿgqfõh' ãka fcdf¾ia úiska m,l, ,smshl —id¾jdohg
urkh˜ hhs i|yka úh' ,snr,a¨ mrudêm;Hhg
úreoaO jQy' tfy;a Tjqkag id¾ fmr,d oeóu i|yd
foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla fyda wêIaGdkhla fkdùh'
B,Õ udi lsysmh ;=, m%Odk jevj¾ck ish .kkla
mqmqrd .sfhah" bka tlla úfYaI wjOdkhg ,lal, hq;=fõ'
fudialõ kqjr isg lsf,daóg¾ 150la muk ÿr msysá"
úYd, frÈms,s lïy,a j,ska hq;= k.rhla jQ bjfkdfjda-
fjdfkdfiakaiala k.rfha lïlrefjda ojia ishhlg jvd
l,a we,aÆ jev j¾ckhl fhÿfkdah' ,laI .kka lïlrejka
iïnkaOjQ fuu j¾ck j,ska w¨;a j¾.hl ixúOdkhla
ìys úh' j¾ckhg kdhl;ajh §u i|yd lïlrejka úiska
f;dardm;a lrkq ,enQ fidaúhÜ iNdjla fyj;a lïlre
ksfhdað; ukav,hla ìys úh' tys fndfyda b,a,Sï wd¾Ól
jQ w;r id¾ fmr,d oeófï b,a,Sula o jHjia:dodhl
ukav,hla f;dardm;alr .ekSu o fjk;a foaYmd,k b,a,Sï
o Bg we;=,;a úh' m,uqfjkau reishdfõ fidaúhÜ iNdjla
[lïlre n,ukav,hla] msysgqjkq ,enqfõ ;uka úiska hhs
bjfkdfjda lïlrefjda miqj lshdisáfhda h' ;dlaIkslj
fuh ksjerÈ jqj;a" tys N+ñldj 1905 Tlaf;danrfha msysgejqkq
mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ iNdj úiska fnfyúka blaujk
,§' 1905 uehs udifha§ ,eÜúhdj o we;=¨ wêrdcHfha
wfkl=;a m%foaY j, o uyck fm,md,s mek kexf.ah'
whsjfkdfjda jevj¾ckh isÿjk w;r;=f¾u" hqo
fmruqfkka ;j ;j;a krl wdrxÑ .,d wdfõ h' ;ju;a
id¾ is;d isáfha Tyqf.a kdjql yuqodj" cmka kdjql yuqodj
mrdch lsÍug iu;ajkq we;sh lshdh' flfia fj;;a
reishdkq meis*sla kdúl n,weks j,ska fndfyduhla úkdY
lr ;snQ ;;= yuqfõ Tlaf;danrfha§ fnda,aála yuqodjg
wk ,enqfka" fmda¾Ü wd;¾ fj; hd;%d lrk f,ih' Tjqka
Tlaf;danrfha isg uehs olajd lsf,daóg¾ 33"000la ÿr
.ufka fh§ isá w;r tys§ Tjqkag wikag ,enqfka" 1905
fmnrjdß ud¾;= w;r reishdkq fin¨ 90"000lf.a Ôú;
úkdY lrñka reishdkq yuqodj uqlafvka igfkka orekq
ñ,sgß mrdchlg uqyqk ÿka njhs' keõ j, mej;s Èßiqka
Ndjh fkd;ld tajd .ufka fhÿks' keõ wdmiq yrjk f,i
n,lrñka ler,s .eiSug fm,Uùï l, fndfyda kdúlhska
t,a,d urd oeóug woañrd,a frdiafvõiafjkaialsg isÿ úh'
È.gu .uka l,fyd;a ;uka jHikhlg uqyqk fok nj
Tjqka oek isáfhah' tfy;a woañrd,a úiska È.gu hd;%d
lrk f,i ksfhda. l, w;r keúhka .kkdjla urd oeóh'
id¾f.a keõ j, wdrïNl .uka wruqkj ;snqkq fmda¾Ü
wd;¾ jrdh cmkqka úiska w,a,d f.k ;snqkq ksid" Bg;a
W;=ßka msysá õ,eäfjdaiafgdala jrdh lrd keõ yuqodj
fhduq flßks' reishdkq keõ cmdkhg kqÿre ¥m;la wi,ska
ÜiqYsud iuqø ikaêhg ,Õdj;au thg yrialemQ cmka keõ
yuqodj 5"000lg wêl reishdkq kdjqlhska jkid oeuQy'
meh .kkdjla ;=, uq¨ kdjql yuqodfjkau b;=re jQfha
m%Odk keõ ;=kla muks' b;ska uehs 27-28 Èkj, reishdkq
n,weks iyuq,skau jdf.a úkdYlr ouk ,§' reishdkq
ck;djf.a w;s uy;a jeä fldgilg fhdaO lïmkhla jQ
fuu .egqfï§ cmkqkag ke;sjqfha fgda¾msfvda fndaÜgq ;=kla
iy Nghska 116 muks' fï id úkdYhla flfia isÿù o@
fg%dÜials ÜiqYsud jHikh ms,sn|j ,shd mSg¾ian¾.a
lïlrejka w;r fnok ,o m;s%ldjl fldgia fuys olajñ(
ks¾,Êð; >d;kh fy,d olskq~
—ÜiqIsud Èjhsfka ms,sl=,a iy.; igfkka miqj" reishkq
keõ yuqodj ;j;a b;=rej ke;' id¾f.a wmrdOj,
f.dÿrla yeáhg wmlS¾;su;aj jekiS .sh reishdkq hqo
keõj, isá" wmf.a fidhqrka oyia .kkla Ydka;slr
