APOMORPHIES

ROOTS STEMS LEAVES SPORANGIA GAMETOPHYTE

LYCOPODIOPHYTA/ - DICHOPODIAL - EXARCH PROTOXYLEM - SPOROPHYTIC - DORSIVENTRAL

LYCOPHYTES - ENDARCH - LYCOPHYLLS
PROTOXYLEM - FROM ENATIONS
LYCOPODIOPSIDA/CLUB - NO LIGULES - HOMOSPORY
MOSSES - DEVELOP ON
SPOROPHYLLS
(SPECIALIZED
LEAVES)
- HAVE STROBILUS/
CONE

LYCOPODIACEAE - DICHOPODIAL - DICHOTOMOUSLY - SIMPLE - HOMOSPOROUS - MYCORRHIZAL

BRANCHED RHIZOIDS
 - SESSILE - SPOROPHYTES -
- SINGLE MIDRIB PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- GEMMAE
 - NO LIGULE - STROBILI - NON-
* VEGETATIVE
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC

GRANULES
- SPORES

* GLOBOSE OR
TETRAHEDRAL WITH
TRILETE LEASURA

ISOETOPSIDA - HAVE LIGULES - HETEROSPOROUS - ENDOSPORIC

- MEGASPORE (FEWER;
FEMALE
GAMETOPHYTE)
- MICROSPORE
(NUMEROUS; MALE
GAMETOPHYTE)

ISOETACEAE - ENDOGENOUS - PROTOSTELIC - SIMPLE; SPIRAL; - HETEROSPOROUS - ENDOSPORIC


- DICHOPODIAL - LOBES ON BASE BASAL ROSETTE; - AT ADAXIAL SIDE OF
- AIR CHAMBERS SHEATHING BLADES SPOROPHYLLS - CAM
- HAVE LIGULES - MICROSPORANGIA PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- SINGLE MIDRIB (OUTER
- AIR CHAMBERS LEAVES;MONOLETE)
- MEGASPORANGIA
(INNER
LEAVES;TRILETE)


- COVERED WITH
VELUM AND
TRANSVERSED BY
TRABECULAE

MIKEE ABRAHAM 2B1

 SELAGINELLACEAE/ - ADVENTITIOUS - DICHOTOMOUSLY - SIMPLE; SESSILE; - HETEROSPOROUS - ENDOSPORIC
SPIKE MOSSES - DICHOPODIAL BRANCHING SPIRAL
- SOME ARE - PROTOSTELIC - SINGLE MIDRIB
RHIZOPHORES - HAVE LIGULES IN
SPOROPHYLLS
- SMALL BLADES

EUPHYLLOPHYTA/ - MONOPODIAL - - EUPHYLLS - TERMINAL IN

EUPHYLLOPHYTES - EXARCH POSITION
PROTOXYLEM - DEHISCE
- 30KB IN LONGITUDINALLY
CHLOROPLAST DNA

MONILOPHYTA/ - SIPHONOSTELE
MONILOPHYTES/FERNS - MESARCH
PROTOXYLEM

EQUISETOPSIDA/ - RIDGED STEMS - REDUCED WHORLED - SPORANGIOPHORES


HORSETAILS - MARGINALLY FUSED
- PHOTOSYNTHETIC
SPORES WITH
ELATERS

EQUISETACEAE - UNDERGROUDN - SMALL; SIMPLE; - HOMOSPOROUS - PHOTOSYNTHETIC

RHIZOMES WHORLED - BORN IN TERMINAL AND CUSHION-LIKE
- RIDGED AERIAL MICROPHYLLOUSLY STROBILI \
STEMS - NON- - PELTATE
- PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC AT SPORANGIOPHORES

WITH EPIDERMIS MATURITY
WITH SILICA - SPORES LACK
INCLUSIONS ATTACHMENT SCAR;
- HAVE A HOLLOW PITH HYGROSCOPIC
WITH 2 RING CANALS ELATERS
(CARINAL - INNER;
VALLECULAR -
OUTER)

