Procesamiento Digital de Señales

Jhon James Granada Torres

Universidad de Antioquia

Jhon.granada@udea.edu.co

1
Course Overview

Evaluación:
• Examen 1: 25%
• Examen 2: 25%
• Examen 3: 25%
• Lab: 25%

2
DSP

Introduction

3
Introduction

What happens to analog signals

4
Introduction

What happens to analog signals

5
Introduction
What happens to analog signals

6
Introduction
We can amplify the attenuation

7
Introduction

8
Introduction
For a long, long channels, we need repeaters

9
Introduction

10
Introduction

11
Introduction

In digital signals we can threshold

12
Introduction
Transmission of Quantized signals

13
Introduction
Transmission of Quantized signals

14
Introduction

Signal Conversion
• The device that does the conversion is called an
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
• There is a device that converts digital to analog that
is called a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

15
Introduction

Converting Analog into Digital

• The output of the

resistance ladder is
compared to the analog Analog Voltage Comparator
Output Higher
voltage in a comparator Equal
Lower
Resistance
• When there is a match, Ladder Voltage

the digital equivalent

(switch configuration) is
captured
16
Introduction

Converting Digital into Analog

17
Introduction

ADC-DAC

18
Introduction

Analog-to-digital conversion
process
• The (band-limited) signal is first sampled,
converting the analogue signal into a discrete-time
continuos amplitude signal.
• The amplitude of each signal is quantized into one
of 2B, where B is the number of bits used to
represent a sample in the ADC.
• The discrete amplitude levels are represented or
encoded into distinct binary words each of length B
bits.
19
Introduction

ADC
• The analogue input signal: continuos in both time and
amplitude.
• The sampled signal: continuos in amplitude but defined
only at discrete points in time. Thus the signal is zero
except at time t=nT (the sampling instants).
• The digital signal, x(n) (n=0,1,…): exists only at discrete
points in time and at each time point can only have one
of 2B values (discrete-time discrete-value signal).

This is the type of signal that is of concern to us in this course

20
Introduction

DAC
• The input and output signals of the DAC are both
wideband signals.
• …infinite number of images of the original spectrum
centred at the multiples of the sampling frequency.
• The amplitude of the output signal spectrum is
multiplied by the sin(x)/x function, which acts like a
low pass filter, with the image frequencies heavily
attenuated.

21
Introduction

DAC

22
Introduction

ADC-DAC

23
Discrete-Time S&S
Definition of Discrete-Time Signal and
System

• Define at equally spaced discrete value of time

• Represented as a sequence of numbers
• The sequence is denoted as x[n]; where n is an
integer in the range of −∞ 𝑡𝑜 ∞

24
Discrete-Time S&S
Definition of Discrete-Time Signal and
System
• The discrete-time signal is obtained by periodically sampling
a continuous-time signal at uniform time Interval
• The sampling Interval or period is denoted as Ts
• Thus the sampling frequency can be defined as reciprocal of
Ts, namely,
Fs=1/Ts
• When the analog signal is sampled at certain period of time,
the discrete-time signal can be written as below:
x[n]=xa[t] xa[nTs], n=…,-2,-1,0,1,2…
25
Discrete-Time S&S
Definition of Discrete-Time Signal and
System

26
Discrete-Time S&S
Definition of Discrete-Time Signal and
System
• Sampling Theorem

If the highest frequency component in a signal is fmax, then

the signal should be sampled at the rate of at least 2fmax for
the samples to describe the signal completely:

Fs≥ 2fmax

27
Discrete-Time S&S
Definition of Discrete-Time Signal and
System
• Aliasing

28
Discrete-Time S&S

Undersampling
T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)

ts = 7.5 ms (fs=133 Hz < 2f ) T’ = 40 ms

(f’= 25 Hz)
Discrete-Time S&S

Sampling of more complex signals

highest frequency
component

period period

Sampling must be at the frequency which is higher than the

twice the highest frequency component in the signal !!!

fs > 2 fmax
Discrete-Time S&S

Example:
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S
Discrete-Time S&S