uqyqÿ m;=f,a j,,d oeuqks' ta id oejeka; úhoulska
ñ,hg .ekqkq reishdkq keõ yuqodj wjidk h' t;rïu
úhoula ord ksmojQ reishdkq kdúl n, weksh ;j;a
b;sßj ke;' yeu l=U.ilau o wek- uqßÉÑhlau o
iu. jekiS we;af;a reishdkq jev lrk ck;djf.a f,a
oyähhs' iEu hqo kejlau jir .kkdjl f.dú mjq,aj,
oyäh uykaishhs' ish,a, uqyqo m;=,g .s,ajkq ,en we;'
wjdikdjka; ñksiqkq;a" Tjqkaf.a oE;ska ksujk ,o ksIam,
iïm;=;a .s,ajd oud ;sfí' '''' ks¾,Êð; >d;kh~ hqoaOfha
m,uq Èkfha mgkau foaYmd,kslj oekqj;a lïlrejka
úiska u;=lrk ,o" ish¨ lïlrejka yd wjHdc mqrjeishka
w;r oeä iydhla Èkd.;a igka mdGh u;= lrkq'
reishdkq hqo keõ iu. wmlS¾;su;a f,i jekiS .s,d
neiai id¾ wdkavqj Nx. fõjd~
—;+ÉP >d;kh wjika lrkq~ f,a kd.;a ñkSurejka
Nx.fõjd' wm b,a,kafka iduh iy ksoyihs~˜ [3]
B ,Õg wjOdkh Èkd.;af;a 1905 cqks udifha Tfviaid
jdrfha § fmdfgïlska hqo kefõ kdjql Nghskaf.a
le/,a,hs' th i¾ð whkaiaghskaf.a 1925 Ñ;%mgh úiska
wurkSh lrk ,§' 1905 mqrd kjql yuqodfõ nyq;rh
id¾g mlaImd;s jQy' l¨ uqyqfoa keõ yuqodfjka fyd|u
kejla ;=, mekke.S ler,a, fiiq ikakoaO wxY lrd;a
m;sfrkq we;ehs id¾ md,k ;ka;%h ;=, ìhla oekùh' keõ
yuqodfõ wfkl=;a keõ u.yer f.k fmdfgïlska kej
fldkaiagkaákd kï refïkshdkq jrdhg hd;%d l, ksid tu
kefõ kdjql Nghkaf.ka jeä fokd mk fírd .ekSug
iu;a jQy' fuksid fmdfgïlska kdjql le/,af,a ienE
kdhlhkaf.ka iuyfrla t,a,d ueÍug id¾ iu;ajQfha ke;'
fuu úma,jldÍ jif¾ B,Õ m%Odk isÿùu( Tlaf;dan¾ uyd
jevj¾ckhhs' hï;dla ÿrlg j¾ckh ie,iqïlr ;snqfka
ke;' lïlre jHdmdrfha mlaI kdhl;ajh f,ajels bßod
ixj;airh fhfok 1906 ckjdßfha uy jevj¾ckhla
meje;aùug woyia lr ;snqks' tfy;a fudiafldafõ uqøkd,hl
we;sjQ idudkH j¾ckhla isÿùï j,g l,a;shd mk fmùh'
fg%dÜials ;udf.a 1905 kue;s fmdf;a fuu
isoaëka .ek o, igykla ;enqfõ fuf,i h( uyd jev j¾ckhla mj;ajdf.khd yelafla tla;rd
fudialõ ys isákaia fmd;aidmamqfõ wl=re wuqkkafkda ld, iSudjlg mukla nj fg%dÜials fmkakqï lrhs'
iema;eïn¾ 19 od jev j¾ckh lf,da h' Tjqyq jvd;a flá Tn ÿïßh ud¾. jid oeïfud;a lsisjla fkdfi,afjkq
jev Èkhla o wuqkk ,o m%Yak ,l=kq o we;=¨ yeu wl=re we;' úÿ,s mksúv jid oeuqjfyd;a ixksfõokh bjr
1000gu by, jevmx.= f.ùula o b,a,d isáfhda h' wjika h' fílß jid oeuqkq l, lEu fkdbmfohs' ck;dj
jqfka mrudêldrh wjika lrk f,i b,a,ñks' ^85 msgqj& fld;rï ld,hla w,a,d ysákak o@ lEu ke;sj"
ikaksfõokh ke;sj" k.rdka;r .uka ìuka ke;sj @
* iema;eïn¾ 24 ijia jkúg uqøk lïy,a
mkyla j¾ckhg iïnkaOù ;snqks' fudialõ fg%dÜials ish 1905 lD;sfha fidaúhÜ iNdjla hkq l=ula
kqjr mdka mq¨iaikafkda o j¾ckh lf,da h' oehs úia;r lf,a h'

* Tlaf;dan¾ 2od mSg¾ian¾.a wl=re mSg¾ian¾.a lïlre ksfhdað;hka f.a lñgqfõ

wuqkkafkda ish fudialõ ifydaorjrekag b;sydih jkdys Èk 50l b;sydihhs' [fidaúhÜ
iyfhda.h msksi ;=kaÈk j¾ckhlg t,Uqky' iNdj mej;=fka tmuk l,la muks'] fidaúhÜ iNdj
msysgqùfï /iaùu Tlaf;dan¾ 13 od mj;ajk,o
* uqøk" bxðfkare" ,Snvq ksIamdol iy wfkl=;a jD;a;Skays
w;r foieïn¾ 3od /iaùu wdkavqfõ yuqodj úiska
lïlre ksfhdað;fhda" fudialõ lïlrejkaf.a fmdÿ
;ykï lrk ,§' ish¨ fok isrNdrhg .;af;ah'
ukav,hla [fidaúhÜ idNdjla] ;ekSfï ;Skÿ a j wkqu; l,y'
iNdfõ m%:u /iaùu g iyNd.s jQfha ÿisï
* Tlaf;dan¾ 7 od fudialõ ÿïßh ud¾.