OPHIOGLOSSALES/ - EACH LEAF HAVE - EUSPORANGIA FROM -

OPHIOGLOSSOID STERILE AND FERTILE SEVERAL EPIDERMAL
FERNS FRAGMENT CELLS
- LARGE
- SPORANGIAL WALL
WITH MORE THAN 1
CELL LAYER
(PRODUCES MANY
SPORES)

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE/ - FLESHY; - PROTOSTELIC - SOLITARY; LACKING - HOMOSPOROUS - NON-

ADDER’S TONGUE MYCORRHIZAL; VASCULATURE OR CIRCINATE VENATION - EUSPORANGIA
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC
LACHING ROOT HAIRS ECTOPHLOIC - SIMPLE BLADE
 - MYCORRHIZAL OR
- HAVE ADVENTITIOUS SIPHONOSTELE - TETRAHEDRAL AND MYCOTROPHIC
BUDS - ERECT - LACKING SORI TRILETE SPORES

MIKEE ABRAHAM 2B1

 PSILOTALES/WHISK - LACK TRUE ROOTS - REDUCED AND PEG- - SYNAGIUM (FUSION - NON-
FERNS LIKE LEAVES OF 2 OR 3 PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- ENATIONS SPORANGIA) - MAY CONTAIN
- WITH MIDRIB - YELLOWISH AT MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
MATURITY

PSILOTACEAE - LACK ROOTS - UNDERGROUND - SIMPLE; SPIRAL - EUSPORANGIATE - NON-

RHIZOIDS - SMALL BLADES - HOMOSPOROUS PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- AERIAL STEMS - ENATIONS - SYNAGIATE (FUSION - CYLINDRICAL
PHOTOSYNTHETIC, OF 3 PSILOTUM - SAPROPHYTIC
RIDGED SPORANGIA OR 2 - MULTIFLAGELLATED
- DICHOPODIAL TMESIPTERIS SPERM
- PROTOSTELE OR SPORANGIA)

SOLENOSTELE
- RENIFORM AND
MONOLETE SPORES

MARATTIOPSIDA/ - CIRCINATE VENATION - AT ABAXIAL SIDE OF - PHOTOSYNTHETIC

MARATTOID FERNS LEAFLET BLADES
- EUSPORANGIA
(SYNANGIUM)

MARATTIACEAE - RHIZOMATOUS OR - DEVELOPED BY - EUSPORANGIATE - LARGE; THALLOID

ERECT CIRCINATE VENATION - HOMOSPOROUS - PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- MATURE LEAVES
LARGER
- STIPULATE


- ABAXIAL SORI
POLYPODIOPSIDA/ - HORIZONTAL STEM - CIRCINATE VENATION
LEPTOSPORANGIATAE/ - FIDDLEHEADS:
FILIOPSIDA YOUNG COILED
LEAVES


- LEAF: FROND
- PETIOLE: STIPE

- PINNAE: MAJOR
DIVISION
- PINNULES: ULTIMATE
LEAFLETS

OSMUNDALES/ - ERECT STEM - 1-2PINNATE OR - ON ABAXIAL SURFACE - LARGE; GREEN

CINNAMON FERN PINNATIFID OF LEAVES - CORDATE
- STIPULATE - LARGE BODIES - SURFICIAL
- DIMORPHIC
 - SHORT STALKS
- DEHISCING BY APICAL
- LACKING SORI AND SPLIT

INDUSIA

- SPORES ARE GREEN,
- LATERAL ANNULUS SUBGLOBOSE AND
TRILETE

MIKEE ABRAHAM 2B1

HYMENOPHYLLALES/ - SCALE-LESS, - THIN LEAVES - BASIPETALOUS
 - FILAMENTOUS OR
FILMY FERNS PROTOSTELIC - NO STOMATA RIBBON LIKE
RHIZOMES - NO CUTICLE - SPORES ARE GREEN,
- OPEN VENATION
 GLOBOSE AND
TRILETE
- OBLIQUE ANNULUS
GLEICHENIALES/ - LONG, - ROUND TO PEAR - LARGE, GREEN
GLEICHENOID FERNS INDETERMINATE SHAPED
 - SURFICIAL WITH CLUB
- PSEUDOMONOPODIAL
 SHAPED HAIRS
- TRANSVERSE-
OBLIQUE SPORES

