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II. CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONNECTION OF HVDC links, it employs a point-to-point VSC-HVDC
REWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM WITH VSC-HVDC GRID transmission connection to simplify the complexity of
system controls because the main purpose of this paper is to
A. Typical Structure of Connection of RES with VSC- verify the effectiveness of the proposed AC-side dynamic
HVDC Grid braking method for balancing the power flow through VSC
The VSC-HVDC transmission system needs no stations during faults. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the
VSC-HVDC links the islanded wind farm with the AC
synchronization support of the sending grid and has flexible
power grid.
control capability. It, therefore, is very suitable to adapt
stochastic and intermittent wind power and realize the long AC Power Grid
VSC-HVDC Transmission Islanded Wind Farm
±150kV
planning to build the world's first ±500kV multi-terminal
Slack Onshore Offshore
VSC-HVDC grid in 2019: Zhangbei Demonstration Project Bus Bus Onshore VSC Offshore VSC Bus
450MVA 450MVA
of VSC-HVDC Grid. This project is the world's first
demonstration of VSC-HVDC loop grid. It will be equipped Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the simplified power grid
with 4 terminals and therefore will build 4 ±500kV VSC
stations in Zhangbei, Kangbao, Fengning and Beijing,
respectively. There will also be around 650km transmission
line to be built for the loop grid. The project is an important
practice of exploring the future grid form in our country,
and will further promote the development of the core
technology in the relevant fields and lead the world's VSC-
HVDC technology. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a
(a) Active power of VSCs (b) Bus voltages
multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grid connected with large-scale
wind power, and it can be seen from the graph that the Fig. 3. Results of steady-state simulation
characteristics of HVDC grid with large-scale wind power
are as follows:
• The power for starting the wind farms is provided via
the VSC-HVDC grid, and the generated power of
wind farms is also transmitted out through the VSC-
HVDC grid.
• With no synchronization support, the wind power is (a) Active power of VSCs (b) DC-link voltage
gathered by an AC collection network and then
Fig. 4. Results of Transient Simulation 1
forwarded to the VSC-HVDC grid directly.
• For integrating large-scale wind power, the wind
farm-side VSC stations maintain a stable voltage and
provide a steady 50Hz frequency for the wind power
collection system.
Islanded Wind Farms with
AC Power Grid VSC-HVDC Grid AC Collection Networks
The results of transient simulations are shown in Fig. 4 2) Activate the braking resistance by the VSC station
and 5. In both Transient Simulation 1 and 2, a fault occurs at once the fault occurrs in the HVDC grid. Immediately after
0.1s and is cleared at 0.2s, but the wind farm generation the VSC station detects the fault in the HVDC grid, it sends
keeps constant throughout simulations. The fault results in control signal to activate the braking resistance. All the
the variation of the transmission capacity of VSC-HVDC. It braking resistance sets are then switched on to dissipate
can be seen from Fig. 4 and 5 that during the fault, the excess power and reduce the load level of the VSC station.
active power is unbalanced between Offshore VSC and 3) The VSC station sends the control target to the RES
Onshore VSC, and the DC-link voltage is rising quickly due station to conduct precise power control after the fault is
to the over-charging of DC capacitors. In Transient cleared. When the fault in the HVDC grid is cleared, the
Simulation 1, after clearing the fault, Onshore VSC recovers
constrained capacity of the VSC station can then be defined.
its full transmission capacity as shown in Fig. 4(a).
At this time, the power control system of the RES station
Therefore, the DC-link capacitors begin to discharge and the
can be initiated to precisely control the active power
DC-link voltage also starts to decrease to the normal level as
injected into the VSC station.
shown in Fig. 4(b). However, in Transient Simulation 2,
The FRT process is completed by withdrawing the
only around 75% of its full capacity of Onshore VSC is
braking resistance set by set. When the active power control
available after the clearance of the fault as can be seen from meets its target, the braking resistance should be withdrawal
Fig. 5(a). So, there always exists active power unbalance gradually in order to achieve smooth power control and
between Offshore VSC and Onshore VSC, and the DC-link mitigate the impact on the renewable energy generation
capacitors are being over-charged continuously. As a result, units and the VSC stations. The FRT process is then
the DC-link voltage remains growing. For a multi-terminal finished afterwards.
VSC-HVDC grid, this phenomenon will eventually leads to
the collapse of the HVDC grid. Determine the total capacity and the number of sets of the
braking resistance in terms of requirements of power limiting
is based on Transient Simulation 2 mentioned in Section II. The simulation results show that this approach can make
Simulation results are illustrated in Fig. 7. VSC-HVDC ride through the fault smoothly and reduce the
VSC-HVDC Transmission Islanded Wind Farm
impact after the clearance of the fault.
AC Power Grid
Offshore Bus 400MW
±150kV
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Slack Onshore
Bus Bus Onshore VSC
450MVA
Offshore VSC
450MVA
Breaking
Resistance Sets
The work is sponsored by SGCC technology project
<Study on Construction Schemes of Zhangbei VSC-HVDC
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of the simplified power grid with dynamic
breaking resistance Grid>.
It can be seen from Fig. 8(a) that the active power REFERENCES
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V. CONCLUSION
During a fault in a power grid with large-scale islanded
wind farms integrated with VSC-HVDC, the islanded wind
farms cannot adjust their generation in ms-level time scale,
which puts VSC-HVDC at the risk of overloading. To cope
with it, this paper proposes an AC-side dynamic braking-
based control method for islanded RES with grid-connected
VSC-HVDC to achieve ride-through capability upon faults.