lsysmhls' fkdjeïnrh jkúg tys idudðl ixLHdj
lïlrefjda j¾ckhla wdrïN l,y'
562la úh' bka 6la ldka;djkah' [1905" ms'250]
* Tlaf;dan¾ 9jk od mSg¾ian¾.a ÿïßh lïlrefjda
ksfhdað;hka ms,sn|j lsjfyd;a fï ldrkh jeo.;a
o Bg tl;=jQy( Tjqka b,a,d isáfha meh 8 jev
h( iEu lïlrejka 500 u tl ksfhdac;fhl= ne.ska
Èkhla" isú,a ksoyi" ish¨ foaYmd,k isrlrejkag
m;a lr.kakd f,i b,a,Sula *elagß j,g hjk ,§'
iudj" iy jHjia:d iïmdol ukav,hla h'
fuh yßhgu ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nqjd fkdfõ∙ lsishï
* úma,jjd§ mka;s b,a,Sï úúO jD;a;Skaf.a wd¾Ól
*elagßhl lïlrejka 20"00la isáhd kï bka iEu 500u
b,a,Sïj, g jvd by,ska bÈßm;a flßks' tys m%dfoaYSh
tl ksfhdað;fhla f;dard .efkkq we;' lsishï *elagßhl
yd wd¾Ól iSud blaujd hñka j¾ckh úma,jjd§ rEmhla
isáfha lïlrejka foishhla fyda ;=ka ishhla kï" th 500
.ksñka ;snqks' th fmr fkdjQ úrE iydhla o Èkd .;af;ah'
udhsfuka msgjqj;a tla ksfhdað;fhl= f;dard túhyels úh'
* ÿïßh fiajfha iuia; Y%u yuqodju -ñ,shk
fg%dÜials fufia lshhs
;=kald,la- jevj¾ckhg iïnkaOj isáhy'
fï wh lïy,a 147la o l=vd lïy,a 34la o jD;a;sh
* Tlaf;dan¾ 13 od" mSg¾ian¾.a
iñ;s 16la o ksfhdackh lf,da h' ksfhdað;hkaf.ka
kqjr lïlre ksfhdað;hkaf.a fidaúhÜ
m%Odk nyq;rh -351 fofkla- f,day lïlrefjda jQ w;r
iNdj msysgqjk ,§' [ 1905 msgq 87-92]
Tjqyq fidaúhÜ iNdj ;=, ;Srkd;aul N+ñldjla bgq
jev j¾ckfha jHdma;sh úYauhdjy úh' il, lf,dah' frÈms,s l¾udka;fhka 57lao " uqøk iy lvodis
m%uqL k.rhlau jid oeuqks' ÿïßh wl¾ukH ùh∙ l¾udka;fhka 32la o" idmamq lïlrejkaf.ka 12la o
úÿ,smksjqv fyda ;eme,a fiajd" lïlrejka w;g m;a úh' l¾hd, iy fnfy;a øjH fj,|dfuka 7la ksfhdað;fhda
wêrdcHfha fjk;a m%foaY j, o oejeka; fm,md,s tys jQy' úOdhl lñgqj fidaúhÜ iNdfõ weu;s ukav,h
mekke.=ks' fmda,ka;fha fjda¾fida" uOHu wdishdj fyj;a f,i lghq;= lf,ah' Tlaf;dan¾ 17 od f.dv k.k ,o
j¾;udk Wiafnlsia;dkfha gYalkaÜ" *ska,ka;fha th g mqoa.,hka 31la we;=,;a úh' lïy,a ksfhdac;hka
uyd fm,md,shla" fuu m%foaY ;=ku ud l,ska i|yka 22la" mlaIj,ska 9la [óg iudcm%cd;ka;%jd§ lkavdhï
l, mßÈ id¾f.a reishdlrk ms,sfj;aj,g úreoaO j,ska 6la o iudc-úma,jjd§kaf.ka 3lao] we;=,;a úh'
jQy' id¾ lemù isáfha ud l,ska ls mßÈ id¾ jdofha fidaúhÜ iNdj foaYmd,k jevj¾ck yd fm,md,s
tu ks, ms,sfj;gh( taldêm;s;ajh" cd;s jdoh" tkï fufyhjñka' [;Srkd;aul jQ mßÈ] lïlrejka
uyd reishdkq cdf;Hda;a;ujdoh" reishdkq ´;fvdlaia ikakoaO lrñka uyck;dj wú.;a cdf;Hda;a;ujd§
m,a,sh" tajd megùu i|yd wjYH kï nhsfk;a;=j' uerjr m%ydr j,ska wdrlaId lf,a h' [1905 msgq
uy jev j¾ckh lïlre mka;sfha oejeka; Yla;sh 250-251]' [fuh isÿù.k hk w;r" id¾ ;u
fmkakqï lf,ah' tfy;a jevj¾ckhla úma,jhlg flfia m%;s.dó n,h ixúOdkh lrñka cf;Hda;a;ujd§
kdhl;ajh fokak o@ foaY mßudk ke.sàula ixúOdkh uer n,ldh lïlrejkag tfrysj Wis.ekaùh]
fldg fufyhjkakg iu;a jkafka lõ o@ fuys§ lïlrejkau o m%;s.dó u udOHh o thg —lïlre
mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ idNdj f.dvke.Su ;Srkd;aul wdkavqj˜ hhs kï lsÍu jkdys fidaúhÜ iNdj ienúkau
úh' th wkd.; lïlrejkaf.a wdkavqjla ìysúh yelafla lïlrejkaf.a wdkavqjl îch h hkak ms,sn| m%ldYkhla
flfia o hkak ms,sn| wdlD;shla fmkakqï lf,ah' úh' fidaúhÜ iNdj lïlre mka;sl m%foaYj, úma,jjd§
Yla;sh úiska n,h iy;sl flrekq ;dla ÿrg n,h
ksfhdackh lf,a h' lïlre mka;sl Èia;%slalj, úma,jjd§
Yla;sfhka msgqn,h ,;a ;dla ÿrg fidaúhÜ iNdj n,h
fynùh' n,h ;ju;a ñ,sgß-foaYmd,k rdcdkavqj
w; /£ ;snqkq ;dla ÿrg thg" ^fidaúhÜ iNdjg& n,h
i|yd wr., lsÍug isÿj ;snqks' ^1905" 251 msgqj&
fuu wr.,fha§ hfula ok .eish hq;=j ;snqks'
id¾jd§ n,fõ. úiska fidaúhÜ iNdj flfia bjid
isákak o @ Tlaf;dan¾ 17 od id¾ ;udf.a m%isoaO
^l=m%isoaO & m%ldYh ksl=;a lr ;snqks' th jkdys" ro,
mka;sh WkkaÿjQ ;dla ÿrg uyjev j¾ckh bÈßfha
lïmdlÍ f,i hg;a ùuls∙ tfy;a th rjgk iq¨ tlla úh'
id¾f.a m%ldYhg yßhg Èk follg fmr" Tyqf.a
uyck u¾okh ndrj isá wNHka;r Wm weu;s fg%fmdõ
o j¾clhska u¾okh l, hq;=j we;s njg fhdackd lf,a