SCHIZAELES/ - RHIZOMATOUS - DIMORPHIC LEAVES - TRANSVERSE, - GREEN, CORDATE

SCHIZAEOID - INDETERMINATE AND SUBAPICAL - SURFICIAL
ELONGATE - CONTINUOUS
- PSEUDOMONOPODIAL ANNULUS


- TETRAHEDRAL
SPORES, TRILETE

SALVINIALES - HETEROSPOROUS

MARSILEACEAE/ - ELONGATE - CIRCINATE, SIMPLE - HETEROSPOROUS

CLOVER FERN - RHIZOMES WITH OR PALMATE
AERENCHYME AND - 2 OR 4 SESSILE
SOLENOSTELIC LEAFLETS
- DICHOTOMOUS
VENATION

SALVINIACEAE - ABSENT - DICHOPODIAL - SIMPLE; DIMORPHIC - HETEROSPOROUS

- PROTOSTELIC - AERENCHYMATOUS - GLOBOSE
- AERENCHYMOUS - DISTICHOUS AT
MATURITY

CYATHEALES/TREE - ARBORESCENT - MARGINAL OR - TRILETE SPORES - GREEN AND CORDATE

FERNS - RHIZOMATOUS WITH ABAXIAL SORI
HAIRS OR SCALES

CYATHEACEAE - MOSTLY - LONG - MATURE GRADATELY - GREEN AND CORDATE

ARBORESCENT - 1-3 PINNATE BLADES - OBLIQUE ANNULUS
- POLYCYCLIC - FREE VEINS - TETRAHEDRAL
DICTYOSTELE - ABAXIAL, ROUND SPORES, TRILETE
SORI

POLYPODIALES/ - THIN, LONG STALK - GREEN, CORDATE

POLYPOD FERNS - SURFICIAL

MIKEE ABRAHAM 2B1

 ASPLENIACEAE/ - RHIZOMATOUS - MONOMORPHIC - MIXED
SPLEENWORT - SIMPLE TO - 1 ROW ONLY
MULTIPINNATE - RENIFORM SPORES
- SMALL CLAVATE WITH WINGED PERINE
HAIRDS
- PINNATE OR FORKING
VENATION

DRYOPTERIDACEAE/ - RHIZOMATOUS - MONOMORPHIC - MIXED

DRYOPTEROID - PINNATE OR FORKING - SPORANGIAL STALKS
VEINS IN 3 ROWS
- ROUND SORI - RENIFORM SPORES,
MONOLETE

POLYPODIACEAE/ - RHIZOMATOUS - SIMPLE TO 1-PINNATE - MIXED

POLYGRAM - MONOMORPHIC OR - SPORANGIAL STALKS
DIMORPHIC IN 1-3 ROWS
- GLABROUS BLADES - HYALINE TO
WITH HAIRS OR YELLOWISH
SCALES SPORANGIA
- ABAXIAL SORI - RENIFORM AND
MONOLETE

PTERIDACEAE/PTEROID - RHIZOMATOUS - SIMPLE - MIXED

FERN - PINNATE - SPORANGIAL STALKS
- PEDATE IN 1-3 ROWS
- EXINDUSIATE SORI - GLOBOSE OR
- FALSE INDUSIUM TETRAHEDRAL
SPORES

Tracheophyta/Vascular Plants - roots


- independent, long lived sporophyte
 * anchorage and absorption

* haplodiplontic
 1. root cap

* diploid sporophyte, haploid gametophyte
 - calyptra

* branched and bears multiple sporangia - protects apical meristem

- lignified secondary cell walls
 - provide lubrication

* interbinding cement
 2. root hairs

* strength and rigidity - increase surface area

- sclerenchyma
 3. Central vascular cylinder

* nonconductive cells
 - site of conduction of water/minerals and sugar

* enable structural support needed for greater stem height 4. endodermis with casparian strip

- Tracheary elements
 - surrounds vascular cylinder

* xylem 5. endogenous lateral roots

- Sieve elements
 - origin of new lateral roots

* phloem 6. Mycorrhizae

- endodermis
 - symbiotic interaction with fungi
* casparian strip for selective absorption

MIKEE ABRAHAM 2B1