h' lsisÿ iykhla Èh hq;= ke;ehs o ir,ju j¾clhkag
fjä ;eìh hq;=h hs o Tyq ks¾foaY lf,a h' B,Õ Èkfha
fï fhdackdj h,s i,ld neÆ fyf;u" ljqreka fyda
ljr lf,lj;a wu;l fkdl,hq;= wmlS¾;su;a m%ldYh
lf,a h( —ysia m;frdï tmd Wkav b;=relr.kak tmd˜
[fuys w¾:h jQfha fm,md,sj,g fjä ;nk Nghskag
,ndÈh hq;af;a Wkav iys; m;frdï mukla h hkakhs']
fmd,sish fyda yuqodj fyda fldiela Nghka jev j¾clhskag
fyda uyck fm,md,shlg uqyqk ÿka úg idudkHfhka lf,a"
ck;djg li j,ska myr§uh" lvqj,ska lmd oeóuh' Bg
miq Wkav ke;s ysia m;frdï oud rjqï lsysmhla fjä
;nd Tjqka ìhjeoa§ug W;aidy lsÍuh' fik. fy,a¨fka
ke;akï Nghka Wkav iys; m;frdï oud wka;sug Tjqkag
fjä ;eîh' fg%fmdõ kshu lf,a ysia m;frdï ke;sj
fl,skau Ôj Wkav fhdod lïlrejkag fjä ;nk f,ih'
id¾ Tyqf.a m%ldYkh uqøkh lrñka isáh§ mSg¾ian¾.a
fidaúhÜ iNdj tys mqj;am; jk biafjiaáhd m,lf,ah'
th uqøkh l, wkaou .ek jpk lSmhla lsj hq;=h' th
kS;s úfrdaë úh' b;ska Tjqka lf,a l=ula o@ Tjqkaf.au
uqøkd,hla ;snqfka ke;' ;snqkd kï id¾f.a fmd,sish th
jyd w,a,d .kq we;' b;ska fidaúhÜ iNdj Okm;s mka;shg
fyda id¾g mlaIj m;% uqøkh l, k.rfha uqøkd,hlg
iuyrúg rd;%S oyhg muk ikakoaO lïlrejka .kkdjla
hjkq ,eîh' —fuu uqøk hka;% ó,Õ meh .kklg wm
i;= h' Tn wfma m;%h uqøkh lr Èh hq;=hhs˜ Tjqka lS
úg" uqøk lïlrejka fndfydafokd tajk úg fidaúhÜ
iNdjg ys;j;aj isá ksid Bg ish wkql+,;dj m,
l,y' —Tn ;=jlal= wm fj; udkd wmg mqj;am; uqøkh
lsÍug n, l,˜ nj fmkajkak' Èk lsysmhlg miqj
Tjqyq ta wdldrhlg ;j;a uqøkd,hla w;awvx.=jg .;ay'
id¾g o uqøk lghq;= m%Yakhla úh' ish¨u uqøkd,
jevj¾ckh lr ;snqks' j¾cl lïlrefjda id¾f.a-
tkï uy id¾;=udf.a - m%ldYkh uqøkh lsÍu j¾ckh
l,y' flfia jqj o wjidkfha th uqøkh lrjd .kakd
,§' ta i|yd yuqodj fhdod.kakg id¾g isÿ úh'
id¾" hï iSñ; pkao whs;Ska o w;sYhska iSñ;
n,hla iys; kS;s iïmdol ukav,hla fyj;a
vQudjla o fmdfrdkaÿ úh' fuh flf¾ m,jQ m%;spdr
úúOdldrh' iuyr lïlrefjda ÿgq jydu th fy,d
ÿgqfjda h' Tjqyq fg%fmdõf.a f,a jels yia;h o iys;j
fmdaiagrhla uqøkh fldg m%isoaO lf,da h' mSg¾ian¾.a
iriúfha YsIHfhda B,Õ Èkfha jevj¾ckh lf,da h'
tfy;a" ,snr,a OfkaYajrh Woaoduhg m;a úh' OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;% wdkavqjla w; ,Õ hhs Tjqyq is;d.;af;dah'
mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ iNdj oelajqfha fjkiau
m%;spdrhls( —˜
fyd|hs wmg jHjia:djla ,eî we;' wmg /iaùfï
ksoyi ,eî we;∙ tfy;a wmf.a /iaùï yuqodj úiska
jg,kq ,nhs' wmg l;dfõ ksoyi ,nd§ ;sfí' tfy;a
jdrkh fkdì¢h yelsh' wmg wOHdmkfha ksoyi
,nd§ ;sfí' tfy;a iriú" Nghkaf.ka mqrjd we;'
wmg fm!oa.,sl ksjdrkh ,nd§ we;' tfy;a isrf.j,a
isrlrejkaf.ka msÍ b;sÍ f.disks' wmg úÜ uy;d [,snr,a
m%;sixialrk ms,sn| fmdfrdkaÿ fok w.ue;s jrfhla]
,nd§ we;' tfy;a mrudêm;Hh tf,iu mj;S' ish,a,
,nd§ we;s kuq;a lsisjla ,nd§ ke;' ^1905" 123 msgqj&
fï ;;= ;=, l=ula fyda ì| jeáh hq;= úh' id¾ md,kh
fhdaO u¾okhla i|yd yuqod ixúOdkh lrñka isáfha h'
id¾f.a m%ldYkh ksl=;aù Èklg muk miqj úf,damkh
Èh;a lrkq ,enQ w;r bka Nhxlru tl isÿ jQfha
Tfviaidfõ h' l¨ uqyqfoa jrdhla wi,h' Tlaf;dan¾ 18-
20 olajd Èk ;=kla í,ela ykav%â l,a,s k.rfha hqfoõ
fmfoia isidrd ñksiqka urñka o myr foñka o jOfoñka
o f.j,a yd idmamq fld,a,lñka o úf,damkh isÿ lf,da
h' ydr ishhla urd ouk ,o w;r 50"000 g Wkaysá;eka
wysñ úh' lïlrefjda hqfoõjka wdrlaId lsÍfï fiakdxl
ixúOdkh l,y' tfy;a ñkSuereï keje;aùug tajdg
yels jQfha ke;' fuys PdhdrEmfha oelafjkafka tu
wdrlaIl fiakdxl j,ska tlls' Tjqka fuys fmkS isákafka
;uka Ôj;ajk m%foaYh wdrlaId lsÍug lghq;= lroa§
urd ouk ,o ish ifydaorhskaf.a u, isrero iu. h"
isÿùï md,kh lr.; fkdyels ;;ajhla Wodfjñka
mej;=ks' fudiafldafõ j¾ckh Tlaf;dan¾ 19od wjika
lrk ,§' mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ iNdj Tlaf;dan¾ 21
od ish j¾ckh wjika lsÍug ;Skaÿ lf,ah' tfy;a
mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ iNdj ish jev lghq;= kj;ajd Æfha
ke;' m,,a jYfhka lshjkq ,enQ biafjiaáhd mqj;am;g
wu;rj w¨;a m;%hla fkdjeïn¾ 13 od isg Èh;a flßks"
kpdf,da [wdrïNh] kï tys uq,a mqj; wdvïnrfhka
lshd isáfha" th reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre
mlaIfha mqj;a m;la njhs' fidaúhgh msysgqjQ Èkg miq Èk
tkï Tlaf;dan¾ 14 od reishdjg h,s meñk isá ,sfhdka
fg%dÜials tys m%Odk f,aLlhd" we;a;gu tys l;D jQfha h'
wfkl=;a f,aLlhska w;r mdjqia" udfgdõ" vEka yd ;j;a wh
isáhy' fnfyduhla fukafIúlhkah' fuu mqj;amf;a
l,dm 14ls msgjQfha' foiïn¾ 3 od fidaúhÜ iNdju
fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg .ekSu;a iu. m;%h o jid ouk ,§'
fg%dÜials fmnrjdß udifha §" úma,jfha isoaëka
È.yefrñka mj;soa§ *ska,ka;fha isg reishdfõ lsfhõ
k.rh lrd meñk ;snqks' blaì;s Tyq mSg¾ian¾.a lrd fiakaÿ
úh' mSg¾ian¾.a k.rfha mej;s uehs Èk fm,md,shl§
Tyqf.a ìß| k;d,shd w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,§' tfyhska
fg%dÜialsg reishdfjka mek hdug isÿúh' Tyq wi,ajeis
*ska,ka;fha msáir .ul ieÕù isáfhah' fkdkj;sk
úma,j kHdfha idrN+; wx.hka Tyq j¾Okh lf,a tys §
h' mSg¾ian¾.a fidaõhÜ iNdj msysgqjk ,oafoa Tlaf;dan¾
13 odh' fg%dÜials thg iïnkaOjQfha Bg miq Èkfha h'
fidaúhÜ iNdj oejeka; jeo.;a lulska hq;= ;Skaÿjla
.ksñka ish¨ lïy,a iy jevfmd,j,a jydu meh 8
jev Èkh ls%hd;aul lsÍug ;ukau mshjr .; hq;= hhs
lshd isáfha h' lïlrejkag lõreka fyda meh 8 jev
Èkh ,nd ÿkakd fkdfõ' lïlrefjda meh 8 jev ld,h
yudr jQ jydu Wmlrk ìu ;nd msgj hkakg mgka
.;a y' ydïmq;a;=" f,dlaflda" Okm;s *elagß ysñfhda
f,dljqÜ lsÍulg uqyqk ÿkafkdah' tfy;a lïlrejkag
;djld,slj miqneiSug isÿúh' fg%dÜials fufia ,shhs(
—m%d.aOkfha ixúys; m%;sfrdaOhg fï whqre uqyqk ÿka
jevlrk ck;dj" h,s;a úma,jfha uQ,sl m%Yakhg" tkï
ikakoaO ke.sàul wksjd¾h;djhg" wúwdhqO i|yd jQ
idrN+; wjYH;djhg uqyqk ÿkafkdah'˜ ^1905" 186 msgqj&
B,Õg wm lrkafka l=ula o@ fuhg ms,s;=re Èh hq;= úh'
úma,jfha wjidk wjêh jQ fudialõ kqjr
foieïn¾ ikakoaO ke.sàug uu oeka msúfiñ'
foieïn¾ 4 od fudialõ fidaúhÜ iNdj m¾jqia
úiska ,shk,o —uQ,H m%ldYkhla˜ iïu; lr.;af;a h'
th id¾f.a nÿ l%uhg yd nexl= l%uhg ;¾ckhla úh'
foieïn¾ 6 od" fudialõ yuqodxlfha n,j;a ler,sldÍ
;;ajfhka Èßu;a lrkq ,en" ta jkúg lïlrejka 100"000
la ksfhdackh l, fudialõ fidaúhÜ iNdj" úma,jjd§
mlaI o iu. tlaj B,Õ Èkfha tkï foieïn¾ 7
od foaYmd,k uyd jevj¾ckhla Èh;a lsÍug ;a th
yels;dla ÿrg ikakoaO ke.sàula njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍug;a ;Skaÿ lf,a h' fudialõ biafjiaáhd m%ldYkh
fufia i|yka lf,a h' —fudialõ lïlre ksfhdað;hkaf.a
lñgqj o reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIfha lkavdhu
iy lñgqj o iudc úma,jjd§kaf.a mlaI lñgqj
o fufia ks¾foaY fldg we;( —foieïn¾ 7od oj,a 12
isg foaYmd,k jevj¾ckhla Èh;a fldg" th ikakoaO
ke.sàula lrd mßj¾;kh lsÍug h;ak oeßh hq;= h'˜
m%:ufhkau jev j¾ckh lf,a fudialõ k.rhhs'
ta 7odh' B,Õ Èkfha idka; mSg¾ian¾.a" ñkaiala iy
g.kafrda.a o 10od á*a,sia o 11 od úkd" L¾fldõ"
Tfviaid yd ß.d o 13od lsfhõ iy ksYaks
fkdõf.dfrdaâ o 14od f,daâia o" 15od fjda¾fida o j¾ckhg
tl;= jQy' wm fuys i|yka lf,a m%Odk k.r muks'
iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l,ays foieïn¾ jev j¾ckhg
k.r 33la tl;= úh' Tlaf;danrfha§ 39la tl;=ù ;snqks'
fudiafldaj foieïn¾ jHdmdrfha uOHia:dkh úh'
m,uq Èkfha ,laIhla j¾ckh l,y' fojk Èkh
jk úg th 150"000la lrd by, kexf.a h' fmdÿ
jevj¾ckhla njg m;ajQ fudialõ j¾ckh msáir
l¾uka;Yd,d j,g o me;sreks' iEu ;eklu fhdaO
/iaùï meje;aúks blaukskau neßflaâ f.dv k.k
,o w;r igka me;sr .sfhah' ke.sàu wdrïN úh'
fuys§ neßflaâ bÈlr ;snqfka ikakoaO lïlrejkag
tajd msgqmi isg igka lsÍu i|yd fkdj" id¾f.a
yuqod k.rh yryd mSrdf.k hdu je,elaùfï
wruqfkks' igkalrejka o ikakoaO lïlrejka o
neßflav bÈlrf.k ;snQ kuq;a ta iq¨ ixLHdjls'
igka .;af;a l=uk iajrEmhla o@ lïlrejkaf.a
me;af;ka .;a l,ays th neßflav msgqmi isg fl,ska fjä
;eîulg jvd .ß,a,d wr.,hlg iudk úh' fg%dÜials
igka isÿjQ wdldrh .ek ;j;a úia;r we;=,;a lr ;sfí'
wms fuys fndfyda isoaëka ms,sn|j Wodyrkhla olajuq'
ikakoaO lïlrejka ^druzhinniki& 13 fofkla" meh y;rla
;siafia ld, ;=jlal= 3la o ueIska ;=jlal= 2la o w;e;sj"
fid,aodÿjka 500la fyda 600l f.a fjä myrg uqyqk§
f.k f.dvke.s,a,la w,a,df.k isáfhdah' fid,aodÿjkag
úYd, ydks isÿl, Tjqyq ;u Wkav iy fjä fnfy;a bjr
jQ miq tlÿ ;=jd,hla j;a fkd,nd bj;aj .sfhda h' ta w;r
fid,aodÿfjda m%ydrj,ska k.rfha f.dvke.s,s .kkdjla
úkdY fldg" f.j,a .sks.kajd" NS;shgm;a mqrjeishka ÿisï
.kkla urd oeuQy' Tjqka fï ish,a, lf,a úma,jjd§ka
ÿisu t,jd oeóugh' [fg%dÜials" 1905" 241 msgqj ]
uQ,sl jYfhkau lïlrejka igka lf,a ta wdldrfhks'
Tjqkag W.kajd ;snqfka l=vd lkavdhï yeáhg" fofofkla"
;=kafofkla" iuyrúg y;rfofkla f,i ldkav .eiS" by,
isg fjä;nd tl ;ek È.ska È.gu fkd/£ udrejk f,ih'
fudialõ ke.sàu u¾okh lsÍu ndrj isá vqndfidõ
w.kqjrg jd¾;d lf,a" fudialõ yuqodxlfha 15"000lska
igkg fufyhúh yels jQfha fin¨ 5"000la ú;rla njh'
b;sß wh úiajdih ;nd igkg fufyhúh fkdyelsh'
fl,skau id¾g l;d l, Tyq lshd isáfha id¾ ;j;a n,
weks fkdtjkafka kï —taldêm;s;ajh b;=re fkdjkq
we;s˜ njh' m%N+ iafudf,akaials fiakdxlh jydu fudialõ
lrd hd hq;= hhs id¾ ksfhda. lf,ah' ienE ldrkh
jQfha Tjqkag .uka l, fkdyels ùuhs' iuyr ;ekaj,
ÿïßh ud¾.h wjysr lsÍug lïlrefjda W;aidy l,y'
tfy;a yuqodj Tjqka m,jd yeß w;r fin¨ .uka .;ay'
19 od jkúg jev j¾ckh wjika l,hq;=
hhs fidaúhÜ iNdj 16od ;Skaÿ lf,a h'
fudialõ ke.sàfuka 1000la muk ñh.sh w;r t;rïu
ixLHdjla ;=jd, ,enQy' fyajdfhda ish .dkla ureuqjg m;a úh'
igfka tl wjia:djl§ fm%iakHd m%foaYfha lïlrejkag
Wfoa yfha isg iji y;r olajd" ñks;a;=jg y; .kfka
fkdkj;sk ld,;=jlal= m%ydrhla t,a, úh' iuyr
lïlrejka wdhqO ikakoaOj isá kuq;a isú,a jeishka f.ka
msß kd.ßl fmfoila ;=, fuhska isÿ lrk ,o úkdYh
fld;rï oehs is;d.; yels h' fI,afjä m%ydrfhka
uq¨ uy;a m%foaYhu úkdY úh' lïy,a o ta w;r úh'
fuys oelafjk mska;+rfhka 1905 reishdkq úma,jfha
fhdaO mßudj oel.; yels fõ' ish¨ l¨ ;s;a fmkakqï
lrkafka" tlaflda ikakoaO ke.sàug ke;fyd;a
fckr,a iag%hslhg iïnkaOj isá k.rhka h'
fudialõ ke.sàu úYd, ;u tl jqjo wfkla
m%foaY o ikakoaO wr.,hg iïnkaO úh' k.r
fndfyduhl( Tfâiaid" fkdfjdfrdisiala" fldiaÜfrdud"
hkd§ k.rj, fidaúhÜ iNd mek ke.=ks'
blaì;s t,Uqfka uyd u¾okfha ld, mßÉfþohls'
1905 isg 1907 olajd id¾ uyd u¾okh Èh;a lf,ah'
ÿïßh lïlrejka m%uqL N+ñldjla bgql, fyhska
id¾ úfYaIfhkau ÿïßh ud¾. Èf.a oXqjï m%ydrl
wdl%uk Èh;a lr ;snqks' ÿïßh fmd,lg lvdjÈk
yuqodj bjnj ke;sj È.g yryg olsk olsk ish¨
fokdgu( .eyekqka" ,uhska" ÿïßh lïlrejka hkd§
ish,a,kag u fjä ;enqfjdah' ñksiqka ìh.ekaùu
msksi iuyreka ÿïßh u. fome;af;a t,a,d ouk ,§'
u¾okh .ek fg%dÜials fufia ,sùh'
—fnda,alka m%foaYfha ke.sàu fudialõ ke.sàug
foi;shlg fmr isÿúh' ,eÜúhdfõ lïlrefjda
fjä;nd o t,a,d o li j,ska iy fmd¨j,ska myr
§ o urd ouk ,oafodah' iuyrúg fid,aodÿjka
fofma,shla iE§ lïlrejkag ÿjkakg kshufldg
uq.=rej,ska ;,ñka uD. f,i urd oeóh' fnfyúka
wiïmQ¾k f;dr;=re wkqj fnda,aála m%foaYj, udi
folla ;=,§ 749 fofkla urd ouk ,oy' f.dúm, 100la
mq¨iaid oeñks' fndfyda fofkl=g uefrkf;la lifhka
;,k ,§' ta udi fol ;=,h'˜ [1905" 248 msgqj ]
ckjdß 9;a 1906 m%:u rdcH vqudj le|jq 1906
wfm%a,a 27 ;a w;r o," tfy;a w;sYfhdala;shg fkdkexjQ
ixLHdf,aLk wkqj" id¾f.a wdkavqj mqoa.,hska 14"000g
jeä ixLHdjla urd oeó h' 1000g urk oXqju
mekúh' 20"000lg wêl ixLHdjlg ;=jd, lrk
,o w;r ^bka jeä fokd ;=jd, ksid urkhg m;a úh&
70"000 g wêl ixLHdjla w;a wvx.=jg f.k" msgqjy,a
fldg iy ysf¾ oukq ,enQ y' id¾f.a me;af;ka i,lk
l," mrÿjg ;eî ;snqfka id¾jdofhau meje;au ùu
ksid" f.jQ ñ, by, tlla fkdùh' ^1905" 249 msgqj&
ish¨ fokdgu urk oXqju mekjQfha ke;' fuys
mska;+rfha oelafjk mSg¾ian¾.a fidaúhÜ iNdfõ
m%uqL idudðlhka - fg%dÜials tys fojk fma,sfha
- 1906 § w;awvx.=jg f.k kvq wid —yqfola˜
ihsîßhdfõ wE; m%foaY j,g msgqjy,a lrkq ,eìk'
fid,jd,kq ,enQ kuq;a id¾jd§ md,k ;ka;%h" ish n,fõ.
f.dkqlrf.k ;ka;%h ;yjqre lr.ekSug mshjr .;s' ke.sàu
;,d oukq ,nd we;s nj;a oeka b;ska foaj,a ienúkau md,kh
lsÍug wjia:dj t,U we;s nj;a ro,fhda úYajdi l,y'
maf,Ldfkdõ" f,kska iy fg%dÜials
1905 úma,jhg ;=vq ÿka ld, mßÉfÉofha § o bka
blaì;af;a o reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHdmdrh
;=, úma,jh ms,sn|j W.% u; fNao u;=j ;snqks'
maf,Ldfkdõ" f,kska iy fg%dÜials" úma,jh flfia úlis;
fõ o hkak ms,sn|j m%jdo ;=kla bÈßm;a lr ;snqks'
maf,Ldfkdõ lshd isáfha —OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%
úma,jhla ;=, wdêm;Hh .kakd lïlre mka;sh ,snr,a
Okm;s mka;sh iu. ikaOdkhla f.dvk.d .kakd njhs'
tys b,lalh jkq we;af;a id¾j;s%l" Rcq" iudk" iy
ryis.; i¾jck pkaoh iys; md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%hla
msysgqùu h' ngysr hqfrdamfha iudcjd§ úma,jh iu.
fuh fmrg hkq we;' Tyq 1905 foieïnrfha § tu jif¾
w. udij, isoaëka" úfYaIfhkau fudialõys ikakoaO
ke.sàu ms,sn| ;u u;h m,lrñka fuu m%ldYh lf,a
h( —lïlrejka wú fkd.; hq;=j ;snqks'˜ Tyq fufia
lSfï § fndfyda lïlrejka o iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka o
bÈßfha ienúkau ;uka wmlS¾;shg m;a lr.;af;a h'˜
f,kskag ;snqfka fjkia wia:dkhls' Tyq lSfõ fuhhs( Tõ
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;% úma,jh iïmQ¾k l, hq;=h' ta w;r
Tyq le|jqï lf,a" —lïlrejkaf.a iy f.dùkaf.a m%cd;ka;%
taldêm;s;ajhhs' OfkaYajr ,snr¨ka iu. ikaOdkhla
fkd;sìh hq;=h' È,s÷ u f.dùka iu. ikaOdkhla ;=,ska
úfYaIfhkau lDIs m%Yakhg /äl,a úi÷ula ,nd.; hq;= h'˜
ngysr hqfrdamfha iudcjd§ úma,jh" reishdfõ úma,jhg
wdOdrlhla jkq we;s nj jgyd.;a f,kska fufia lshd isáfha
h( —th bgqlrkafka flfiaoehs Tjqka wmg fmkajkq we;'˜
fg%dÜials f.dúck;djf.a iydh we;sj lïlre mka;s
taldêm;s;ajhla le|jqï lf,ah' OfkaYajr ,snr¨ka
iu. ikaOdkhla ;sìh hq;= ke;ehs tlÕ jQ Tyq
th" OfkaYajr úma,jhlska fkdkj;sk" iudcjd§
ms,sfj;a l%shd;aul lrk wLkav fyj;a fkdkj;sk
úma,jhla jkq we;s nj lshd isáfhah' reishdfõ
iudcjd§ úma,jh ngysr hqfrdamfha iudcjd§ úma,jh
wjq¨jkq we;' tfy;a th ms,s.kq ,enQ oDIaáh fkdùh'
fg%dÜials miqj 1922 ckjdßfha§ fkdkj;sk úma,jh
ms,sn| ish woyia úia;drkh lf,a h(
miq ld,fha —fkdkj;sk úma,jh˜ ms,sn| kHdh
hhs kï lrk ,o tu woyia l;=jrhdf.a is;
;=, f.dvke.=fka yßhgu 1905 ckjdß 9 yd
1905 Tlaf;dan¾ jev j¾ckh w;r ld,h ;=,h'
fuu ;rula WÉp m%ldYkh u.ska ks¾jpkh flfrkafka"
reishdkq úma,jh iDcqj OfkaYajr wruqkq ms,sn|j
W;aiql jqj;a" th tu wrukqq u; /£ isàug wiu;a njh∙
lïlre mka;sh n,hg m;a fkdfldg úma,jhg" ish
wdikak OfkaYajr wruqkq ch .ekSu l, fkdyels njh'
 fuhg m%;sl+,j lïlre mka;sfha fmrgq n,wekshg
ish ch.%ykh iy;sl lsßu i|yd" ish md,kfha
wdrïNl wjêfha mgkau yqfola jevjiï mukla fkdj
OfkaYajr foam, ;=,go .eUqre lvd je§ï lrkakg
isÿjkq we;' tfia lsÍfï§ lïlre mka;shg" úma,jjd§
wr.,fha uq,a wêhrhkays ;ukag iyfhda.h § ;snqkq
ish¨u OfkaYajr lkavdhï iu. mukla fkdj"
;ukag wdOdr ÿka m,,a .ïno f.dú ck fldgia
iu. o .egqug t,fUkakg isÿjkafkah' [1905" ms' vi]
fuu mriamrh úi¢h yelafla flfia o @
lïlrejkaf.a wdkavqjla o miq.dó rgl
w;Hka; nyq;r f.dúckhd o w;r m%;s>;s;d
úi¢h yels jQfha cd;Hka;r mßudjl h" f,dal
lïlre úma,jfha rkìu ;=,h' [1905" ms' vi-vii]
tfyhska fuu mriamr úfrdaOh yqfola
;kslr reishdj ;=, úi¢h yelalla fkdfõ'
fjda¾fida kqjr§ w;awvx.=jg .ekSug fmr 1905
úma,jhg ál l,la iyNd.sj isá frdaid ,laiïn¾.a"
reishdfõ isÿjqfha l=ulao hkak ms,sn|j 1906 § ,shk
,o ish flá ú.%yfha §" fckr,a iag%hslfha N+ñldj
ms,sn|j c¾uka iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIh ;=,
idlÉpdjla we;s l, hq;=hhs b,a,d isáhdh' jD;a;Sh
iñ;s kdhlhska fuhg i;=re jQ w;r fï ms,sn| jeäÿr
idlÉPd tu mlaIh úiska ;ykï lrk ,§' ,kavkfha
mej;s 1907 reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaI
iïfï,kfha § weh fg%dÜialsf.a ú.%yhg iydh ÿkakdh'
1905 isoaëkaf.a mßudj w;s uy;a úh' fndfyda fokd th
w¾O ch.%ykhla iy w¾O mrdchla f,i úia;r lf,da
h' id¾jdoh n,fha /£ isáfha h' tfy;a urkSh ;=jd,
iys;jh' lïlre mka;sh 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha§
n,j;au úma,jjd§ n,fõ.h f,i biau;a;g meñk
;snqks' w¨;a mlaI" w¨;a ls%hdud¾. iy w¨;a ixúOdk
rEm fmrg meñksfhah' lïlre mka;sh ixúOdkh lr
thg kdhl;ajh §ug ;uka iu;ahhs iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§
mlaIh ;yjqre lrñka isáfha h' uyd jev j¾ckh
o ikakoaO ke.sàu iu. thg mej;s iïnkaO;dj
o wOHhkh fldg tys mdvï Wlyd.; hq;=j ;snqks'
cd;Hka;rj .;a l,ays fuu isoaê rgj,a ;=kl" Ökfha"
;=¾lsfha iy m¾ishdfõ ^j;auka brdkfha& úfYaIfhkau
n,.;= n,mEula we;s lf,a h' weußld tlai;a ckmoh
© www.wsws.org
;=, f,dalfha ld¾ñl lïlrejkaf.a [bkaviaá%h,a
j¾l¾ia T*a o j¾,aâ- IWW] ixúOdkh f.dv k.k
,§' m%kaifha iskaäl,ajdohg f,dl= ;,a¨jla ,enqks'
1905 § reishdfõ lïlre mka;sh W.;a
mdvï 1917 Tlaf;danrfha úma,jh iqodkï
lsÍfï,d ;Srkd;aul idOlhla úh'
25ia jirlg miq fg%dÜials 1905 .ek wjidk
ks.ukh ish iajhxpß;dmodkfha fufia ,shd ;eîh'
—Tlaf;dan¾ j¾ckfha w¾O ch.%ykh ud i|yd
oejeka; kHdhsl iy foaYmd,k jeo.;a lula ord
isáfhah' id¾ md,kh m%:u j;djg ok.iajkq ,enqfõ"
,snr,a OfkaYajrfha úfrdaO;d j,skaj;a" wdrïNl
wjia:dfõ f.dú ck ke.sàï j,skaj;a" nqoaêu;=kaf.a ;%ia;
l%shd j,skaj;a fkdfõ' lïlre mka;sfha jevj¾ck j,sks'
úma,jh meyeÈ,sju lïlre mka;shg n,h w,a,d .ekSfï
n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s lf,ah' miqj jydu t,ô jir
.kkdjl m%;s.dñ;ajh fï wdia:dkfhka ud miqneiaùug
iu;a jQfha fkdfõ' tfy;a fuu wdia:dkfha isg uu ngysr
ms,sn| udf.a ks.ukhg meñksfhñ' reishdfõ fh!jk
lïlre mka;shg t;rïu Yla;shla fmkakqï l, yels jQfha
kï" jvd;a Èhqkq rgj, lïlre mka;sh fl;rï oejeka;
úma,jjd§ n,hla ord isákq we;a o@ [My Life 180 jk msgqj ]
WOD;(
,sfhdka fg%dÜials 1905, ^1905 ms,sn|j fg%dÜialsf.ka .;a
WOD;& " wkahd fndiafgdalf
a .a mßj¾;kh" úkafÜÊ nqlia a 1971'
,sfhdka fg%dÜials My Life" uf.a Ôú;h WOD;(
^uelaia BiaÜuka mßj¾;kh" md;a*hskav¾ 1970&
[1] fl!Üials( —ia,dõjre iy úma,jh˜ Witnesses
to Permanent Revolution ^úÜkiia gq m¾ukkaÜ
frjÆIka& kue;s lD;sfhka" 2009" ßpâ fâ
yd veksfh,a .hsfvda ixialrkh" 64 msgqj'
[2] ;shfvda¾ veka" The Origins of Bolshevism,
^Tßðkaia T*a fnda,afYúiaï& fcdfh,a lduhsl,a úiska
mßj¾;kh lr ixialrkh lrk ,§ (Schocken
Books, 1970)" fIdlka nqlaia 1970" 299-300 msgq'
[3] “An Anti-War Leaflet,” —hqo úfrdaë m;s%ldjla"˜
1905 reishdkq úma,jh The Russian Revolution of 1905:
Change Through Struggle, Revolutionary History, ^fÉkaÊ
;arE iag%.,a frjÆIkß ysiaá%&" 9 fj¨u" 85-87 msgq